• Korean Security Journal
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• no.18
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• pp.119-141
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• 2009

Administrative execution by proxy is one of forced executions of administration and is also called as "enforced execution by proxy" in which administration institutions or the third party executes by proxy on behalf of parties who did not execute obligations under administration law and files claims to compensate expenses required in the proxy execution. Despite the actual site of administrative execution by law, social problems are generated because various violence and behaviors of infringement of human rights between executer and obligator are rampant and thus causing human damages since forced execution by physical force is carried out and cases of police indictments and petition to human rights committee are gradually increasing. Majority of people mobilized in this actual site of violence are supplied by private security companies which provide service contract and mobilization of people without qualification of guards or security service and irrational execution by proxy and violent actions by so-called service hooligans connected to violence organizations are now becoming social issues. In these actual sites of violence, structurally very complicated problems such as economic rights, right of residence, struggle for living, and intervention by outsiders are contained. This thesis has analyzed causes of outbreaks of violence and discussed about improvement countermeasure by paying attention to mobilization of people by private security companies. As the result, through revision and improvement of laws and systems, execution institution and policemen must be present at actual sites of execution by proxy to control physical execution of private security companies to be carried out legally and when violent collisions are occurring, it shall be stipulated that police should immediately intervene. Practices of execution by proxy of execution administration institutions shall be avoided and causes of occurrences of violence shall be eliminated by discrete decisions of execution by proxy, elimination of service contract conditions focused on accomplishments, and stipulation of responsibility of execution institutions when problems occur. Practices of solving petitions through collective actions of obligators shall be eliminated and strict enforcement of laws such as disturbance of official execution or compensation claims for expenses of execution by proxy must be carried out and intervention by the third parties must be intercepted. Mobilization of manpower by security companies shall be limited to people with prior registration who have acquired and finished qualification and education by security business law and before putting them on actual sites, it shall be obliged that execution plan with clear written records of working location, mission, and work rules must be submitted in advance to police station in charge and also they must be controlled to follow laws and statutes such as uniform and equipments. In addition, personal criminal responsibility for violent actions must be clearly stipulated and advanced securing soundness of security companies such as limits of service contracts with records of accidents is required. Order placement behaviors of special organizations under the pretext of rehabilitation business must be eradicated and companies with capability and strong intention of observation of laws must be able to receive orders by intercepting chains of contracts and sub-contracts. Issues of improvement countermeasure of social problem, living, and compensation including rights of residence and environment are excluded from the discussion.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.41
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• pp.153-183
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• 2014

Nowadays, proactive intelligence activities are required because of enhanced nation wide threats of terrorism and complexity of multidimensional factors of national security. South Korea not only need to draw up plans of information sharing among agencies for more effective national intelligence activities, but also have to evaluate the structure of Domestic Intelligence Agency and its right direction of activities. In this vein, this paper conducts comparative studies of structures and range of activities of intelligence Agencies by reviewing U.K, U.S.A, and France cases and suggests a potential model of 'domestic information specified agency' that we can adopt and methods to share information among agencies. The focus of this paper is on the reviewing of necessity of establishing new 'domestic information specified agency' which will mainly conduct anti-terrorism and counterintelligence activities, and its appropriate form. After reviewing the cases of U.K, U.S.A. and France, we conclude that overcoming the people's distrust about an invasion of freedom and rights caused by centralized and integrated independent intelligence agency is a prerequisite. Disputable issues of FBI, DHS, and South Korea's intelligence agency cases suggest that plans for restoring trust have to be considered if a new 'domestic information specified agency' is established in NIS. If it is established under government ministries such as MSPA focusing on implementing anti-terrorism and counterintelligence activities, organizations such as NCTC, NIC, that can carry out information sharing and cooperating with agencies concerned have to be established. Additionally, measures to solve structural problems caused by carrying out law enforcement functions by domestic information specified agency should be considered.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.141-151
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• 2013

With the spread of Personal Computers(PC) in the 1980's, many people started to deal businesses with PC. From late 1990's, the Internet age with PC have started and many people have showed keen interest in cyber-space and now they are utilizing it. Since 2000's the use of cyber-space have skyrocketed and it caused significant changes to humans' life. There was a huge prosperity to us but the new kind of crime, cyber-crime, was raised. Unlike past physical type of crimes, those cyber-crimes take place in the cyber-space and they have special features of non-facing, anonymity, specialty, technologic, repetition, continuation. Those cyber-crimes are continually growing since 2003 and in 2010 it almost doubled compared to 2003. General cyber-crimes like phishing-scam pornography circulation was most of them and notably perpetrators of them are younger generation. Recently cyber-crimes are showing the trend of advancing more and more and cyber-bullying, fraud like phishing scam are on the rise. The police are responding by making 'Cyber Terror Response Center', but it does not work effectively with the problems of breakup of prevention and investigation unit, procedure of investigation and the system itself. So, I suggest practical use of private security to remedy our police's weakness and to prevent cyber-crimes. Preventing solutions of cyber-crime with private security are physical defense of large-scale servers and vital computers, building of Back-up system to prevent vital data loss, and building of cyber-crime preventing system combining software and hardware.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.601-608
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• 2024

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to predict the criminal patterns and risks of conflicts caused by inequality such as weakening regional ties and social exclusion caused by climate change and present basic policy data to solve them. Method: This study was mainly conducted through analysis of contents and cases through the use of media information such as the Internet and newspapers, and some literature research. Result: The crime patterns and characteristics of climate gentrification are as follows. First, rising sea levels caused by climate change will temporarily increase crimes related to real estate speculation. Second, social exclusion due to public service and environmental inequality will intensify, leading to terrorist crimes such as riots and hate crimes. Third, due to the weakening of regional ties, young people in poverty in the region will participate in organized violence crimes such as drugs and gangs or become crime victims. Conclusion: Therefore, it is necessary to prepare policy countermeasures through cooperation with institutions. In particular, it is necessary to explore ESG policy measures in police activities in consideration of environmental factors in the future.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.34
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• pp.233-258
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• 2013

In the early days of the Goryeo Dynasty, the royal guard was comprised of the central regular army in the 2-gun-6-wi system, and Nasungeomgun was in charge of the security inside the palace. However, the military system became disorganized during the period of military rule and the royal guard had to rely on military subjects. The military officials suppressed the civil ministers centering on Jungbang, the guarding organization close to the King to incapacitate the royal authority and control the state affairs. When the rule of the three leaders of the military rule became short-lived and Dae-seung Gyeong is raised to the ruler, he organized a do-or-die squad comprised of a hundred and more people for his personal safety, and this became the first dobang. Dobang was disassembled after Dae-seung Gyeong died of disease, but under the rule of Chung-heon Choe, Dae-seung Gyeong's dobang was revived and reinforced into 'Yukbeon Dobang' to provide the ruler with personal protection and intensify the ruling system, and it was quite a large organization with more refined system. Yukbeon Dobang was expanded and reinforced into Naeoedobang under the rule of Woo Choe, the son of Chung-heon Choe, and it was enhanced even more into Dobang Samsipyukbeon System under the rule of the grandson, Hang Choe. Dobang can be considered as the guard organization in modern sense, and it collected information and surveyed the area where guarding is required and house troops that belonged to Naedobang eliminated the risks that may follow afterwards to make assurance doubly sure for guarding. The Choe's regime established Mabyeolcho as a private guard organization in addition to dobang, and this formed the cavalry and infantry units with dobang. Yabyeolcho organized by Woo Choe in the reign of King Gojong was divided into Joabyeolcho and Ubyeolcho, and later Sineuigun was integrated with them to form Sambyeolcho. Originally, Yabyeolcho was established under the rule of Woo Choe to prevent crime in the evening, but after Sineuigun was organized with the ones who were captured by Mongolian army but escaped, in other words when Sambyeolcho was organized, the organization displayed much broader influence by covering military and police affairs as well as punishment and imprisonment. The guarding organization during the Period of Military Rule in the Goryeo Dynasty did not have strict distinction between official guard and personal guard. The private guard in modern days which is the equivalent of personal guard is characterized by its commerciality, however, house troops and the members of dobang did not seem to pursued profit. The guard organization during the period of military rule started from dobang which was organized for personal safety but gradually developed publicness through the participation of civil ministers and expansion, and later it played the pivotal role for social security serving official purpose up to the level where the distinction between official and private activities was blurred during the period of Sambyeolcho.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.268-275
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• 2013

For marine pollution prevention, Korea Coast Guard has enforced the self-check system on excellent workplace of marine facilities and ships since 2007 as part of the government policy for deregulation of administrative inspection. The self-check system had much effect amid interest from the workplaces and with their participation and cooperation. But the system has become stagnant because KCG has missed the proper timing to reflect the social and environmental change, marine workers' consciousness changes and the transformation of its relevant inner organization in the operation of the system for several years. To accommodate the changes of internal and external environments, this study surveyed 332 workers of ships and marine facilities through questionnaire about the self-check system for marine pollution prevention, reflected on the system, and focused on how to improve the existing system effectively. To increase the effect of self-check system, the enhancement of public relations efforts and improvements in marine pollution control system for ships of 5 gross tons and above are necessary. In addition, for relieving the burdens of business activity and visit inspection by KCG on excellent workplaces of ships and marine facilities, Marine Environment Management Act is needed to be amended so that the self-check system can be reflected in its amendment.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.16 no.3_2
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• pp.3-12
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to analyse Modus Operandi of smishing. For the study, 87 cases of smishing crime reports and smishing experiences of victims were analysed and 10 police officers who investigates smishing crime were interviewed. The results indicated that smishing crime can be divided into the preparation stage and the implementation stage. In the preparation stage, two modus operandi patterns, collection of personal information and text message script composition, were identified. In the implementation stage, seven modus operandi patterns were identified: sending smishing text messages and installation of malicious mobile applications, leak personal information, sending personal information to smishing crime organization through online server, payment attempt using collected personal information, intercept authorization code, completion of payment using intercepted authorization code, and payment amount was delivered to victims. Further implications were discussed.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.56
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• pp.165-185
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• 2018

Because financial industry is closely related to the daily lives of people, internal fraud such as embezzlement by the employees can cause serious damage to the national economy, including credit crunch and contagious bankruptcy, as once demonstrated in the Savings Bank Scandal in 2011. Therefore, the importance of financial industry security is being emphasized and developed into converged security that combines physical, human and cyber security. In this study, to prevent fraud caused by internal employees in Korean financial sector, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with a total of 16 participants including bankers, officials of financial regulators, and security experts, who were in charge of risk management in the industry. The collected data were analyzed at three stratification levels such as individual, organization, and socio-cultural factor. Based on this analysis, policy recommendations were suggested for the development of financial industry security and reducing internal fraud in banking institutions.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.41-50
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• 2018

In our society, recently, the concept of social economy stands out as an alternative to the mainstream economy in the market. It is noteworthy that although the social economy has the nature of practical field of civil society, the government has a willingness to actively support the social economy as a means of getting visible result of job creation. The social economy in Korea is being fostered by the government and understood within the framework of a very limited policy goal of providing jobs for the vulnerable. The problem is that the social value and community implications of the social economy are disappearing while the social economic organizations have higher policy status and become more and more dependent on the government's financial support. This paper suggests that the discourse on the social economy should be reconstructed while holding the problem of this situation.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.27-36
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• 2006

The cases of unidentified individual remains submitted to Forensic dentistry section in National Institute of Scientific Investigation, Korea were analyzed to study the application of forensic dental identification into individual identification in the period 2002-2005. The identification cases of unidentified remains were 405 out of 493, which accounted about 82% of whole cases. The incidence of submission of skeletons at least including the skull was increased from 58% in 2002 to 80% in 2005. The numbers of cases for the full examinations were 4 times more than that for age estimation in 2005. Twenty-four cases were submitted for skull to photographic superimposition and 15 out of 24 cases were examined, and the other 9 cases were examined by DNA analysis only. The submitted cases for dental comparison were 23 cases, 9 cases were positively identified, 4 cases were possible, 7 cases were excluded, and 3 cases ended up with insufficient evidences. The proportion of positive identification by dental methods was increased gradually from 9% in 2002 to 46% in 2005. Forensic dental identification has become important and useful because the availability of dental records and radiographs has been increasing. Compared to DNA analysis, forensic dental identification has several advantages such as no needs for high cost equipments and low expenses. And the interpretation of results is straightforward and speedy. These advantages are based on using primary their own dental records of the individuals rather than secondary DNA reference samples from family members. The application of the forensic dental identification to unidentified individual remains will be increased because the dental comparison can complement the limitation of DNA analysis and skull to photographic superimposition in many cases. In order to obtain positive identifications of unidentified remains, a close collaboration between the police and forensic scientists is important. The systemic approach including legislation to preserve dental records of unidentified remains and missing persons for the identification of unidentified remains should be needed.