• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.195-213
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• 2006

Development of the 3 scales comprising the present research was based on review of literature, existing screening scales, and empirical research pertaining to (Scale I) the development of social and emotional problems of children, (Scale II) parent-child relations, and (Scale III) assessment of children's environment. Professionals in each area approved a draft of the new screening scale. The clinical group was classified into normal and at-risk groups based on the Denver II scale and the Child Behavior Check List(ages 1.5-5). The clinical groups were administered the newly developed screening scale to see whether the same classification pertained. Results proved the cross-validity of the new scale.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.55-72
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• 2007

Replication of the factor structure of the TBAQ(Toddler Behavior Assessment Questionnaire Goldsmith, 1988) in Korean 2-year-old children was examined by Multitrait Multimethod matrix of observed and reported child behavior. Participants included 113 toddlers and their mothers. Three factors comprising 63 items were identified and labeled as easy, difficult and fearful. On the Child Behavior Checklist(Achenbach & Edelbrock, 1983) difficult temperament was positively related to externalizing while fearful temperament was positively related to internalizing problems. Observation of inhibited child behavior in both unfamiliar social and nonsocial situations demonstrated a positive relationship to observed inhibition of fearful temperament. Easy temperament correlated negatively with both social inhibition and internal behavior problems. Results supported construct validity of TBAQ factors for Korean 2-year-old children.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.163-176
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• 2002

Objectives：This study was designed to investigate the temperamental characteristics and the differences of temperamental characteristics in Korean children according to the sociodemographic and family environment factors using Toddler Temperament Scale(TTS). Methods：The samples consisted of 1,175 children who were attending twenty-five Samsung Child Care Centers nationwide. Both Korean version of TTS and child developmental questionnaire(designed by the Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center) were distributed to the parents of these children. Score of 9 temperamental categories was determined using the result of TTS, and determination of 5 temperamental clusters was conducted by the Fullard's criteria. Statistical analyses were performed according to the sex, birth order, existence of siblings, residential city, residential province, marital state of child's parents, and parental relationship to compare the scores of temperamental categories and the distribution of temperamental clusters. Results：The distribution of temperamental clusters was as follows；Easy 35.8%, Intermediate Low (IL) 33.1%, Intermediate High(IH) 11.1%, Slow-To-Warm-Up 6.3%, and Difficult 13.6%. Some of 9 temperamental categories were statistically different according to the sex, birth order, existence of siblings, residential city, residental province, marital state of child's parents, and parental relationship. From the viewpoint of 5 temperamental clusters, there were statistically more Easy and less Difficult children in good relation between each parent(p=.022). In spite of no statistical significance, the children in conditions of first-born, non-existence of siblings, middle or small residential city, Chung-Cheong province, married state of parent had a tendency to be easier to care. Conclusions：The toddler temperamental characteristics of Korean children showed some differences in several sociodemographic and family environment factors. We could confirm that the 'Goodness of Fit' was very important in child temperament.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.19-39
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• 2004

Mothers of 58 20-month-olds in Seoul, the Republic of Korea, completed vocabulary checklists for their children. When vocabulary level was taken into account, children's vocabularies contained relatively greater proportions of nouns than other word classes, and more verbs than adjectives or closed-class words. Correlations among word classes showed that each word class was consistently positively correlated with every other class. Girls' vocabularies showed evidence of being larger than boys. Large individual differences in the sizes of children's vocabularies were found. Factors that influence vocabulary size and can account for gender and individual differences are discussed. Noun prevalence in the vocabularies of children learning to speak Korean, and the merits of several theories that may account for this word-class prevalence pattern, are evaluated.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.47 no.9
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• pp.71-82
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of child gender and temperament, husbands’ support, and mothers’ psychological well-being on maternal parenting behaviors toward toddlers. Mothers of 214 toddlers responded to questionnaires on the following variables: child temperament, husbands’ support, psychological wellbeing and parenting behaviors. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that: 1) Children being negative emotionality linked with mothers’ high controlling and rejective parenting behaviors and low responsive parenting behaviors directly and indirectly via mothers’ psychological well-being; 2) Husbands’ support was linked with mothers’ low controlling and rejective behaviors through mothers’ high psychological well-being; 3) Mothers’ low psychological well-being was linked to high mothers’ controlling and rejective parenting. The results of this study underscore mothers’ psychological well-being and husbands’ parenting support in predicting mothers’positive parenting.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.11-20
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine determine the relations relationship between the child's characteristics (i.e. temperament) and maternal behaviors (parenting and the content of demands) and the child's compliance. Data were gathered from 153 mothers of toddlers in Seoul, via questionnaires. The major principal results of this study were as follows: Neither gender nor age differences was found were observed in toddlers' compliance. Correlation analyses revealed significant relations relationships between both a child's emotionality and the mother's parenting, and a child's compliance. That is, in cases in which the child's emotional reactivity and the mother's authoritarian parenting were high, the child evidenced lower compliance, the child showed whereas the higher the mother's authoritative parenting were was, the higher compliance the child showed displayed. The hierarchical regressions analysis indicated that maternal demands on 'caring' was constituted the most significant variable to predict for the prediction of toddlers' compliance, and child activity level and maternal authoritative parenting behavior were also significant variables.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.71-85
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to develop a parent education program enhancing mother's positive interactions in the context of mother-toddler play and to examine the effects of the program. Participants were 47 pairs of toddlers and their mothers who were randomly assigned to either a treatment or a control group. Both treatment and control groups participated in the 8 sessions of the play class. Only treatment groups received the parent education program during the sessions. Data were analysed by t-tests using SPSS 15.0. Results showed that (1) the mothers' positive interactions have been increased; (2) the mothers' parenting efficacy and pleasure have also been increased, whereas the parenting stresses were decreased in the treatment groups. In conclusion, this parent education program in the play session was effective in helping the mothers' positive interactions and perceptions on parenting toddlers.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.171-186
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• 1999

This study investigated behavior problems of toddlers in the day care setting and difficulties of the caregivers due to such behaviors. The subjects were 24 toddlers enrolled in two day care centers and 56 caregivers at day care centers in Seoul. Toddlers were observed and teachers filled out questionnaires. Analysis of the data by $x^2$ and correlations revealed the kind of behavior problems frequently shown by toddlers, sex differences, differences between centers, and the caregivers' points of view regarding the frequency and difficulties of such behaviors.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.179-197
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• 2010

The present study investigated how mothers with infants and toddlers obtain information about parenting and examined the nature of maternal parenting knowledge in order to evaluate the quality of the information. The mothers' age and educational level were included in the analysis as a influential factor on parenting knowledge. Four hundred and twenty-nine mothers with infants and toddlers completed the questionnaires issued regarding the source and content of parenting information and parenting knowledge. The results indicated that the mothers with only one child preferred to utilize their friends and relatives as their primary source of information and the mothers with more than one child acquired parenting information from their own previous experience. Second, the subjects were most interested in acquiring information related to physical development and medical problems. Third, the main effects of all independent variables were found. In addition, the interactional effects between the educational level and source of parenting information for the mother with only one child and the interactional effects between age and source of parenting information for the mother with more than one child were determined as a result of this study. These results indicate that there are some high-risk groups when it comes to the acquisition of parenting knowledge and we suggest providing valid and reliable information to these most vulnerable groups.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.55-67
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between Toddlers'negative emotionality and mothers' parenting stress and the moderating roles of a husbands'cooperation, mother-teacher partnership, and other social support. The participants of this study were 248 mothers with toddlers aged 24-35 months. The method of research used was the questionnaire method. The collected data were mainly analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, $Scheff{\acute{e}}$ test, Pearson's correlation and multiple regression analysis. The main results of this study were as follows. First, there were differences in mother's parenting stress according to individual characteristics such as mothers employment status, parenting costs, mother's feeling of pregnancy. Second, a moderator effect of a husbands' cooperation was found in the relationship between toddlers'negative emotionality and mothers' parenting stress. Therefore, it was confirmed that husband's cooperation is more of an important factor in nursing children with negative emotions than other support systems.