• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제25권4B호
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• pp.683-691
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• 2000

본 논문에서는 정확한 연결 설정을 결정하기 위해 Hopfield 신경회로망을 이용한 셀 다중화기와 역전파 신경회로망을 이용한 대역폭 예측기를 제안하였다. 다중화된 대역폭에서 망의 이용률을 극대화시키고 이용자 트랙픽의 QoS를 만족시키는 최소 대역폭이 새로 고안한 역전파 신경회로망 대역폭 예측기를 통하여 예측되어진다. 연결 수락 제어기는 예측된 대역폭과 망내의 사용 가능한 대역폭을 비교하여 연결 수락 여부를 판단한다. 연결이 설정된 사용자 소스를 감시하며 계약 위반시 적절한 조치를 취하는 퍼지 논리 제어 트래픽 감시 방법과 멀티미디어 트래픽의 주된 특성인 버스트 제어를 통한 망의 효율을 증가시키는 분석적 트래픽 형태 제어 방법을 제시한다. 제안된 트래픽 제어기는 성능이 우수하다고 평가된 기존의 제어기들과 성능 평가를 하였으며, 시뮬레이션 결과는 기존의 제어기보다 성능이 우수함을 보여주었다.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.85-92
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• 2015

This study examined the effects of employers' breach of safety obligation and violation of psychological contract on the workers' safety behaviors and turnover intention. Especially, this study examined a mediating effect of violation of psychological contract on the relationship between employer's breach of safety obligation and workers' safety behavior and turnover. 198 workers were asked to respond to the questionnaires that measured various demographic variables, employers' breach of safety obligation, violation of psychological contract, safety behavior, turnover intention. A hierarchical regression was conducted to identify variables that had significant relationships between employers' breach of safety obligation and employees' safety behavior and turnover intention, and to examine the mediating effect of violation of psychological contract. Results indicated that the employers' breach of safety obligation significantly predicted both workers' safety behaviors and turnover intention. It was also found that the violation of psychological contract was a significant predictor for both workers' safety behavior and turnover intention. In addition, violation of psychological contract was found as mediating effect on the relationship between employers' breach of safety obligation and workers' safety behavior and turnover intention. Based on these results, the implications of this study and suggestions for future research were discussed.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제20권
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• pp.241-265
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• 2003

The purpose of this paper is to examine the customs clearance impediment and trade parties breaches of international sales contract by the impediment. Customs clearance impediment arises when (a)clearance is not permitted, (b) importation goods are confiscated, (c)clearance delay without expectation, and (d) additional excessive trade cost caused in the process of clearance. This kind of clearance impediment may cause the breach of international sales contract. And it depends on its contents of contract and causal sequence i.e. cause and effect respectively in determining who is liable for it. If one party exemptions by Article 79 CISG, next three elements must be proved. (a)The failure was due to an impediment beyond his control; (b)the impediment was reasonably unforeseeable at the time of the conclusion of the contract, and (c)the impediment was reasonably impossible to overcome. But the customs clearance impediment is not easy to prove these three elements, the party who is responsible the customs clearance may not be exemptions by Article 79 CISG. And, according to review, it is concluded that the buyer, rather than seller, is liable for the damage which is caused in the process of clearance. It is also confirmed that the seller is sometimes liable for depending on clauses of contracts i.e. quality conditions.

• 아태비즈니스연구
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.149-165
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• 2020

Purpose - This study investigates how employee personality traits affect psychological contract breach. Also, our study examines how Guanxi, a unique socio-cultural characteristic of China, moderates the relationship between personality traits and psychological contract breach. Design/methodology/approach - To test our ideas, we constructed a survey questionnaire based on the literatures on personality traits, Guanxi, and psychological breach. The questionnaires were distributed to Chinese employees, and then we conducted a regression analysis using 378 questionnaires. Findings - We found that neuroticism is positively related to perceived psychological contract breach. We also identified support for the prediction that the positive link between neuroticism and psychological contract breach becomes weaker when employees' awareness of Guanxi is high. Research implications or Originality - This study provides several theoretical and practical implications. First, this study elaborates the personality traits-psychological contract breach relationship by incorporating Guanxi, a critical contingency factor of China. Second, given that the relationship between neuroticism and psychological contract breach can be affected by employees' perceptions of Guanxi, managers should administer Guanxi to function as a lubricant within the organization.

• 아태비즈니스연구
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.119-132
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• 2020

Purpose - This study seeks to deepen our understanding of abusive supervision and its negative consequences on subordinates. Specifically, it examines the underlying psychological mechanism between abusive supervision and subordinates' work engagement, in particular with its focus on the mediational role of psychological contract breach. Design/methodology/approach - Following the two rounds of pilot interviews, this study collected and analyzed 182 survey data from one construction company and one hospital - the sectors in which abusive supervision is known to be frequent, with one-month interval to avoid common methods variances. Findings - We have two key findings. First, abusive supervision is negatively related to subordinates' work engagement. Second, the psychological contract violation mediates the relationship between abusive supervision and subordinates' work engagement. Research implications or Originality - This study enriches extant research on abusive supervision by deepening our understanding of the underlying mechanism in which abusive supervision causes negative outcomes. On a practical note, companies need further efforts to address abusive supervision, for example, by introducing sophisticated HR practices, including accessible grievance procedures and more serious disciplinary actions, and/or by offering leadership educations to supervisors.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제58권
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• pp.3-33
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• 2013

The purpose of this paper is to examine the problems in exercising buyer's right to claim damages for the breach of contract by the seller in international sales contract and to suggest reasonable counter-measures. The main contents are as follows: First, this author analyzed the principles of the seller's liability for damages in detail and examined the methods for the calculation of damages on the basis of Arts.74~77. As these articles are found to be insufficient in practical application, this author further examined the UNIDROIT Principles(2004) to confirm whether these Principles can fill the gaps of CISG or not, which turned out their gap-filling functions. Second, this author tried to find any expected problems when the buyer resorts to the right to claim damages in case of the seller's breach of contract including the estimation of damages, the burden of proof, causation, the proof of appropriateness for avoidance, the proof of buyer's obligation to mitigate the loss and so on. The reason is that these problems may cause a lot of difficulties in real business. As result, many buyers have given up their reasonable rights to claim damages so far. Finally, from the buyer's perspective, this author would like to suggest a liquidated damage clause(LD Clause) which gives the buyer to received a specified sum in case of seller's non-performance and/or a demand guarantee(or standby L/C) which guarantees buyer to secure unconditional payment independent of the underlying contract. For these purposes, the buyer should try to insert the LD Clause and/or Guarantee Clause in the contract when the buyer and the seller negotiate the sales contract. Also there are a lot of considerations and limitations in using the LD Clause and the Guarantee Clause in their real business, mainly dependent up bargain power between the seller and the buyer, for which this author promise to examine in detail in the future.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제43권11호
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• pp.1766-1773
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• 2014

본 연구는 학교급식 수산물 식재료의 적절한 가격 결정을 위하여 공급업체와의 계약, 납품 현황 및 수산물 식재료의 사용 현황과 수산물 식재료 가격 인식, HACCP 적용 편익에 따른 영양(교)사의 가격 인식을 조사하였다. 대부분의 학교(96.5%)가 수산물 전문 취급업체로부터 납품받는 것으로 조사되었다. 납품 시 계약 위반을 경험한 학교가 42.1%였고, 특히 빙의로 인한 무게 감소를 이유로 반품 및 교환을 한 학교가 총 89곳(60.1%)인 것으로 나타났다. 현재 공급되는 수산물 식재료에 대한 만족도는 '제품의 가격', '제품의 품질', '원산지 진위'에 대한 항목에서 수의계약으로 납품되는 수산물이 경쟁입찰방식으로 공급되는 식재료보다 유의적으로 높아(P<0.05) 계약방법에 따른 수산물 식재료의 만족도는 차이가 있었다. 응답자들의 재계약 의도 또한 경쟁입찰로 선정된 공급업체보다 수의계약으로 선정된 공급업체에 대해 유의적으로 높게 인식하고 있는 것으로 조사되었다(P<0.001). 학교급식 수산물 식재료의 가격요소 반영 정도는 '이윤($5.96{\pm}1.15$)'과 'HACCP 지정 및 유지 비용($5.57{\pm}1.40$)' 항목이 현재 납품되는 수산물 가격에 가장 크게 반영되는 요소로 인식하고 있었다. 반면 향후 수산물 식재료 가격 산정에 가장 많이 반영되어야 한다고 응답한 요소는 'HACCP 지정 및 유지 비용($5.29{\pm}1.39$)'이고, 가장 낮게 반영되어야 한다고 인식된 요소가 '이윤($4.12{\pm}1.12$)'인 것으로 조사되었다. 또한 '가공비용'을 제외한 나머지 5개 가격요소 모두 현재 가격 반영 정도와 향후 기대 가격 반영정도 간의 유의적인 차이가 있는 것으로 조사되었다(P<0.05). HACCP 지정 수산물 식재료 구매 시 미지정 제품에 비해 얼마나 비용을 추가적으로 지불할 의사가 있는가에 대한 응답은 9.9%의 응답자를 제외한 대부분의 응답자들이 추가 지불 의사가 있는 것으로 조사되었다. 수산물은 산지에서 수확되는 생산량과 어획 시기에 따른 물량 확보의 가변성으로 시장 가격에 대한 객관성이 부족하다. 특히 학교급식에 납품되는 수산물 식재료의 가격은 재래시장이나 할인점 등에서 임의로 조사된 근거에 따라 전자입찰 예정가격이 산정되는 문제점도 있을 것으로 사료되어 수산물 식재료의 가격산정과 관련하여 구매방법 전반에 대하여 논의가 이루어져야 할 것이다. 본 연구의 결과는 수산물 식재료의 가격 산정에 대한 소비자 측면에서의 가격 인식과 수산물 식재료의 구매에 관한 정보를 제공함으로써 학교급식에서 양질의 수산물을 공급하고, 합리적인 수산물 가격 결정을 통해 수산물의 소비를 촉진하는 데 기여할 것으로 기대된다.

• 의료법학
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.3-82
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• 2015

이 논문에서는 미용성형의료관계에서 설명의무의 위반과 시술상 오류로 인한 민사책임에 관한 판결(대법원 2013. 6. 13. 선고 2012다94865 판결, 서울중앙지방법원 2014. 12. 5. 선고 2013가소865646 판결)의 평석적 분석을 통해 설명의무만를 강화하여 책임귀속을 판단한 논지의 법리적 문제점을 지적하고, 다음과 같은 논점을 전개한다. 미용성형도 현행 의료법상 의료행위에 해당한다는 판례(대법원 1974. 11. 26. 선고 74도1114 전원합의체 판결)와 학계의 통용되는 견해는 공법적 관점에서만 타당하며, 적응증이 없는, 즉 질병 치료를 목적으로 하지 않는 순수한 미용성형시술은 의술적으로 신체, 건강 등에 위해를 가할 수 있는 의료법상 의료행위에 해당하지만, 민사책임법에서는 질병치료를 목적으로 하는 진료행위와 구별되어야 한다. 그리고 오늘날 의료생활에서 의료보험의 불가결성에 비추어, - 방법적으로 사회법상 개념 및 규준을 곧바로 민사책임법에 적용되는 것은 아니라는 점을 견지하면서 -, 성형시술에 대한 보험급여에 관한 독일 연방사회법원 판결(BSGE 63, 83, BSGE 72, 96, BSGE, 82, 158, BSGE 93, 252 etc.)을 소개하여 비교한다. 또한 진료계약의 법적 성질에 관한 교조적 논점과 관련하여 독일 연방법원의 판결(BGHZ 63, 306)도 비교적으로 검토한다. 소결적으로 성형의료를 (1) 신체의 물리적 기능의 침해의 교정, (2) 기형(騎形)의 교정, (3) 심인적 침해의 교정, (3) 정상적 체형(體型)의 미화(美化)로 유형적으로 분류하는 관점에서, 적응증 있는 진료계약(수단채무)에 적용하는 책임귀속법리와 달리, (4)의 유형에 해당하는 미용성형시술에는 예외적으로 도급계약의 법리 적용을 긍정적으로 재검토할 것을 제안한다.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제42권
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• pp.33-66
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• 2009

Common law makes a distinction between partial breach and material breach. Attempted definitions of material breach are notoriously unsatisfactory, and the concept of partial breach does not necessarily bear an inverse relationship to substantial performance. This study will review the basic structure of common law contract remedies together with how these remedies are reflected in UCC Article 2 for sale of goods contracts. The matter is complicated because availability of remedy depends on the seriousness of the breach, and the right to cure, and (for sale of goods) these in turn depend on whether the contract is an installment contract or a single performance contract. Common law jurisdictions relegate specific performance of contracts to a last place in the hierarchy of contract remedies. Common law lawyers should recognize that this is the result of historical accident and not the product of some kind of superior intellectual effort. Not only is the attitude of civil law systems toward specific performance quite different, but for international sales contracts in developing nations, a remedy system based on the notion that substitute contracts are readily available(and therefore damage remedies are appropriate) is unrealistic. English common law courts were largely restricted to remedies in the form of monetary damages. For that reason the primary contract remedy at common law has never been specific performance. Rather, common law courts have struggled to develop an appropriate measure of monetary damages for breach of contract. Today, specific performance is viewed as an equitable remedy rather than common law. In the United States the dual court system has been abolished by a merger of law and equity courts into a single court structure. However some historical distinction linger on. The most important is that jury trials are generally not available in actions that seek equitable relief. If a plaintiff seeks in personam relief, such as specific performance of a contract, the action will be viewed as equitable and there will be no entitlement to a jury. Further, equitable relief will be granted only in those situations where the plaintiff pleads and proves that the remedy at law is inadequate. The purpose of this study aims to analyze the remedy system of breach of contract of U.K. and U.S. in the international commercial transactions with criterion of commercial rationality.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제5권
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• pp.7-44
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• 1993

This study is focused on the review of buyer's remedy resulting from the breach of seller's duty in contracts for the international sale of goods focusing on UNCCIS, 1980 and the problems and suggestions of proper ideas for solving the problems. First problem on the buyer's remedy is related to the breach of seller's duty on del ivory of the contracted goods. When seller has failed to deliver the contracted goods to buyer within the stipulated periods, buyer can treat the contract as avoided and claim damages from seller. By the way, since UNCCIS does not provide any stipulation on the time of buyer's avoidance of the contract, buyer can delay the time of avoidance when the price of contracted goods is rising rapidly and enlarge the amount of damages, Since this stipulation is clearly unreasonable, proper solutions are required for UNCCIS. Second problem is related to the breach of seller's duty on deliver of goods which are of the quantity, quality and description required by the contract and which are contained or packged in the manner required by the contract. When seller has failed to deliver goods which are confirm with the contract, buyer may have one of the two rights of damages and the price reduction according to UNCCIS provided that he does not choose the avoidance. But, since the character and position of the price reduction as a buyer's remedy are not sufficient solutions, more detailed review on this point is required. Third, Seller's duty to provide documents is very important for overseas trade, but UNCCIS does not provide any specific buyer's remedy in comparison with the other remedy and also does not provide any stipulation on the Letter of Credit which have important roles for a device of setting payment in overseas trade. This means that trade customs and practice have not sufficiently reflected in UNCCIS. As the problems mentioned above may decrease the evaluation of buyer's remedy in UNCCIS and, furthermore, that of UNCCIS itself, proper solutions on these points are needed.