• Proceedings of the Acoustical Society of Korea Conference
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• 1998.08a
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• pp.438-441
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• 1998

최근 미국 내 표준안으로서 많이 사용되고 있는 AC-3 오디오 알고리듬은 그 복잡성으로 인하여 실시간 구현을 위해선 프로세서로 구현하는 것이 적합하다. AC-3 복호화 알고리듬은 많은 부분이 실수연산으로 이루어져 있으므로 소수점을 고려한 연산이 필요한데, 프로세서로 구현할 때는 적은 비용과 빠른 속도로 실수연산을 수행하기 위해서 부동소수점보다는 고정소수점 연산이 유리하다. 그러나 고정소수점 연산시 발생하는 유한 단어길이 효과로 인하여 양자화 오차가 발생하므로 복호화된 오디오 신호의 음질저하를 최소화하기 위해서는 최적화가 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 AC-3 복호화 알고리듬의 부분별 양자화 오차를 분석하고 그 결과 가장 많은 오차를 발생시키는 역 TDAC 변환의 오차를 최적화하였다. Fast TDAC 변환이 FFT로 이루어져 있으므로 고정 소수점 연산시 오차가 적은 FFT 구조를 제안하였다. 제안된 구조를 사용하여 AC-3 고정소수점 복호화기를 C 언어를 사용하여 구현하였으며, AC-3 부동소수점 복호화기와 최종 PCM을 비교하여 그 성능을 평가하였다.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.42 no.10 s.340
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• pp.29-34
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• 2005

The maximum quantization error has serious effect on the performance of fixed-width multipliers that receive W-bit inputs and produce W-bit products. In this paper, we analyze the error bound of fixed-width modified Booth multipliers. Then, the estimation method for the number of additional columns for fixed-width multipliers is proposed to limit the maximum quantization error within a desired bound. In addition, it is shown that our methodology can be extended to reduced-width multipliers. By simulations, it is shown that the proposed error analysis method is useful to the practical design of fixed-width modified Booth multipliers.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.29 no.2C
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• pp.298-305
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• 2004

This paper presents an error compensation method for a fixed-width modified Booth multiplier that receives a W-bit input and produces a W-bit product. To efficiently compensate for the quantization error, Booth encoder outputs (not multiplier coefficients) are used for the generation of error compensation bias. The truncated bits are divided into two groups depending upon their effects on the quantization error. Then, different error compensation methods are applied to each group. By simulations, it is shown that quantization error can be reduced up to 50％ by the proposed error compensation method compared with the existing method with approximately the same hardware overhead in the bias generation circuit. It is also shown that the proposed method leads to up to 40％ reduction in area and power consumption of a multiplier compared with the ideal multiplier.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.144-146
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• 2000

삼차원 입체조형치료는 정상조직의 장해를 최소화하고 종양부위에 집중적으로 조사할 수 있는 장점을 가지고 있어 임상 적용범위가 넓어지고 있다. 일반적으로 정상조직의 장해를 줄이기 위해 다양한 방사선 조사방향이 사용되며 특히 비 동일면상에서의 조사가 많이 이루어진다. 따라서 couch 회전이 동반되며 couch는 선형가속기의 다른 기계적 오차보다 많은 오차를 유발할 수 있는 잠재적인 위험을 안고 있다. 저자는 이러한 오차의 정도를 파악하고 이를 개선할 수 있는 방법에 대해 알아보고자 했다. couch 회전에 따른 Isocenter의 변화를 평가하기 위해 3대(Primus, Simens, USA/CL600c & 2100c, Varian, USA)의 선형가속기를 이용하였으며 이중 1대의 장비에는 couch 회전시 오차를 줄이기 위해 고안된 couch 고정장치를 장착하였다. 환자가 테이블에 부하를 주지 않은 상태에서 회전을 실시하여 Isocenter의 변화를 측정하고 환자가 테이블에 누워있는 상황을 재현하기 위해 human phantom을 위치시킨 후 동일한 회전검사를 실시하여 각각의 오차를 비교 분석하였다. 각 실험은 10회씩 반복 측정하여 평균치를 얻었으며 오차의 분석은 AAPM 권고안인 오차중심의 반경으로 표현했다. 3대의 선형가속기를 이용하여 얻은 결과 테이블에 부하를 주지 않은 상태의 회전오차는 평균 2mm, 3.2mm, 2mm로 측정되었으며 휴먼 phantom을 올려놓고 부하를 준 상태에서의 오차는 평균 2.1mm, 4mm, 2.1 mm이였다. 또한 고정장치를 이용한 상태에서의 평균오차는 1.9mm로 나타났다. 삼차원 입체조형치료 시 couch 회전에 따른 Isocenter 오차는 장비의 종류 및 작업자의 사용방법에 따라 다르게 나타났으며 테이블의 부하가 클수록 많은 오차를 보였다. 또한 couch 고정장치를 부착한 장비에서의 결과치 만이 AAPM에서 권고하는 오차의 한계에(${\le}2mm$) 들어감을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 정기적인 QA가 필수적이며 Couch Locking System과 같이 오차를 줄일 수 있는 보조장치의 부착이 많은 도움을 줄 것으로 생각된다. 아울러 이러한 오차를 보정할 수 있는 방법이 강구되어야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.30-38
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• 2004

Purpose: To develop a whole body frame for the purpose of reducing patient motion and minimizing setup error for extra-cranial stereotactic radiotherapy, and to evaluate the repositioning setup error of a patient in the frame. Materials and Methods: The developed whole body frame is composed of a base plate, immobilizer, vacuum cushion, ruler and belts. The dimension of the base plate is 130 cm in length, 50 cm in width and 1 cm in thickness. The material used in the base plate of the frame was bakelite and the immobilizer was made of acetal. In addition, Radiopaque angio-catheter wires were engraved on the base plate for a coordinate system to determine the target localization. The measurement for radiation transmission and target localization is peformed in order to test the utilization of the frame. Also, a Matlab program analyzed the patients setup error by using the patient's setup images obtained from a CCTV camera and digital record recorder (DVR). Results: A frame that is useful for CT simulation and radiation treatment was fabricated. The frame structure was designed to minimize collisions from the changes in the rotation angle of the gantry and to maximize the transmission rate of the Incident radiation at the lateral or posterior oblique direction. The lightening belts may be used for the further reduction of the patient motion, and the belts can be adjusted so that they are not in the way of beam direction. The radiation transmission rates of this frame were measured as 95% and 96% at 10 and 21 MV, respectively. The position of a test target on the skin of a volunteer is accurately determined by CT simulation using the coordinate system in the frame. The estimated setup errors by Matlab program are shown 3.69$\pm$1.60, 2.14$\pm$0.78 mm at the lateral and central chest, and 7.11 $\pm$2.10, 6.54$\pm$2.22 mm at lateral and central abdomen, respectively. The setup error due to the lateral motion of breast is shown as 6.33$\pm$ 1.55 mm. Conclusion: The development and test of a whole body frame has proven very useful and practical in the radiosurgery for extra-cranial cancers. It may be used in determining target localization, and it can be used as a patient immobilization tool. More experimental data should be obtained in order to improve and confirm the results of the patient setup error.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.30 no.8C
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• pp.832-837
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• 2005

This paper presents a design method for fixed-width squarer that receives a W-bit input and produces a W-bit squared product. To efficiently compensate for the quantization error, modified Booth encoder signals (not multiplier coefficients) are used for the generation of error compensation bias. The truncated bits are divided into two groups (major/minor group) depending upon their effects on the quantization error. Then, different error compensation methods are applied to each group. By simulations, it is shown that the performance of the proposed method is close to that of the rounding method and much better than that of the truncation method and conventional method. It is also shown that the proposed method leads to up to $28\%\;and\;27\%$ reduction in area and power consumption compared with the ideal squarers, respectively.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 2000

In radiotherapy, it may happen to radiate surrounding normal tissue because of inconsistent field size by changing patient position during treatment. We are going to analyze errors reduced by using immobilization device with Electonic portal imaging device(EPID) in this study. We had treated the twenty-one patients in pelvic region with 10 MV X-ray from Aug. 1998 to Aug. 1999 at Chungnam National University Hospital. All patients were treated at supine position during treatment. They were separated to two groups, 11 patients without device and 10 patients with immobilization device. We used styrofoam for immobilization device and measured the errors of anterior direction for x, y axis and lateral direction for z, y axis from simulation film to EPID image using matching technique. For no immobilization device group, the mean deviation values of x axis and y axis are 0.19 mm. 0.48 mm, respectively and the standard deviations of systematic deviation are 2.38 mm, 2.19 mm, respectively and of random deviation for x axis and y axis are 1.92 mm. 1.29 mm, respectively. The mean deviation values of z axis and y axis are -3.61 mm. 2.07 mm, respectively and the standard deviations of systematic deviation are 3.20 mm, 2.29 mm, respectively and of random deviation for z axis and y axis are 2.73 mm. 1.62 mm, respectively. For immobilization device group, the mean deviation values of x axis and y axis are 0.71 mm. -1.07 mm, respectively and the standard deviations of systematic deviation are 1.80 mm, 2.26 mm, respectively and of random deviation for x axis and y axis are 1.56 mm. 1.27 mm, respectively. The mean deviation values of z axis and y axis are -1.76 mm. 1.08 mm, respectively and the standard deviations of systematic deviation are 1.87 mm, 2.83 mm, respectively and of random deviation for x axis and y axis are 1.68 mm, 1.65 mm, respectively. Because of reducing random and systematic error using immobilization device, we had obtained good reproducibility of patient setup during treatment so that we recommend the use of immobilization device in pelvic region of radiation treatment.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2002.11c
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• pp.50-53
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• 2002

이 논문에서는 CNC 머시닝 센터의 두 서보축을 대상으로 가공정밀도를 유지하면서 최고의 이송속도로 가공 속도를 증가시키는 퍼지 제어 기법을 제안한다. 또한 기존의 오차 모델링 방식이 아닌 비선형 궤적에서도 적용이 가능한 최근의 윤곽오차 모델을 사용한다. 퍼지 소속함수의 입력 변수가 허용 오차에 따라 스케링되고 이송속도와 윤곽오차와의 관계를 퍼지제어룰에 기초하여 허용 오차안에서 매 시간마다 보다 빠른 이송속도를 찾는다. 모의 실험 결과들이 제안한 방법이 기존의 고정된 이송속도를 사용하는 방법과 유사한 윤곽오차를 보이면서도 빠른 가공을 할 수 있음을 보여준다.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.299-303
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• 2018

Generally, when predicting the accuracy of the anti-air artillery system, the error is classified as fixed bias, variable bias, and random error. Then the standard deviation on the target is expressed as the square root of the squared sum of each error value which comes from the random error and variable bias and in the case of fixed bias, the mean value is shifted as the sum of errors from the fixed bias. At this time, the variables indicating the displacement of the direction of azimuth and elevation direction with regard to the change of the unit value of each error are weighted. These errors are then used to predict the system's delivery accuracy through a normally distributed integral. This paper presents a method of predicting system accuracy by considering the correlation of errors. This approach shows that it helps to predict the delivery accuracy of the system, precisely.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.22 no.10
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• pp.1379-1385
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• 2018

In the conventional multi-user superposition transmission, the power allocation coefficients of data symbols and the received signal processing of users are determined by the condition of instantaneous channel powers. However, the use of instantaneous channel powers can increase the system complexity. Hence, we consider fixed multi-user superposition transmission using average channel powers. The fixed multi-user superposition transmission can reduce the system complexity because it uses the condition of average channel powers that slowly change over time in order to decide the power allocation coefficients and the received signal processing. In this paper, we analyze the average symbol error rate for the fixed multi-user superposition transmission. In particular, an expression for the average symbol error rate of M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation is derived assuming Rayleigh fading channels. In addition, through the numerical results, we show that the conventional and fixed multi-user superposition transmissions achieve the similar average symbol error rate performances at the user in the severe channel condition.