• The Korean Journal of Financial Studies
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.57-81
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• 2008

본 논문은 현재 존폐의 논란이 일고 있는 출자총액제한제도의 효과를 실증적으로 검토한다. 상호출자제한기업과 출자총액제한기업을 비교한 결과 차이가 없어 출자총액제한제도가 기업의 투자를 위축시켜 국내 대기업에게 불리한 경쟁 환경을 조성하고 있다는 재계의 주장은 지지되지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 한편 독립기업의 투자가 출자총액제한기업을 포함한 대기업집단 소속 기업의 투자보다 많은 것으로 미루어보아 투자 저해 문제는 출자총액제한제도만의 문제이기보다는 대기업집단을 규제하는 제도 전체의 문제로 인식해야 할 것으로 판단된다. 출자총액제한제도가 대규모기업집단의 순환출자구조를 개선시켜 소유-지배 괴리도를 낮추고 기업의 지배구조를 향상시킨다는 공정거래위원회의 주장도 지지되지 않았다. 따라서 출자총액제한제도의 유효성에 대한 재검토와 더불어 정책 목적을 달성하기 위한 새로운 제도의 도입을 고려해야 할 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.27 no.12
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• pp.1298-1304
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• 2005

This study was performed to evaluate the characteristics of the competition between two electron acceptors, perchlorate and nitrate, with Citrobacter Amalonaticus strain JB101. In addition, the applicability of membrane bioreactor(MBR) for perchlorate removal was evaluated. The maximum growth rate of strain JB101 on perchlorate and nitrate are 0.27 and 0.58 $hr^{-1}$, and maximum substrate utilization rates were 35.1 mg $ClO_4^-/g$ protein-day and 45.6 mg $NO_3^-/g$ protein-day, respectively. Nitrate was a competitive inhibitor for perchlorate, and strain JB101 prefer nitrate to perchlorate as electron acceptor. Complete removal of perchlorate could be achieved up to the surface leading rate of 4.6 g $ClO_4^-/m^2-day$ with the MBR fed with 20 mg $ClO_4^-/L$(HCMBR). When 5 mg/L of nitrate was added to the same influent, perchlorate removal efficiency decreased to 96.5%, while nitrate was completely removed. For the MBR fed with 0.7 mg/L of perchlorate (LCMBR), the maximum perchlorate removal efficiency was 100% up to the loading rate of 0.23 g $ClO_4^-/m^2-day$. Membrane fouling was found to be a problem at high leading rate for both MBRs. The acetate consumption ratio per perchlorate was $13.7{\sim}51.7\;e^-eq./e^-eq.$ in LCMBR, while the value was $2.5{\sim}3.6\;e^-eq./e^-eq.$ in HCMBR. This difference could be related to the acetate consumption with oxygen as electron acceptor. Therefore, the amount of acetate addition must be determined considering the concentrations of other electron acceptors in the influent.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.142-148
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• 1997

This study was performed to develop the biological treatment technology of wastewater polluted with heavy metals. Heavy metal-tolerant microorganisms, such as Pseudomonas putida, P. aeruginosa, P. chlororaphis and P. stutzeri possessing the ability to accumulate cadmium, lead, zinc and copper, respectively, were isolated from industrial wastewaters and mine wastewaters polluted with various heavy metals. The effect of competing ions and metabolic inhibitors on heavy metal accumulation in the cells was investigated. Heavy metal accumulation into cells was drastically decreased in the presence of competing cation, $Al^{3+}$, and also decreased, at a lesser extent, in the presence of competing anions, $CO_3\;^{2-}$ and $PO_4\;^{2-}$. But heavy metal accumulation was not influenced generally in the presence of the other rations and anions. The accumulation of Cd, Zn or Cu by Cd-, Zn- or Cu-tolerant microorganism was remarkably decreased in the presence of metabolic inhibitors, but the accumulation of Pb by Pb-tolerant microorganism was little affected in the presence of metabolic inhibitors. These results suggested that the accumulation of Cd, Zn or Cu by Cd-, Zn- or Cu-tolerant microorganism was concerned with the biological activity depending on energy, and the accumulation of Pb by Pb-tolerant microorganism depended on not the biological activity but the physical adsorption on the cell surface. Each heavy metal-tolerant microorganism also exhibited some ability to accumulate the other heavy metals in solution containing equal concentrations of cadmium, lead, zinc and copper, when measured at 48 hours after inoculation of the microorganisms, but the accumulation rates were somewhat low as compared to the accumulation rates of heavy metal fitting to each tolerance. These results suggested that the accumulation of each heavy metal by each heavy metal-tolerant microorganism was a selective accumulation process.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.10
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• pp.47-61
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• 1968

Sweetpotato infected by Soft-rot, Rhizopus nigricans, has been investigated for its biochemical changes. The results of the present experiment are summarized as follows: 1. From the Soft-rotted tuber, nineteen Ehrlich's positive substances and three fluorescent compounds which had not been found in a healthy tuber were detected with thin layer chromatography. 2, Ipomeamarone and umbelliferone, each of which are predominating substances among the Ehrlich's positive and fluorescent compounds, were isolated by silica gel column chromatography and studied for their identities. 3. Time course biosynthesis of the metabolites was studied and discussed for their possible biosynthetic pathways. 4. Among the metabolites, ipomeamarone and ipomeamarone-like substances have enzyme: inhibitive action against ${\alpha}$-amylase and probably other enzymes; the inhibition type was determined as the uncompetitive one. 5. Ipomeamarone obtained from soft-rotted sweetpotato was proved to have an uncoupling action as 2, 4-dinitrophenol.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.125-133
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• 2007

Through open-sky policy, USA and European selected market principle of multiuser. However, in Asian case, major airlines monopolize airports. It is purpose that analyzes fare competition of Asian Hub Airport and the position of Incheon airport in Asia. Passengers required longer time and distance to go to the destination because direct flights decreases. But passengers increased in airport every year. Because of routes that decrease, airlines provide more services of flights. So airlines prefer to Hub Airports. As a result, both passengers and airlines are profitable by various routs and the increased frequency. On the assumption that distance and fare are related, the final formula is as following that defined the air fare from hub(H) to destination(Z) by logarithm. Analysis showed that log Rdist is not 1 but 0.08. As distance increases, fare doesn't increase. If distance from hub to destination airports is longer, Log dist_HZ is negative. It is that fare decreases from origin to destination via hub or that fare increases from hub to destination. HHI_HZ and HHI_AZ are negative. It means that if the degree of monopolization of hub and origin airports is lager, fare decreases from origin to destination via hub. Or fare increases from hub to destination. And it compares the Incheon airport with the other Asian hub airports and it examines the competitive fare by market division. As compared with the Incheon airport, Singapore, Beijing and Narita airports are higher fares. They compete with the other ones by Asian hub airports. But Hong Kong and Taipei airports must have more passengers through fare competition yet.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.527-532
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• 2001

Trichlooethylene (TCE) has become a widespread contaminant in air, soil, and underground water due to extensive industrial used and improper disposals. Since TCE is a suspected carcinogen and constitutes public health concerns, many treatment systems have been investigated to remove this hazardous waste. One of the most premising reactor systems for the treatment of TCE is trickling biofilter (TBF), in which monooxygenase (MO), the corresponding enzyme for initiating primary substrate oxidation, fortuitously degrades TCE via cometabolism. TCE, however, is not easily treated by simple TBF. This is mainly due to the toxicities of TCE and its degradation products to microbial film in TBF. In this paper, recent progresses on the development of bioreactor system for the treatment of TCE, especially gas-phase TCE, are reviewed. The potentials of novel biofilm reactor systems were also discussed for the long-term continuous treatment of TCE.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.71-81
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• 2014

As domestic construction investment has been gradually reduced, the issue of expanding overseas CM market has increased. Strengthening CM capability from the view point of project life-cycle is required in overseas CM market. However, current regulations institutionally force public CM services to focus on the construction phase. Therefore, Korean CM firms can hardly have the opportunities for accumulating technical competitiveness especially for pre-construction phase. Result of this study shows that the total efforts in terms of man-hours for the construction phase is found to be more than 78 percent in domestic public CM projects. In this context, this study proposes the policies and tasks for improving 'rigid man-hour placement', 'unreasonable CM fee standards', 'CM firm selection method', 'unreasonable business scope decision', and 'evaluation of owner's project management capability' in order to improve domestic CM Industry as well as to expand overseas CM market successfully.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems Conference
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• 1996.10a
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• pp.239-242
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• 1996

본 논문에서는 BP(Back Propagation)에 비해서 빠른 학습시간과 다른 경쟁학습 신경회로망 알고리즘에 비해서 비교적 우수한 성능으로 패턴인식 등에 많이 이용되고 있는 LVQ(Learning Vector Quantization) 알고리즘의 성능을 향상시키기 위한 방법을 논의하고자 한다. 일반적으로 LVQ는 음(negative)의 학습을 하기 때문에 초기 가중치가 제대로 설정되지 않으면 발산할 수 있다는 단점이 있으며, 경쟁학습 계열의 신경망이기 때문에 출력 층의 뉴런 수에 따라 성능에 큰 영향을 받는다고 알려져 있다.[1]. 지도학습 형태를 지닌 LVQ의 경우에 학습패턴이 n개의 클래스를 가지고, 각 클래스 별로 학습패턴의 수가 같은 경우에 일반적으로 전체 출력뉴런에 대해서 (출력뉴런수/n)개의 뉴런을 각 클래스의 목표(desired) 클러스터로 할당하여 학습을 수행하는데, 본 논문에서는 각 클래스에 동일한 수의 출력뉴런을 할당하지 않고, 학습데이터에서 각 클래스의 분산을 추정하여 각 클래스의 분산을 추정분산에 비례하게 목표 출력뉴런을 할당하고, 초기 가중치도 추정분산에 비례하게 각 클래스의 초기 임의 위치 입력백터를 사용하여 학습을 수행하는 방법을 제안한다. 본 논문에서 제안하는 방법은 분류하고자 하는 데이터에 대해서 필요한 최적의 출력뉴런 수를 찾는 것이 아니라 이미 결정되어 있는 출력뉴런 수에 대해서 각 클래스에 할당할 출력 뉴런 수를 데이터의 추정분산에 의해서 결정하는 것으로, 추정분산이 크면 상대적으로 많은 출력 뉴런을 할당하고 작으면 상대적으로 적은 출력뉴런을 할당하고 초기 가중치도 마찬가지 방법으로 결정하며, 이렇게 하면 정해진 출력뉴런 개수 안에서 각 클래스 별로 분류의 어려움에 따라서 출력뉴런을 할당하기 때문에 미학습 뉴런이 줄어들게 되어 성능의 향상을 기대할 수 있으며, 실험적으로 제안된 방법이 더 나은 성능을 보임을 확인했다.initially they expected a more practical program about planting than programs that teach community design. Many people are active in their own towns to create better environments and communities. The network system "Alpha Green-Net" is functional to support graduates of the course. In the future these educational programs for citizens will becomes very important. Other cities are starting to have their own progrms, but they are still very short term. "Alpha Green-Net" is in the process of growing. Many members are very keen to develop their own abilities. In the future these NPOs should become independent. To help these NPOs become independent and active the educational programs should consider and teach about how to do this more in the future.단하였는데 그 결과, 좌측 촉각엽에서 제4형의 신경연접이 퇴행성 변화를 나타내었다. 그러므로 촉각의 지각신경세포는 뇌의 같은 족 촉각엽에 뻗어와 제4형 신경연접을 형성한다고 결론되었다.$/ 값이 210 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$로서 효과적인 저해 활성을 나타내었다 따라서, 본 연구에서 빈

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.369-380
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• 2023

The incorporation of innovative technology systems into domestic construction practices has catalyzed an organic evolution of the industry, significantly enhancing the level of domestic construction technology and intensifying competitiveness. In particular, the on-site implementation of these groundbreaking construction technologies has proven effective in diminishing construction costs and accelerating project timelines. Nevertheless, despite a period of 33 years since the inception of this new construction technology system, both the volume of designated construction technologies and their practical application on construction sites remain static. As a consequence, this study introduces a strategic plan to dissect and overcome the barriers faced in the adoption of new construction technology across a multitude of sectors. The chief outcomes encompass the inception of a new construction technology utilization surveillance system, an assessment of distinct technologies, refinement of the post-evaluation system, and the creation of a new technology market system. This systematic enhancement is anticipated to foster the practical application of new construction technologies within the industry.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.51
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• pp.117-135
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• 2010

The regulation of media concentration which is provided in the German Interstate Treaty on Broadcasting (RStV) is part of the rules forming the "positive broadcasting order" required by German Constitutional Law. This control ensures that the diversity of viewpoints can be articulated to the public. Broadcasting must operate independently from the state and from particular social groups if it is to be a genuine service to the public. One risk of economic competition in the media is a tendency towards the concentration of business enterprises. Moreover, economic competition is no guarantee for journalistic diversity. The aim of balanced diversity in the broadcasting sector can only be pursued by creating conditions under which different voices obtain the chance to be heard in an equitable manner. Within the framework of the meaning of section 26, it shall be assumed that there is a predominant impact on public opinion if the programs attributable to one company reach an annual audience share of 30 percent. The same shall apply if the company reaches an audience share of 25 percent and holds a dominant position in a related media-market or an overall assessment of its activities in television. The restriction of audience shares has limits such as that the audience shares of news programs and education and entertainment programs are pooled. Therefore, there is a vagueness about the productivity of different program branches.