• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.26-42
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to examine and understand the area and the original outer boundaries of Hamchunwon(含春苑), which was the outer royal garden of Gyeonghuigung Palace, which existed before the site of the Russian legation. The results of the study are as follows. First, examining the 3 types of drawings prepared for securing the Russian legation's site and constructing a new building, it was confirmed that two low peaks, which appear to be the original terrain of Hamchunwon, existed in the north and south directions inside the site. According to the initial plan of the of the legation's site, it appears that the entrance of the legation building is connected to the Saemunan-ro in the northwest. However, according to the report made at the time when the Russian temporary minister Veber purchased the legation's site, it was recorded that the site already had a narrow entrance and a dirt road in place, and hence, it was connected to Saemunan-ro. This fact makes it possible to learn that the line of movement for officials and the original gate were located to the northwest of the site planned as the entrance of the legation building towards Hamchunwon. Second, the site was created by cutting the top of the high hill at the time of the construction of the legation building, and as a result, a two tiered staircase typed terrace was built. The ground on which the main building and the secretary's building, etc., were erected was made by cutting the highest peak and solidifying it flat, and a large quantity of soil was used for grading. In the case of the northern area of the main building, the traces of leveling the terrain by cutting the mountains are apparent, and an observation typed garden with a walking path and pavilion was formed by utilizing the physical environment equipped with an easy view. This may be considered as a use which is consistent with the topographical conditions of creating an outer royal garden to block the civilian views on a high terrain overlooking the palace. Third, Hamchunwon's fences were partially exposed in the photos from the 1880s through the 1890s, which demonstrate the spatial changes made around the US, UK, and the Russian legations. As a result of the photo analysis performed, Hamchunwon occupies the northern area of the Russian legation's site, and it is estimated that the north, west, and east walls of the legation resembled those of Hamchunwon. The area to the south of the Russian legation was originally a place made available for civilian houses, and it was possible to examine the circumstances of purchasing dozens of civilian houses and farmlands according to various materials. Fourth, Hamchunwon, which was formed as the outer royal garden of Gyeongdeokgung Palace of Lord Gwanghaegun, lost its sense of place as an outer royal garden when the entire building of Gyeonghuigung Palace was torn down and used as a construction members during the reconstruction of Gyeongbokgung Palace, and faded away as the site was sold to Russia around 1885. The area where Hamchunwon used to be located transformed into a core space of the Russian legation where the main building and garden were located after the construction of the new building. Hence, Hamchunwon, which was limited to the northern area of the Russian legation, does not carry the temporal and spatial context with Gyeongungung Palace and Seonwonjeon which were constructed after 1897, and it is determined that the view of Seonwonjeon as Baehoorim or Baegyeongrim is not valid.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.317-333
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• 2014

The Pocheon iron (-copper) deposit, located at the northwestern part of the Precambrian Gyeonggi massif in South Korea, genetically remains controversial. Previous researchers advocated a metamorphosed (-exhalative) sedimentary origin for iron enrichment. In this study, we present strong evidences for skarnification and Fe mineralization, spatially associated with the Myeongseongsan granite. The Pocheon deposit is composed of diverse carbonate rocks such as dolostone and limestone which are partially overprinted by various hydrothermal skarns such as sodic-calcic, calcic and magnesian skarn. Iron (-copper) mineralization occurs mainly in the sodic-calcic skarn zone, locally superimposed by copper mineralization during retrograde stage of skarn. Age data determined on phlogopites from retrograde skarn stage by Ar-Ar and K-Ar methods range from $110.3{\pm}1.0Ma$ to $108.3{\pm}2.8Ma$, showing that skarn iron mineralization in the Pocheon is closely related to the shallow-depth Myeongseongsan granite (ca. 112 Ma). Carbon-oxygen isotopic depletions of carbonates in marbles, diverse skarns, and veins can be explained by decarbonation and interaction with an infiltrating hydrothermal fluids in open system ($XCO_2=0.1$). The results of sulfur isotope analyses indicate that both of sulfide (chalcopyrite-pyrite composite) and anhydrites in skarn have very high sulfur isotope values, suggesting the $^{34}S$ enrichment of the Pocheon sulfide and sulfate sulfur was derived from sulfate in the carbonate protolith. Shear zones with fractures in the Pocheon area channeled the saline, high $fO_2$ hydrothermal fluids, resulting in locally developed intense skarn alteration at temperature range of about $500^{\circ}$ to $400^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.552-564
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• 2002

The data of satellite-observed Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) channel 1 (Ch1) brightness temperature and General Circulation Model (GCM) reanalyses over the globe have been used to investigate low tropospheric hydrometeors and microwave surface emissivity during the period from January 1981 to December 1993. The average of GCM Ch1 temperature has been reconstructed from three kinds of reanalyses, based on the MSU weighting function. Since the GCM temperature mainly corresponds to the thermal state of the lower troposphere without the difference in the emissivity between ocean and land, it is higher in summer than in other seasons over the regions. The MSU temperature over the ocean shows its maximum at the ITCZ and the SPCZ due to hydrometeors. Over high latitude ocean, the temperature is enhanced because of sea ice emissivity, while it is reduced over the land. The seasonal displacement of the ITCZ and the SPCZ systematically appeared in the difference of Ch1 temperature between the GCM and the MSU. The difference values decrease in the regions of the ITCZ, the SPCZ, and the sea ice because of the increase of the MSU temperature. According to the local minima of the values, the ITCZ moves norhward to 9 N in fall, and the SPCZ moves southward to 12 S in boreal fall and winter. The sea ice in the northern hemisphere is extended southward to 53 N in winter, while the ice in the southern hemisphere, northward to 58 S in boreal summer. We also have discussed the separated contribution from hydrometeors and surface emissivity to the MSU Ch1 temperature, utilizing radiative transfer theory. The increase of 4-6K in the temperature over the ITCZ is inferred to result from hydrometeors of 1-1.5mm/day, and furthermore the increase of 10-30K over the high latitude ocean, ice emissivity of 0.6-0.9.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.53-64
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• 1995

This study was designed to investigate the morphological alterations of zonula occludens, macula adherences and gap junctions between the hepatocytes in the fasting conditions. Animals (Sprague Dawley, $250{\sim}280g$) were divided into two groups: normal and fasting. The latter were fasted for eight days prior to sampling. Liver tissues were sectioned and replicated after freeze fracturing for the transmission electron microscopy. In the normal rat liver, the interhepatocellular space at the area of some zonula occludens appeared to be widened in thin sections. On the freeze fracture replicas., the zonula occludens appeared as an anastomosing network of $2{\sim}4$ strands or grooves on P or E faces. Free ends and fragments of the strands were observed. In the rat fasted for eight days, the hepatocytes were diminished in size and the organelles were decreased in number and size. The intercellular space was wide at many areas of zonula occludens in thin section. On the freeze fracture replicas, the zonula occludens showed diminution or disappearence of anastomosing network of strands or grooves. Free ends and small fragments of the strands or grooves were frequently encountered. The macula adherens was markedly increased in number in thin sections, although they could not be found on the freeze fracture replicas. The gap junctions were increased in number in thin sections. Small aggregations of the intramembranous particles appeared with larger ones on the freeze fracture replica. The evidences may suggest the followings: (1) The disassembly of zonula occludens in the fasting states is led from the diminished mechanical stress on the luminal surface of bile canaliculus with the impaired secretion of bile components from the hepatocytes. (2) The increase of macula adherens is necessary to maintain the liver parenchyma integrity in the fasting state which leads the hepatocyte to be diminished and finally the intercellular space to be separated. (3) The rise in both number and size of gap junctions is owing to the need of increasing intercellular communication between the hepatocytes during the fasting. (4) The alteration of zonula occludens is easily led by the physiological condition of hepatocytes even in the normal ones.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.104-114
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• 2004

A study was carried out to estimate the deformation of the set net according to the current by the model test in the circulation water channel. The tension of the frame line and the variation of net shapes were measured to investigate the deforming of the model set net in the flow. The results are obtained as follows; 1. The tensions (y) of the frame line according to the flow speed(x) from 0.0m/s to 0.6m/s were expressed by the experimental equation as follow : y= 1814.1x+115.12 2. In case of the upperward flow with fish court net, deformed angle in the upperward net was changed from 0$^{\circ}$ to 79$^{\circ}$, the inclined passage net was from 0$^{\circ}$ to 56$^{\circ}$. Besides, the depth ratio of the first bag net changed from 1.0 to 0.42 and the second bag net was from 1.0 to 0.41, and deformed angle in the downward of the bag net was from 0$^{\circ}$ to 87$^{\circ}$. 3. In case of the upperward flow with bag net, deformed angle in the upperward net was changed from 0$^{\circ}$ to 60$^{\circ}$, the inclined passage net was from 0$^{\circ}$ to 13$^{\circ}$. Besides, the depth ratio of the first bag net changed from 1.0 to 0.27 and the second bag net was from 1.0 to 0.15. In the flow speed 0.3m/s, the inclined passage net rised up to the entry of the bag net and then prevented it more over 90% in 0.5m/s. A deformed angle in the downward of the fish court net was from 0$^{\circ}$ to 58$^{\circ}$. 4. To minimize the deformation of each part in model set net, it needs to attach the moving weight out of the fish court net, inclined passage net and bag net. Besides, it needs to adjust the tension of the net twine for the maintenance of the shape.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.81-92
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• 2001

According to analyses of high-resolution seismic profiles (air gun, sparker, and SBP) and a deep-drill core(YSDP 105) in the mid-eastern Yellow Sea, stratigraphic and geoacoustic models have been established and seismo-acoustic modeling has been fulfilled using ray tracing of finite element method. Stratigraphic model reflects seismo-, litho-, and chrono-stratigraphic sequences formed under a significant influence of Quaternary glacio-eustatic sea-level fluctuations. Each sequence consists of terrestrial to very-shallow-marine coarse-grained lowstand systems tract and tidal fine-grained transgressive to highstand systems tract. Based on mean grain-size data (121 samples) of the drill core, bulk density and P-wave velocity of depositional units have been inferred and extrapolated down to a depth of the recovery using the Hamilton's regression equations. As goo-acoustic parameters, the 121 pairs of bulk density and P-wave velocity have been averaged on each unit of the stratigraphic model. As a result of computer ray-tracing simulation of the subsurface strata, we have found that there are complex ray paths and many acoustic-shadow zones owing to the presence of irregular layer boundaries and low-velocity layers.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 1978

In order to establish a better combination of nutrients of complex fertilizer for apple tree a boron-enriched complex fertilizer ($N-P_2O_5-K_2O-B_2O_5-MgO$: 10 10-0.2-2.0) was compared with various treatments using urea superphosphate, potash muriate, usual complex fertilizer (22-22-11) and borax in its effect on the various growth status such as total leaf weight per tree and shoot growth of dwarf Fuji (1 year old) and super type Starcreamson (3 year old) grown at comparatively poor soils. For Fuji grown on sandy red soils the boron-enriched complex fertilizer (BC) was best and followed by-usual complex fertilizer NPK only, NPK only+Boron, BC+high boron (17times) and no phosphorus in the order. For Starcreamson grown on heavy clayey soils CB+high boron and phosphorus was best and followed by BC, usual complex fertilizer, NPK only, BC+high boron, NPK+boron and no phosphorus in the order. Without compost in the poor heavy clayey soil the growth was worse with high boron and best with NPK+boron and followed by BC Growth was poor with high boron alone but better with phosphorus and high boron, and it was thought that boron was effective when it was distributed in soil with N.P.K. Fertilizer response of apple tree was well appeared on leaf length, new shoot length and total leaf weight per tree. Suitable formulation of a boron-enriched complex fertilizer for apple tree appeared as 10-20-10-0.6 ($N-P_2O_5-K_2O-B_2O_5$) for poor fields and fields with moderate fertility. Chemical analysis of leaves suggested Mg effect on the increase of leaf weight. Effect of Fe was similar to thatof of Mg.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.6
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• pp.13-18
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• 1988

This experiment was conducted to identify the enzyme treatment time, calcium ion effect, enzyme concentration and leaf position for protoplast isolation. It was also performed to determine the adequate molarity on protoplasts, and to investigate the incubation time, pH, PEG concentration and DMSO effect for protoplast fusion. The results obtained were summarized as follows ; The optimal time of incubation in enzyme solution was 4 hours. And the protoplast releasing time was delayed by $CaCl_2{\cdot}2H_2O$ addition to the enzyme solution compared with no added one. The viability had kept up to above 95% until the 4 hours after digestion. The high viability of the protoplast was preserved more than 16 hours by adding $CaCl_2{\cdot}2H_2O$ to digestion solution. The enzyme concentration had no effect on protoplast yield in range from 1% to 5% and the first or second leaf from the top of the plant produced the highest protoplast yield among the leaf position tested. The purity of healthy protoplast was better in 0.4M and 0.5M sucrose than in others, and the percentage of protoplast aggregation was more 20% to 50% in PEG 6,000 compared with 4,000 and PEG 1,500. Even though the percentage of protoplast aggregation was less increased by 3% to 7% than without DMSO, its treatment was effective to induce binucleated protoplasts.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.82-94
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• 2014

This study aims to comprehend that Gwanghalluwon for aspects of landscape change in terms of construction garden(樓園). Transformation focused on the spatial structure is divided into four periods based on literature. And reflect of landscape elements in defunct or unattributable records from tale and novel. The results were as follows. First, The beginning of Gwanghanllu pavilion(廣寒樓) was the composition of the Gwangtongnu Pavilion(廣通樓). The pavilion is located amid beautiful scenery such as the close-range view of a small stream, and distant view Jiri Mountain. Analysis of literature shows that Gwanghallu pavilion was in succession to Gwangtongnu Pavilion's landscape. Secondly, Gwanghallu(廣寒樓) pavilion represents the characteristic of the garden since 1582. Built the Samsinsan(三神山), Construct Lake and bridge that represents the galaxy for realization of utopia reflect in Taoist ideology. Thirdly, Gwanghalluwon garden was recovered when from Jeong-yu-jae-ran(丁酉再亂) to the Japanese Ruling Era. It took Gwanghalluwon garden a long while to recover from original form. According to records, Gwanghalluwon garden is still being likened to the landscape of fairyland by inheriting landscape in the previous of Jeong-yu-jae-ran(丁酉再亂). Fourth, By the modern times, Gwanghalluwon Garden has personality of tourist attractions. Until now, the area of the Gwanghalluwon garden has been expended during the processes of three times. Fifth, Aspect of landscape change of Gwanghalluwon is wide-spreading mainly Gwanghallu pavilion. But elements of external expansion in garden by introduced into the facility irrelevant to the authenticity of the garden. Sixth, Comprehension the cultural landscape of the garden are limited by deficient records. But, the main elements in the Gwanghalluwon garden are commonly appeared on imaginary environment within a tale and a novel. In addition, culture of garden at the time was depicted in tale and novel. In this sense, cultural landscape in garden was able to estimate through imaginary environment within novel.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.60-71
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• 2000

Backgrounds : Cathepsin D, an aspartic lysosomal proteinase, is believed to be involved in local invasion and metastasis of tumor cells by its proteolytic activity and has been described to be associated with tumor progression and prognosis in some human malignancies including breast cancer. But, its prognostic value for human lung cancer remains to be determined. The purpose of this study is to determine clinicopathological and prognostic significance of cathepsin D expression in non-small cell lung cancer. Method : Using a polyclonal antibody, immunohistochemical analysis of cathepsin D was performed on paraffin embedded sections of tumors obtained surgically from 54 patients with non-small cell lung cancer (37 squamous cell carcinoma, 14 adenocarcinoma, 2 large cell carcinoma, and 1 undifferentiated carcinoma). Results : Eighteen patients (33.3%) showed positive immunoreactivities of cathepsin D in tumor cells. No significant correlation of cathepsin D expression in tumor cells was found in p-stage (surgical-pathologic stage), tumor size, tumor factor, nodal involvement, and differentiation. Of 54 patients, 29 (53.7%) patients showed moderate to massive cathepsin D-positive stromal cells within the tumor tissues, while the rest (46.3%) showed few cathepsin D-positive stromal cells within the tumor tissues. Cathepsin D expression in stromal cells was significantly associated with p-stage in non-small cell lung canær (p=0.031). No significant correlation of the degree of cathepsin D-positive stromal cells was found in tumor size, T -factor, nodal involvement, differentiation Cathepsin D expression status in tumor cells and stromal cells was not significantly associated with prognosis expressed by survival rate. The results of multivariate analyses of variables possibly associated with prognosis showed that nodal involvement was the only independent prognostic factor in all patients. Conclusion : Cathepsin D expression in stromal cells was significantly associated with p-stage in non-small cell lung cancer. However, it was not related to other clinicopathologic features and prognosis, and Cathepsin D expression in tumor was not related to p-stage and prognosis.