• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.172-179
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• 2000

Objectives : Assuming that the characteristic of meridian system has been similar to this of electric potentials in human body and that measurements of electric potential at well(井穴) and sea(合穴) points in branches of the twelve meridians will be representative of measurements of the twelve meridians, to measure the electric potentials in three patient groups with arrhythmia(AP group), with arrhythmia and cerebral infarction(CI group), and with arrhythmia and hemorrhage(CH group), and then to find out the characteristic of meridian system among 3 groups. Methods : Thirty arrhythmic patients diagnosed by EKG, CT, and deficiency of the heart blood(心血虛症) were divided into 3 groups(AP, CI, CH group). Their electric potential of well and sea points in the meridians were measured 3 times by physiograph. Results : Measurements were analyzed by statistical factor analysis, we obtained that the left side electric potential of well and sea points in branches of the twelves meridians in AP group was divided into two factors, which were the hand meridian without the lung meridian, the foot meridian and the lung meridian, but the right side electric potential was divided into the hand and the foot meridian. In CH group both the left and the right side electric potential was divided into three factors. In CI group the left side electric potential was divided into three factors, but the right side electric potential was divided into two factors. Conclusions : In conclusion, their electrical potentials were different each other among 3 groups. Thus electrical potentials of well and sea points might be the representative meridian to show their characteristics.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.69-80
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• 2000

Objectives : Assuming that the characteristic of meridian system has been similar to this of electric potentials in human body and that measurements of electric potential at well(井穴) and sea(合穴) points in branches of the twelves meridians will be representative of measurements of the twelve meridians, to measure the electric potentials in twenty healthy volunteers when they were sleeping or waking respectively, to do significance test for electric potential of meridian system between hand and foot meridian, yin and yang meridian, exterior and interior of the body, and among the five elements. Methods : When twenty healthy volunteers were sleeping, their electric potentials of well and sea points in branches of the twelve meridians were simultaneously measured by physiograph. After a minute we measured them again, totally 5 times. And then when they were waking, their electric potentials were measured 5 times by the above method. Results : Measurements were analyzed by statistical t-test, we obtained that the left side electric potential of hand or yin meridian was significantly different from that of foot or yang meridian both sleeping and waking. The right side of electric potential was the same result as the left side's. Most of the t-test was significant between exterior and interior of the body, and among the five elements. That meaned that it was partly possible to apply the ancient theory of meridians to the study of electric potential at well and sea points in branches of the twelves meridians.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TE
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.41-53
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• 2000

In this paper, the Maekjin and the Yangdorak Diagnosis algorithm by using a neuro-fuzzy method is proposed and it is implemented on the DSP-based system. Maekjin is measured by 3-channels of the Maekjin board through Maekjin probe which is attached on Chon, Kwan and Chuk of patient's wrist. First, we experiment Chon, Kwan and Chuk, 3-parts simultaneously and second perform one part of Chon, Kwan and Chuk respectively, The experimental results show that the Maekjin signal is measured precisely with any Maekjin probe. In Yangdorak diagnosis, the pulse generated by electric stimulator stimulates a portion of body and the response signal is measured through electrodes which is attached on representative points of 12 kyungmaks. The experimental methods are (1) 1 channel-measure, (2) 2 channels-measure, (3) 6 channels-measure and (4) 24 channels-measure. A fuzzy diagnosis is performed and neural networks is learned using fuzzy values as inputs, and we show that neuro-fuzzy diagnosis method is performed well.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.18 no.2 s.29
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• pp.159-167
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• 2005

By comparing ‘Jing Mai(${\ulcorner}$經脈${\lrcorner}$)’ and ‘Jin Fu(${\ulcorner}$禁服${\lrcorner}$)’, we are able to see that ‘Jing Mai’ has adopted many of its aspects from ‘Jin Fu’, which also enables us to conclude that ‘Jing Mai’ was made after 'Jin Fu', with the 'Ren Ying Cun Kou Mai Fa(人迎寸口脈法)‘ being considered important. 'Jing Mai' was made relatively late, during the last days of 'Xi Han(西漢)' or early days of 'Dong Han(東漢)'. Also 'Jing Mai' was written after 'Ying Qi(${\ulcorner}$營氣${\lrcorner}$)’. ‘12 Jing Mai’ in ‘Jing Mai’ is based mainly on 'Yin Yang Shi Yi Mai Jiu Jing(${\ulcorner}$陰陽十一脈灸經${\lrcorner}$)‘ and has also referred to other meridian theories, modifying it again by theories of 'Jin Fu' and 'Ying Qi', forming the 'Jing Mai Lian Huan(經脈連環)' part. The major change in '12 Jing Mai' is that '6 Yang Jing(6陽經)' enters the abdominal and thoracic cavity, directly relating to 'Liu Fu(六腑)'. 'Ben Jing(本經)'s connection to 'Ben Zang' is referred to as 'Shu(屬)' and connection to 'Ben Zang(本臟)' is referred to as 'Lou(絡)', clarifying 'Biao Li Guan Xi(表裏關系)' inside and outslde and 'Zang Fu Xiang He(臟腑相合)' congruency. Looking at the pathological condition view of ‘Jing Mai’, the writer of 'Jing Mai Pian' has renewed it and has erased repeated symptoms of 'Suo Seng Bing(所生病)' that appears in 'Shi Dong Bing(是動病)'. If the wrong adoption of theories of previous generations are corrected and parts which do not comply with the text's original meaning and parts that posterities added are deleted, the ancient acupuncture theory preserved in this book is still a precious treasure.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.19 no.2 s.33
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• pp.30-45
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• 2006

Analyzed the subject of ‘To heart' meridian system(向心服系), and 'Circulating' meridian system(備環服系), and considered relativity between the circulating pattern of the channels, the collaterals and the circulating distinction YoungGi (營氣), WiGi(衛氣). The subject of 'To heart' meridian system is WiGi, and this system is similiar to the moving pattern of the fifteen major collaterals(十五絡服). The subject of 'Circulating' meridian system is YoungGi, and this system is same with the moving pattern of the twelve regular channels(十二經脈). YoungGi and WiGi have the same origin, and they are intrinsic one thing with functional ambivalency. It is WiGi, the subject of the movement of Collateral, because it is identical the moving pattern of Collaterals(絡服) and that of WiGi as the subject of the movement of Collateral. It is YoungGi, the subject of movement of Channel because it is identical the moving pattern of Channels(經服) and that of YoungGi. It can be defined that Wigi as the subject of the movement of Collateral, also YoungGi as the subject of movement of Channel, but that is from i 염 function and action, there's no need to be separated within the framework of going through Meridian. YoungSuBosa(迎隨補鴻) in acupuncture, defines its basis not only on the moving direction of YoungGi, but on combinated difference between the directions, moments, and sex. Until now it is under discussion the rights and wrongs, It's not contradictory concept between two basis of YoungSuBoSa, from the thought the distinct movement of WiGi and the circulation pattern of Collaterals have no specified directions.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.25-35
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• 2000

Objectives : The characteristic of meridian system has been similar to this of electric potentials in human body. Therefore to measure the electric potentials in healthy volunteers and patients, and to find out the characteristic of meridian system and also to do that of differences between them. Methods : Twenty-nine healthy volunteers, thirty patients diagnosed as a cerebral infarction and wind-syndrome caused by hyperactivity of the liver-yang(肝陽化風) were examined into electric potential of well(井穴) and sea(合穴) points in branches of the twelve meridians by physiograph. Results : Measurements were analyzed by factor analysis, then we obtained that both the right and the left electric potential of well and sea points in branches of the twelves meridians in healthy volunteers were divided into two factors, hand meridian and foot meridian. Where as the left electric potential of those in patients with cerebral infarction were divided into three factors, one is foot meridian, another is hand meridian with the exception of large intestine meridian, and the other is large intestine meridian and also the right electric potential were divided into three factors, foot meridian, hand meridian with the exception of large intestine and lung meridian, and large intestine and lung meridian. Conclusions : In the results, healthy volunteers differ from patients in characteristic of electrical potentials, which means that we are able to catch the characteristic of meridian system by electrical potentials of well and sea points.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.1-15
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• 2008

Objectives : This study is designed to investigate the association between Samcho-gyeong(TE) and the lower branch of Meridian system. Methods : The base of the study was established by searching for the historic conception of Samcho. Thereafter the meaning of lower correlation was considered and the property of lower part of Samcho Meridian system studied. Results : Samcho is a kind of Yug-Bu(Six hollow viscera, 六腑). It is a functional internal organ, which has been continuously controversial in history. It covers wide range of the internal organs and plays various kinds of roles. Samcho and Simpo lack in interrelation of obverse and reverse. The conception of Sanghap(Upper correlation, 上合) in Naegyeong supplements the deficiency. To establish the conception of Sanghap between Yug-Bu and Hand meridians, there should be established the conception of Hahap(Lower correlation, 下合) between Yug-Bu and foot meridians for treating lower parts. The existence of Hahaphyeol(Lower confluent points, 下合穴) reveals that there were a lot of limits in treating JungHa-cho(Middle and Lower energizers, 中下焦) diseases only with the acupoints of the Hand meridians. Jogsamcho(Triple energizer of foot, 足三焦) meridian written in Taeso(太素), corresponds to the lower leg, and it is believed that it engages in treating diseases in the trunk of the body and Hacho(Lower energizer, 下焦). Conclusions : Therefore, it is believed that the lower part of meridian of Samcho can deal with the symptoms of lower back pain, leg pain, bladder disease, and so on. This study is meaningful in that it expands the range of treatment in acupoints of the regular meridians.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.179-187
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• 2012

Objectives : Since acupuncture was accepted as an useful therapy for the drug addiction, a lot of studies about acupuncture have been carried out. This study was performed to review the articles about morphine addiction which used acupuncture as a treatment and to interpret the use of acupoints from the viewpoint of Six-meridian (Yuk Gyeong, three yin and three yang) theory. Methods : The authors searched 255 articles in PubMed with the key word of "morphine, acupuncture" and 629 articles in KISS (Koreanstudies Information Service System) with the key word of "morphine". The articles written in English only were included. The articles related with morphine (abuse, dependence, sensitization, addiction, intake, withdrawal sign, withdrawal syndrome, reinstatement, craving) only were included. The articles which used manual- or electro-acupuncture only were included and auricular acupuncture was excluded. Both of clinical and experimental study were reivewed. Results : The most frequently used acupoint was ST36-SP6 (electroacupuncture), and the second was HT7. LI4 was the third, and BL23 and PC6 were also used. Conclusions : The acupoints used in the morphine study seem to influence the brain through diverse mechanisms and it is thought that control of the reaction against stress appears to be related with these mechanisms.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.300-314
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• 2012

Objectives : This study is to observe the changes in the expression of neurotransmitters, such as NO, nNOS, and NE, upon the needle insertion to the sea points, which is one of the five transport points. Methods : Needles were inserted into rats, on both left and right sides of all sea points, including the LU5, PC3, HT3, LI11, TE10, SI8, SP9, LR8, KI10, ST36, GB34, and BL40, which are the sea points of five transport points for 12 meridian vessels. After insertion, needles were retained for five minutes. After the retention, blood was drawn via cardiac puncture, and tissues of each point near meridian vessels were extracted to examine the changes in the expression of NO, nNOS and NE. Results : In terms of the effect in NO production, there was a significant decrease only in the LU5 point, whereas there was a significant increase in the TE10 point alone. In terms of the expression of nNOS within tissues, none of the experimental groups showed significant changes based on the results of immunohistochemistry and western blotting. Regarding the formation of norepinephrine within tissues, the HT3, SP9, and KI10 point showed a significant decrease, while the PC3 and LR8 point showed a significant increase. Production of plasma norepinephrine was significantly increased at the TE10, SP9, LR8, GB34, and BL40 point. Conclusions : The effect of needles applied at the sea points of five transport points of 12 meridian vessels on the functions of NO, nNOS, and NE could be observed, and it is considered that the effect of needle stimulation on nervous system disorders could be studied through additional researches based on this one.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.151-169
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• 2007

The "Tai Su(太素)" which was published by Yang Shang Shan(楊上善) during the Tang(唐) dynasty does not follow complicating hand down procedures allowing it to be preserved in a relatively satisfactory state, and the book is evaluated as a major article in the study of the "Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic(黃帝內經)" in the modern age. The book of "Tai Su explanation of channel diseases(太素 經脈病解)" offers the detailed description of disease symptoms found in the book of "Miraculous Pivot channels(靈樞 經脈)", and Yang Shang Shan(楊上善) provided relatively complete explanations from the perspective of the wane and wax of shadow and sunshine powers(陰陽消長). The present writing was projected to acknowledge the relationship between the books of "Tai Su explanation of channel diseases(太素 經脈病解)" and "Miraculous Pivot channels(靈樞 經脈)" and substantially attempted to understand the original text of the "Tai Su(太素)" by adopting the perspectives of Yang Shang Shan(楊上善) in explaining the disease symptoms as he attempted in the book of "Miraculous Pivot channels(靈樞 經脈)". Total 50 disease symptoms were explained in the book of "Tai Su explanation of channel diseases(太素 經脈病解)", and 33 of them are common to the symptoms described in the book of "Miraculous Pivot channels(靈樞 經脈)" by taking up about 66% of the book. The monthly attachment(月別配屬) of three shadow and three sunshine power(三陰三陽), which is described in the book of "Tai Su explanation of channel diseases(太素 經脈病解)" provides an important clue in understanding the exterior and interior(表裏) relationship, and the crucial perspective lies on the mutual intensity change of shadow and sunshine powers. Therefore, the monthly attachment of three shadow and three sunshine power provided by the present article helps to understand the meaning of the three shadow and three sunshine power along with the time attachment(時間配屬) described in the other chapter of the "Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic(黃帝內經)". In the method of explaining pathogenesis, the explanation was made by understanding the perspective of mutual intensity change of shadow and sunshine powers, and exterior and interior relationship along with the channel Path(經脈流注) have been used simultaneously. In the comment of the main article, Yang Shang Shan(楊上善) stated the channels of hands and feet(手足經脈) as the scope of the three shadow and three sunshine power, but the symptoms and signs are mainly focused on the channels of feet as in the book of "Miraculous Pivot channels(靈樞 經脈)".