• Korean Journal of Family Social Work
• /
• no.43
• /
• pp.61-85
• /
• 2014

The aim of this study is to examine how labour transition of female householders is proceeded, and to identify mechanisms that cause them to be excluded from labor market. For this, thirteen lone mothers who have had labor experience in the market, while raising children were interviewed. This qualitative case study was proceeded by way of participants' interviews and questionnaires. Finding shows, impoverished lone mothers were horizontally moving incessantly on second labor market. As poverty worsens by years, poor lone mothers tend to be more dependant on the government's support and to transit downward to work-poor labor market. The unprivileged women were excluded from multi-dimentions: market structure, social relations and gender norms. The sex-segmental and human capital-oriented market has excluded women who gave up their career for caring. Female breadwinners were frequently excluded from social relations and opportunities for labor due to their stigma. sometimes they were self-excluded from the market for they had to care for their children. In conclusion, suggestions are given to enhance qualities of lone mother's lives and help them exit from poverty. It is necessary to implement positive labor policy with labor flexibility and stability and to practice socialization of care as care support system is very important for maintaining their jobs. Above all, social awareness of gender role must be changed.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.30 no.4
• /
• pp.32-43
• /
• 2012

Hangzhou, in China, is a city that has a history as long as 2,300 years and is renowned due to its natural scenery of a beautiful lake surrounded by gentle green hills. This world wide famous scenery, known as West Lake(西湖), in 2011, was included in the World Heritage Landscape List. Though this place experienced enormous development and changes during thousands of years, historic sceneries did not disappear with the passage of time. In contrary, they are refined and increased attributing to protection efforts from past dynasties. Therefore, research in landscape transition is significant for building livable environment and preserving historical landscape. This paper mainly focuses on history transition of city Hangzhou. First of all, its urban construction and guiding ideology is analyzed. Then, deep meticulous research is carried out on development and preservation achievements for dynasty Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing. In the end, from a historical point of view, this paper will provide a new perspective which would contribute to sustainable preservation of historical landscape. From the Song Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, the West Lake through several times of the rectification and construction, the present landscape was completed during thousand years several times through the construction.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
• /
• v.34 no.3
• /
• pp.333-340
• /
• 2009

Osteomyelitis means inflammation of the bone marrow. It usually begins in the medullary cavity, involving the cancellous bone; then it extends and spreads to the cortical bone and eventually to the periosteum. The cause is usually thought to be microbiological. But there still are factors that predispose to produce a possible bone infection such as injuries, syphilis, actionomycosis, chronic kidney failure, alcoholism, malnutrition, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Treatment of modalities have been directed toward eradicating microbes and improving circulation in the early stage. In the case presented, surgical debridement and IV antibiotics were the treatment of choice. Osteomyelitis in children is mainly affected in the mandible. And in childhood, the mandibular condyle is regarded as an important center of mandibular growth. Therefore, in young patients, osteomyelitis involving this region may cause a restraint of mandibular development, resulting in facial asymmetry. So diagnosis in the early stage is important in child with osteomyelitis. Recently, we have encountered an interesting case of osteomyelitis of the mandibular condyle in 9-year-old boy. So we present the case and review the literature about osteomyelitis.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
• /
• v.10 no.3
• /
• pp.579-591
• /
• 2024

Recently, church organizations are experiencing various problems, including a sharp decline in the number of members. This study focused on the problem of lack of communication, that is, organizational silence, which is commonly pointed out in previous studies as a problem of church organizations, and empirically analyzed the relationship between organizational silence, organizational cynicism, and organizational commitment within church organizations. For this purpose, a questionnaire was distributed to 210 members of churches and related organizations from May to June 2023, of which 202 copies were used as analysis data. SPSS 23.0 and AMOS 23.0 were used to perform frequency analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, descriptive statistical analysis, correlation analysis, structural equation model analysis, and bootstrapping to verify mediation effects. As a result of the study, organizational silence had a negative effect on organizational cynicism, and organizational cynicism had a negative effect on organizational commitment. Although organizational silence did not have a direct negative effect on organizational commitment, it was found to have a negative effect mediated by organizational cynicism. This study expanded the scope of the study by applying variables from organizational theory to church organizations, and presented practical implications through the research results to church organizations.

• Management & Information Systems Review
• /
• v.35 no.4
• /
• pp.1-19
• /
• 2016

The researchers in strategic management have focused on identifying the effects of CEO's demographic characteristics and experience on the strategic choices and performance of firms. On the other hand, they have failed to identifying the effects of CEO's psychological characteristics on them because of the difficulties over data collection and measurement for variables. To overcome this limitation of prior researches, this study is designed to achieve two specific objectives. The first is to examine the effect of CEO narcissism on diversification strategy and performance of listed corporations on Korean securities market in an economic downturn. The other is to examine the moderating effects of various corporate governance systems that are related to board and/or ownership structures on those relationships. The empirical setting for this study was drawn from a multi-year(2011~2014) sample of large listed corporations in Korean securities market. To achieve the objectives, the hypotheses of research are analyzed by implementing multiple regression analyses in two separate models. The results of these analyses show that CEO narcissism is positively related to the diversification of listed large corporations in Korean securities market. Regrading the moderating effects, the stake of institutional investors weakens the positive relationship between CEO narcissism and firm's diversification. The findings of this research imply that CEO narcissism can intensify the tendency of Korean corporations to adopt high-risk and high return strategy in an economic downturn. Thus, firms might be able to use CEO narcissism to drastically restructure the business portfolio in an economic downturn. However, Korean corporations should be very cautions to maximize the positive effect of CEO narcissism. They might be use the institutional investors as their corporate governance system to monitor and control the opportunism of CEO in the decision for diversification in an economic downturn.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
• /
• v.62 no.1
• /
• pp.155-183
• /
• 2010

Despite the increase in the demands on collaboration between health and social welfare, the success of such schemes have been limited. The extant literatures tends to be dominated by explanations for needs or short-term outcomes of collaboration rather than systematic follow-up research to apply to the frontline. At the same time, there is no attempt to apply the theories related to collaboration in order to discuss the situation. This study explores the factors hindering such collaborative working in the frontline, through semi-structured interviews with practitioners involved in two pilot projects. A theoretical framework (Equilibrium Model-Sensemaking, E-S model) which combined Equilibrium Model of 'Interorganizational Network' of Benson(1975) and 'Sensmaking' of Weick(1995) for conceptualiing aspects of collaborations such as working atmosphere and agency was applied to the empirical study of the Public Health and Welfare Office(1995-1999) and the Social Welfare office(2004-2006) pilot projects. Data were collected over three months from 8 pilot project areas with practitioners and managers from health and social welfare. The findings show significant regional differences between pilot areas, such as the presence of active leaders and co-location, had a major impact on the ability of practitioners to effectively integrate services. In other words, active leaders tended to influence practitioners' motivation, while co-location encouraging communication between both practitioners, and thus seemed to influence the practices of collaborative working. Furthermore, through E-S model, it is interpreted that this kind of positive experiences about collaborations may impact on the current practitioners' comprehensive perspective towards health and social welfare services in general. The findings could help policy makers consider the practical ways to break down the barriers between health and social welfare.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
• /
• v.46
• /
• pp.435-463
• /
• 2017

This paper aims to identify the structural characteristics of Okawa Syumei(大川周明), Wakamiya Unosuke(若宮卯之助) and Okakura Tensin(岡倉天心). In fact, after Okawa Syumei studied the Principles of Wakamiya Unosuke and Okakura Tensin, he derived a conclusion and wrote a book named "yeolseongjeon". This book talks about the emperor dynasty. Based on this, the theory presented by Wakamiya Unosuke and Okakura Tensin described the characteristics of the East European culture. Okakura Tensin crossed the western part and discovered that western culture is only western culture and not a universal culture. Western culture has developed from its own experience. Wakamiya Unosuke translated a book by William Knox, The spirt of the orient. They have the same point of view, but they have a different culture and they must follow their own culture. Okakura Tensin insisted that culture is dynamic and it improves by adapting different cultures of different countries. Wakamiya appealed and he opposed Tensin's studies about culture. Wakamiya's definition of culture has not changed or is fixed from the past, which still exists in the modern times. Culture must be cultivated and it must be introduced to people who have forgotten their own culture. Despite such methodological differences, the commonality between Okakura and Wakamiya is that Western civilization is nothing more than a regional culture, as the West is not a universal civilization, but as a whole, it is a regional culture. Okawa Syumei learned the Okakura and Wakamiya's theory about culture and derived a conclusion. He stated that both opinions are correct as culture can be adapted as explained by Okakura. For example, Japanese people are now adapting and embracing the culture of Chinese people and Indian people. On the other hand, he also learned Wakamiya Unosuke's theory that culture does not change. Japanese have their own culture that was created in the past or it was developed by their ancestors; for example, the emperor dynasty. Okawa Syumei learned different cultures of different countries and Japanese people are adapting those cultures, and Wakamiya stated that the emperor dynasty must be instilled and it must be universal. Japanese emperors have different cultures, especially the Meiji emperor who is willing to accept different cultures of different countries. Finally, he claimed that the emperor dynasty created a new Japanese civilization and they are now embracing the new adapted culture.

• Journal of Korea Spatial Information System Society
• /
• v.5 no.1 s.9
• /
• pp.49-63
• /
• 2003

Recently, two international standard organizations, ISO and OGC, have done the work of standardization for GIS. Current standardization work for providing interoperability among GIS DB focuses on the design of open interfaces. But, this work has not considered procedures and methods for designing GIS DB. Eventually, GIS DB has its own model. When we share the data by open interface among heterogeneous GIS DB, differences between models result in the loss of information. Our aim in this paper is to revise the design guidelines for geographic information databases in order to make consistent spatial data models, logical structures, and semantic structure of populated geographical databases. In details, we propose standard guidelines which convert ISO abstract schema into relation model, object-relation model, object-centered model, and geometry-centered model. Furthermore, we provide sample models for applying these guidelines in commercial GIS S/Ws. Building GIS DB based on design guidelines proposed in the paper has the following advantages: the interoperability among databases, the standardization of schema definitions, and the catalogue of GIS databases through.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
• /
• v.6 no.2
• /
• pp.153-160
• /
• 1999

Animal models can provide a useful tool for the study of some aspects of psychiatric disorders and their treatment. The four criteria for the evaluation of animal models of psychiatric disorders are as following : 1) similarity of inducing conditions 2) similarity of behavioral state 3) common underlying neurobiological mechanisms 4) reversal by clinically effective treatment techniques. Several animal models have been proposed for schizophrenia : phenylethylamine model, L-dopa model, hallucinogen model, cocaine model, amphetamine model, phencyclidine model, noradrenergic reward system lesion model, reticular stimulation model, social isolation model, conditioned avoidance reaction, catalepsy test, paw test, self-stimulation paradigms, latent inhibition paradigms, blocking paradigms, prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex, rodent interaction, social behavior in monkeys, hippocampal damage, high ambient pressure, and models using selective breeding. Among them, animals with bilateral lesion of the hippocampus may provide an adequate animal model for several symptoms of schizophrenia, and ketamine model can reproduce negative symptoms and cognitive deficits as well as positive symptoms of schizophrenia. In conclusion, no model of schizophrenia is entirely representative of the disease, and findings gleaned from model systems must be cautiously interpreted. Furthermore, the process of developing and validating animal models must work in concert with the process to identify reliable measures of human phenomenology.

• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
• /
• v.62
• /
• pp.313-334
• /
• 2020

As an element of education, the educational space cannot be separated from the purpose of education. The place of education is not only the passage to deliver actual curriculum, but also the purpose itself that can be accomplished through educational content. That is because the purpose of education cannot be achieved only with instructors, students, curriculum, and methods, but requires a change in the perception of the educational space that represents the goal and the place where it all can be implemented. Nevertheless, the problem that lies with educational space is easy to be overlooked and it has been rather considered as an issue related to the finances or scale of the church. The church educational space gives birth to faith and growth, where spiritual development and experience may occur. However, the reality follows the drawbacks of conventional school classroom arrangements and structures. In addition, even if the church educational space can be arranged according to the needs of its students, it cannot deviate much from the standard uniform format. In particular, the basic environment of church educational space is similar to that of standard school system in terms of arrangement of furniture such as chairs, desks, and its physical structure. As the school system was originally designed and tailored for the purpose of delivering knowledge and standardization, the space for church education must stay away from it. Humans are born and die in a space, where encounter with God also happens. Also, communication with God causes spacial conversion to humans, changing the place of their visitation. So the church educational space must be more meticulously designed and comprehensive than that of school which pursues physical, educational, psychological, social, and artistic purposes because the church educational space pursues the liturgical elements, as well. Therefore, the Christian learning environmental arrangements must seek liturgical elements, which is the major Christian value, by placing Christian artwork or symbols for church visitors. So in this research, I want to stress the role of Christian educational space for spiritual growth and pursue intrinsic and extrinsic changes in learning environment, leading to a greater awareness of the Christian educational space.