• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.69-75
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• 2002

A number of techniques may be employed to reduce the discomfort of syringe or needle for dental care. The use of topical anesthesia is one such method. Topical anesthetics are applied to alleviate pain during many clinical procedures, such as injection of local infiltration anesthetics, primary tooth extraction, X-ray taking of sensitive patients, reducing gag reflex prior to impression taking. In children, placement of a rubber dam clamp, however, may cause significant discomfort for purpose of pit and fissure sealant and preventive resin restoration(PRR). A topical anesthetic would be beneficial to aid in rubber dam placement for this purpose. It has been suggested that all intra-oral topical anesthetics are equally effective on reflected mucosa, however EMLA(an acronym for eutectic mixture of local anesthetics), which was developed in the 1980s and produces surface anesthesia of skin, has been shown to be more effective than conventional topical anesthetics when used on attached gingivae. This report is topical anesthesized 4 case by EMLA cream, who showed better effect in reducing the pain of infiltration anesthesia, extraction of deciduous teeth, rubber dam clamp placement and reducing the pain of preformed crown adaptation.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.18-35
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• 2020

Many human, roadway, and vehicle factors affect vehicle-pedestrian crashes. Especially, the roadway factors are easily defined and suitable for suggesting countermeasures. The characteristics of the road network are one of the roadway factors. The road network significantly influences behaviors and conflicts of drivers and pedestrians. A metropolitan city such as Seoul contains various types of road networks, and crash prevention strategy considering characteristics of the road network is required. In this study, we analyze the effects of road networks on vehicle-pedestrian crashes. In the study, high order road ratio, intersection ratio, high-low intersection ratio are considered as road network variables. Using Geographically Weighted Poisson Regression, crash frequencies in Dongs of Seoul are analyzed based on the road network variable as well as socioeconomic variables. As a result, Dongs are grouped by coefficient signs, and each group is suggested about improvement directions considering conflict situations.

• Korean Journal of Cleft Lip And Palate
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 2007

이차구개는 발생과정에서 구개선반의 형성과 성장, 거상과 융합의 과정을 통해 형성된다. 이와 같은 이차구개의 형성과정은 미세한 분자유전학적 신호전달기전에 의해 조절되는 것으로 알려져 있어서, 신호전달과정에 관여하는 유전인자의 발현이상이 되면 정상적인 이차구개가 형성되지 못하고 구개파열이라는 선천성 기형이 발생된다. 구개파열의 유발인자들에 대한 많은 연구에도 불구하고 현재까지 정상적인 이차구개의 형성을 조절하는 분자유전학적 기전에 대해서는 명확히 알려져 있지 않다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 이차구개의 형태분화를 조절하는 분자유전학적 기전을 알아보고자, 이차구개 형성의 내적 조절인자 중 핵심유전자로 알려져 있는 Osr2가 결손된 생쥐의 이차구개 형성과정에서 정상생쥐에 비해 발현의 변동이 나타나는 유전자를 확인하였다. 유전자 발현의 변동은 발생 14.5일(E14.5)의 구개선반으로부터 추출한 total RNA를 이용하여 ACP-based GeneFishing PCR을 시행하여 확인하였고, 각각의 변동된 유전자를 동정하여 정상생쥐의 이차구개 형성과정에서의 발현양상을 in situ hybridization을 시행하여 확인하였다. 총 120쌍의 primer를 이용한 검색을 통해서 정상생쥐의 구개선반에 비해 mutant에서 발현이 변동된 유전자는 7개가 검출되었고, 이들은 모두 정상생쥐에 비해 mutant에서 발현이 증가되는 것으로 확인되었다. 검출된 유전자는 vimentin(Vim), ${\beta}$-tropomyosin 2(Tpm2), thioredoxin-like 5(Txnl5), procollagen type II alpha 1(Col2a1), Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 7(IGFbp7), Sui 1 homologs(Sui 1), Defender against cell death1(Dad1)이었다. 검출된 유전자를 동정하여 정상생쥐의 구개 형성과정에서의 발현양상을 알아본 결과, Col2a1 을 제외한 유전자들은 모두 E13.5의 구개선반에서 특이적으로 발현되고 있었으나 구개선반이 융합된 E15.5에서는 Vim, Txnl5 그리고 Dad1 만이 봉합선을 따라 발현이 지속되고 있었다. 이상의 결과로 보아 검출된 유전자들은 구개선반의 형태분화과정에서 발현되어 이차구개의 형성과정에 관여할 것으로 여겨진다. 또한 이들은 이차구개 형성의 내적조절인자인 Osr2의 downstream target 으로 구개선반의 성장과 융합과정에 직접적으로 관여하는 유전물질일 것으로 추정된다.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.556-560
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• 2003

It was determined whether the sandwich ELISA using specific anti-CP4 EPSPS polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, developed in the previous study, could be applied to detect GM soybean or not. The soybeans (47 imported and 20 domestic soybeans) were analyzed by a sandwich ELISA. The results of imported soybeans were divided into two groups which were high contents $(39.1{\pm}13.5\;{\mu}g/g,\;n=33)$ and low contents of CP4 EPSPS $(2.6{\pm}1.2\;{\mu}g/g,\;n=14)$. The ratio of GM in imported soybeans was about 70.2%. One the other hand, the contents of CP4 EPSPS in domestic soybeans was very low $(0.9{\pm}0.5\;{\mu}g/g,\;n=20)$ which determined to be non-GM soybeans. In case of soybean sprouts, the contents of CP4 EPSPS in soybean sprouts were different between GM and non-GM soybean sprout. The CP4 EPSPS in cotyledon of GM soybeans sprout was higher than that in root hair. The contents of CP4 EPSPS in soybeans sprout of domestic soybeans were very low. Thus, it was possible to determine that the soybeans sprout was made of GM or non-GM soybeans. Also, PCR experiment showed that the sandwich ELISA was accurate to distinguish the soybeans to be GM or non-GM. These results showed the sandwich ELISA could determine the soybeans were GM or non-GM, rapidly and simply.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.129-146
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• 2014

This paper investigates how industrial diversity affects unemployment and employment instability from the perspective of the regional economy. Through this analysis, we examine how the industry-specific policy to promote some industry strategically in most of areas affects the stability of the regional economy. We measure Herfindahl indexes using the 1993-2010 data of 16 regions in Korea, and use panel regression model for empirical analysis. The main results from this empirical analysis are summarized as follows. First, we confirm that the industrial structure of most regions has been changed to the direction of specialization in 1990s and to the direction of diversification in 2000s through analyzing the changes in the values of Herfindahl indexes during the given period. Second, we find from the estimation results of panel regression model that the higher industrial diversity in most of regions is, the lower the unemployment rate is. However, a statistically significant relationship between industrial diversity and employment instability only partially confirmed. Third, there exist high unemployment rate and employment instability in most metropolitan areas, but it is hard to say that this relationship is highly statistically significant. From the results of the empirical analysis, it is likely that the industry-specific policies such as the regional strategic industry development policies unlike policy goals make the unemployment rate to rise and economic instability to increase. From the viewpoint of employment aspects, the strategies to increase industrial diversity would be desirable rather than those to specialize in the industrial structure.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.47 no.11
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• pp.758-768
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• 2009

Purpose : Schulte introduced immediate implant cases in 1970s, since then many patients have been treated by immediate implants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cumulative survival rate of immediate implant and to analyze various factors associated with survival of immediate implant in a 8-year period retrospectively. Materials and methods : From May, 2000 to October, 2007, 77 implants were placed in 63 patients immediately after tooth extraction at Department of Periodontology, Yonsei University Hospital. The implant survival rate was analyzed using a life-table analysis. After delivery of prosthesis, along 1 year of observation period, all implants were evaluated clinically and radiographically. Results : Among 77 implants, 59 were placed in maxilla and 18 in mandible. The most common site of the implantation was Mx anterior (65%). The overall survival rate was 94.8% over a mean follow-up period of $44.2{\pm}21$ months and the 8-year cumulative survival rate was 94.6%. Failure occurred in 4 implants, all of which were due to early failures. None of the following factors were significantly associated with the survival of immediate implants: advanced surgical technique including bone graft and guided bone regeneration, the types of implants, causes of tooth loss, and types of prosthesis. Conclusion : On the basis of 8-year life time analysis, immediate implant placement can be considered a safe and predictable treatment mordality.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.1125-1134
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• 2011

In this paper a wideband frequency synthesizer is designed for DTV tuners using a $0.18{\mu}m$ CMOS process. It satisfies the DTV frequency band(48~1675MHz). A scheme is proposed to cover the full band using only one VCO and reliable broadband characteristics are achieved by reducing the variations of VCO gains and frequency steps. The simulation results show that the designed VCO has frequency range of 1.85~4.22GHz, phase noise at 4.22GHz of -89.7dBc/Hz@100kHz, gains of 62.4~95.8MHz/V(${\pm}21.0%$) and frequency steps of 22.9~47.9MHz(${\pm}35.3%$). The designed VCO has a phase noise of -89.75dBc/Hz at 100kHz offset. The designed synthesizer has a lock time less than $0.15{\mu}s$. The measured VCO tuning range is 2.05~3.4GHz. The frequency range is shifted down but still satisfy the target range owing to the design for enough margin. The designed circuit consumes 23~27mA from a 1.8V supply, and the chip size including PADs is $2.0mm{\times}1.5mm$.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.67-77
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to determine the problems of reclamation sites and the prospects of farming in reclamation areas seen by local governments and the KRC branches in Chungnam, Jeonbuk, and Jeonnam provinces. A mail survey method was used. The survey items were set for 15 items regarding the reclamation site situation, problems, and prospects. Seventy-five copies of the questionnaire were distributed to the local government, and 90 copies were sent to the KRC 165 copies in total. In response to the questionnaire, 72 recipients of the local governments responded, showing a 96% response rate, and 74 (82.2%) of the KRC responded. The overall response rate was 88.5%. The opinions on the rental method of the reclaimed land were found to differ according to the geographic conditions of the reclaimed land, the construction conditions, and the time. Regarding the survey on crops preferred for cultivation, rice was highest in both local governments (61%) and KRC (46%). When cultivating field crops in reclaimed land, 56% of local governments and 57% of KRC considered salinity as the most problematic or resolvable problem. Regarding growing other field crops in reclaimed land, salt and drainage problems were recognized as the biggest obstacles in all reclaimed land. As for technologies that need to be applied first for the future agriculture of reclamation land, KRC responded with automatic water management (48%) and local governments responded with unmanned agricultural machinery (32%). In order to diversify the land use in the reclamation area, it is necessary to reduce salt damage and ensure systematic maintenance, employing, for example, automatic water management facilities and drainage improvement methods. The results of this study can set a land use direction for reclamation sites and provide useful information for use in various forms.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.185-194
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• 2008

When forecasting demand for a new road, a select link analysis is usually used to understand the OD pairs that send trips along paths that use the selected link (i.e., the new road). These OD pairs and their associated volumes are listed in a select link analysis. However, there is no research about other methods to obtain these results, so experts are almost always dependent on select link analysis results to obtain these results. The purpose of this study is to propose a model with a different approach from select link analysis to obtain the previously mentioned results. Time and spatial characteristics of networks are used in this new approach. Select link analysis results are used as a comparison index for the results by the proposed model. Also, two case studies (interzonal trips and intracity trips) are performed to validate the significance of the model. Consequently, a correlation coefficient between the results by the proposed model and the comparison index shows high significance: 0.82.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.12-26
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• 2002

The phylogenetic relationships for 33 strains belonging to the genera Azorhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, Mesorhizobium, Rhizobium and Sinorhizobium were conducted by the sequence analyses of the ITS regions. The sequence homologies of these strains showed the high variations(28.0 - 94.9%). According to the phylogenetic analysis of ITS regions. 37 ITS clones from 33 strains of 32 species were classified into four groups. Group I included all strains of the genus Sinorhizobium as core members and R. giardinii as a peripheral member. The genus Rhizobium strains were clustered into group II which was very heterogeneous and the tree toplogy of this group were very unstable. Among the members of group II. the taxonomic position of R. radiobacter and R. rubi was not clearly identified on the basis of ITS I regions. R. undicola and R. vitis were remotely related with other Rhizobium strains including R. leguminosarum, R. galegae, R. gallicum, R. mongolense, R. tropici, R. hainanense, R. rhizogense and R. huautlense of group II were supposed to be loosely related to R. leguminosarum. While the stains of the genera Bradyrhizobium constituted group III with Azorhizobium caulindans, the strains of the genus Mesorhizobium formed group IV on the relatively high sequence homology level.