• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.83-90
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• 2017

Concrete structure for nuclear power plant is mass concrete structure with large wall depth and easily permits cracking in early age due to hydration heat and drying shrinkage. It always needs cooling water so that usually located near to sea shore. The crack on concrete surface permits rapid chloride intrusion and also causes more rapid corrosion in the steel. In the study, the effect of age and crack width on chloride diffusion is evaluated for the concrete for nuclear power plant with 6000 psi strength. For the work, various crack widths with 0.0~1.4 mm are induced and accelerated diffusion test is performed for concrete with 56 days, 180days, and 365 days. With increasing crack width over 1.0mm, diffusion coefficient is enlarged to 2.7~3.1 times and significant reduction of diffusion is evaluated due to age effect. Furthermore, apparent diffusion coefficient and surface chloride content are evaluated for the concrete with various crack width exposed to atmospheric zone with salt spraying at the age of 180 days. The results are also analyzed with those from accelerated diffusion test.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.12-22
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• 2012

This study investigated a utilization technology of light burned dolomite. light burned dolomite ($CaMg(CO_3)_2$) generated in furnace (steel manufacturer) is an alternative to quick lime. Using light burned dolomite has an effect on reducing the consumption of fluorite slag MgO concentration in supersaturated solution by prolonging the life of softening effect. Armophous MgO, not containing periclase is formed by firing dolomite under $800^{\circ}C$. It has larger surface area and higher reactivity than periclase, and also shows better expansion effect than quicklime. Due to those effects, therefore, armophous MgO produced from light burned dolomite is used as an alternative expansion agent in mortar. In the experiment, characteristics of light burned dolomite were compared to those of existing expansion agents such as anhydrite and quicklime. Then, each expansion and shrinkage rates were measured over a period of about 3 months in both of 1m Jis mold at labscale and apartment mortar flooring at field scale. In the result, it was observed that light burned dolomite in mortar flooring more compensates for the expansion and shrinkage rates than the existing expansion agents, showing low expansion rate of below 0.05% and also decreases the crack.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.13 no.3 s.55
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• pp.110-118
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• 2009

The tunnel structure is widely used for transportation in the mountain area. To reduce the duration of construction and thus the expense, a tunnel excavation is often performed simultaneously with a tunnel lining in in-situ. However, cracking of the tunnel lining may occur arising from the vibrating impact in the excavation process. The present study concerns the role of steel fiber and nylon fibers in tunnel lining concrete to reduce the vibrating impact. As a result it was found that both the nylon fiber and steel fiber improved the durability and physical properties of concrete.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.461-464
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• 2008

This study investigated mechanical properties of the concrete using standard contents which was existent fibers in korea to apply the method for reducing crack of the non-reinforced concrete for the public space of an apartment with a fiber reinforcement. Results were summarized as following. The slump was slightly declined corresponding to the increase of the surface area and bridge effect of the fibers. For properties of the hardened concrete, the compressive strength was slighty reduced caused by the decrease of bonding strength between fiber and cement paste. The tensile strength was little increased according to bridge effect of the fibers, and the flexible strength and length change due to the drying shrinkage did not showed remarkable tendency.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.85-98
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• 1993

A method of analysis for the material and geometric nonlinear analysis of planar prestressed concrete cable-stayed bridges including the time-dependent effects due to load history, creep, shrinkage, aging of concrete and relaxation of prestress is described. The analysis procedure, based on the finite element method, is capable of predicting the response of these structures through elastic, cracking, inelastic and ultimate ranges. The nonlinear formulation for the description of motion is based on the updated Lagrangian approach. To account for the material nonlinearity, nonlinear stress-strain relationship and cracking of concrete, nonlinear stress-strain relationships of reinforcing steel, prestressing steel, and cable, including load reversal are given. Results from a numerical examples on ultimate analyses of cable-stayed bridges are presented to illustrate the analysis method.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.1081-1089
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• 1994

Polypropylene Fibers have been used to increase the toughness of concrete and to increase the resistance to crack formation. However, there are many contradictory argument about the effectiveness of the fiber due to the lack of knowledge about the mechanism of fiber in concrete. One of the mechanism which changes the concrete properties on the addition of fiber is the change of the micropore structures. In this study, the change of pore structure due to the addition of fiber has been analysized by a permeability and a pore size distributuion test. The added fiber is found to provide a path for moisture movement, which increases drying shrinkage and pore size. It is found that the size of pores formed around the fiber ranges from $0.05{\mu}m$ to $5.0{\mu}m$.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.187-197
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• 2010

The longitudinal reinforcement ratio for the performance-based design of columns was studied. Unlike the existing design codes using uniform minimum reinforcement ratio and effective stiffness for all columns, the longitudinal reinforcement ratio of columns was defined as the function of various design parameters. To evaluate the minimum reinforcement ratio, two conditions were considered: 1) prevention of passive yielding of compression re-bars due to the creep and shrinkage of concrete under sustained service loads; and 2) ultimate flexural strength greater than the cracking moment capacity to maintain the ductility of columns for earthquake design. In addition, the effective flexural stiffness of columns for structural analysis was determined according to the longitudinal reinforcement ratio. The design method addressing the three criteria was proposed. The proposed method was applied to a design example.

• 한국지구과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2010.04a
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• pp.104-105
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• 2010

울산 퇴적 분지에 분포하는 신현층의 이암층 노두에서 이매패에 속하는 Anadara 를 비롯한 여러 종류의 연체동물 화석을 채집하였다. Anadara 화석은 해성 기원의 연체동물로 Vicarya japonica Yabe and Hatai와 함께 소위 Vicarya-Anadara 군집에 속한다. 이 군집은 우리나라의 제3기 생층서를 이해하는데 가장 중요한 정보를 제공한다. 여기에서는 Andara 화석의 형태적 특징과 내부 구조를 고찰하고, 현생종과 비교하였다. 신현층에서 산출된 Anadara 화석은 1속 2종으로 구성된다. 각의 형태적 특징은 각의 외형이 삼각형에 가깝고, 표면에 25~30개의 방사륵이 발달해 있으며 인대면은 삼각형 모형으로, 교치선은 직선이다. 각의 내부 구조를 박편상에서 관찰한 결과, 4개의 층으로 구성되어 있다. Anadara 화석과 현생종 Scapharca subcrenata 을 비교한 결과, 각의 외형은 조금 다르나 내부구조는 서로 거의 유사하다. A. (H.) kakehataensis의 내부 구조는 최외층, 외층, 광휘층, 내층으로 구성되어 있다. 외층은 교차판 구조(crossed- lamellar structure)로 되어 있다. 또한 성장선이 발달되어 있으며, 복연부에 불규칙한 균열이 부분적으로 나타난다. 이는 외부로 노출되어 건조되고 다시 물기를 머금은 상태가 반복되어 수축 팽창에 의한 것이라고 생각되며, 별개의 층은 아니다. 내층은 엽상구조(foliated structure)가 관찰된다. 외층과 내층 사이에 아라고나이트로 구성된 광휘층이 나타나며, 능주 구조(prismatic structure)를 보이는 얇은 층이다. 최외층이 나타난다. A. (H.) daitokudoensis의 내부 구조는 A. (H.) kakehataensis와 서로 거의 유사하고, 내층, 외층, 광휘층 및 최외층의 4개의 층으로 구성된다. 엽상 구조인 내층, 교차판 구조인 외층, 능주 구조인 광휘층 및 최외층은 유기질층으로 되어있다.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Structure & Construction
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• v.35 no.10
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• pp.163-170
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• 2019

In spite of various advantages, steel fiber reinforced concrete is still limited in its use due to the insufficient research results on the structural performance and design criteria. This study evaluated the long-term behavior of the steel fiber reinforced concrete slabs by long-term loading experiments based on the short-term load bearing capacity of steel fiber reinforced concrete slabs obtained from previous studies. In this study, long-term loading experiments were carried out on Total four 2-span continuous slab specimens were tested for examining the long-term behavior of steel fiber reinforced concrete members. Long-term behavior characteristics of members were evaluated by measuring the long-term deflection, drying shrinkage, the number and width of cracks. Experimental results showed that the instant deflection of the steel fiber reinforced concrete slab is about 50% of the normal reinforced concrete slab. And, it was analyzed that the long-term deflection of the specimen using steel fiber reinforced concrete was about 10~20% lower than that of normal concrete by the long-term deflection over 100 days. In addition, the slab specimen using steel fiber reinforced concrete was evaluated to have just 70% of the number and width of cracks compared with normal concrete specimens.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.23-32
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• 2022

Although PSCB girder bridges account for 4% of the bridges in use on highways, they do not account for much, but 98% of PSCB girder bridges are 1^st type and 2^nd type of bridge. Also, the total length of the PSCB girder bridge is 16% (192km) of the total length of the highway bridge. Thus, the PSCB girder bridge can be one of the bridge types where maintenance is important. In order to analyze the damage types of PSCB girder bridges, a detailed analysis was conducted by selecting 62 places (477 spans) precision safety diagnosis reports considering ratio of the construction method and snow removal environment exposure class. Analysis of report and a field investigation was conducted, and as a result, most of the causes of deterioration damage were caused by rainwater (salt water) flowing into the bridge pavement soaking in between the top flange and the interface. After concrete slab deteriorate occurred then bridge pavement cracking and breaking increased and exfoliation of concrete occurred by corrosion and expansion of the reinforcing bars occurred. In addition, the cause of cracks in the longitudinal direction on the bottom of the top flange is considered to be cracks caused by restrained drying shrinkage. In conclusion, for reasonable maintenance considering the characteristics of PSCB girder bridges, it should be suggested in the design aspect that restrained drying shrinkage crack on top flange. Also, it is believed that differentiated maintenance method should be proposed according to snow removal environment exposure class.