• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.2
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• pp.169-175
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• 2001

Genomic DNAs were extracted from the leaves of 182 ginkgo trees (Ginkgo biloba L.) planted in 6 regions and subjected to the analysis of both I-SSR and RAPD markers. A total of 227 amplicon variants were generated by PCR using 15 I-SSR primers and 67 amplicons by PCR with 5 RAPD primers. Levels of genetic diversity within 6 populations were turned out to be similar (Shannon's Index, I-SSR : 0.35~0.40; mean of 0.38, RAPD : 0.31~0.38; mean of 0.35, combined : 0.35~0.40; mean of 0.37). Ranks of the level of genetic diversity estimated from I-SSR, RAPD, and combined data were not coincided each other. Majority of genetic diversity was allocated among individuals within populations (I-SSR : 94.31%, RAPD : 93.62%, combined : 93.57%), which resulted in pretty low level of population differentiation. Genetic differentiation between male and female groups was turned out to be quite low (I-SSR : 0.03, RAPD : 0.091, combined : 0.043), which slightly fluctuated when analysis was restricted to the data obtained from 3 regions where both male and female trees were sampled (I-SSR : 0.038, RAPD : 0.084, combined : 0.047). Genetic relationships among the populations, reconstructed by UPGMA, were not coincided with geographic affinity, which might be resulted from sharing of seed sources in some regions. Whereas independent cluster analyses with I-SSR data and RAPD data, respectively, reclassified by sexes revealed two sexual groups in which all the male and the female populations were clustered together, cluster analysis with combined data did not show clear sexual grouping.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.323-337
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• 1999

Late Cretaceous to early Tertiary volcanic rocks in the Kyongsang basin exhibit high-K calc-alkaline characteristics, and originated from the magmatism related genetically to subduction of Kula-Pacific plate. They represent HFSE depletion and LlLE enrichment characteristics as shown by magmas related to subduction. Early studies on the depth of magma generation has been estimated as 180-230 km based on K-h relation should be reevaluated, because the depth of peridotite partial melting with 0.4 wt. % water is 80-120 km at subduction zone, and subducting slab in premature arc can melted even lower than 70 km. Moreover the increase of potassium contents depends on either contamination of crustal material and fluids of subducting slab or low degree of partial melting. If the inclination of subduction zone is 30 degrees and the depth to the Benioff zone is 180-230 km, the calculated distance between the volcanic zone and trench axis would be 310-400 km. It is unlikely because the distance between the Kyongsang basin and trench during late Cretaceous to early Tertiary is closer than this value and not comparable with generally-accepted models in subduction zone magmatism. $K_{55}$ of the volcanics in the Kyongsang basin is 0.3-2.3 wt.% and the average indicate that the depth ranges between 80-170 km on the diagram of Marsh, Carmichael (1974). Fractionation from garnet lherzolite, assumed the depth of 180-230km, is not consistent with the REE patterns of the volcanoes in the Kyongsang basin. Futhermore, the range of depth suggested by many workers, who studied magmatism related to subduction, imply shallower than this depth. Crustal thickness calculated by the content of CaO and $Na_2O$ is about 30 km and about 35 km, respectively. Paleo-crustal thickness during late Cretaceous to early Tertiary times in the Kyongsang basin inferred about 30 km calculated by La/Sm versus LaJYb data, which is also supported by many previous studies.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.753-762
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• 2008

The primers for RT-PCR and RACE-PCR were designed by aligning the pig genomic sequence and the human complement factor B(CFB) coding sequence(CDS) from the GenBank. Each PCR product was amplified in pig cDNA and sequencing was carried out. The CDS length of pig CFB gene was determined to be 2298 bp. In addition, the pig CDS was more longer than human and mouse orthologs because of insertion and deletion. The identities of porcine nucleotide sequences with those of human and mice were 84% and 80%, and the identities of amino acids were 79% to 77%, respectively. Three complement control protein(CCP) domains, one Von Willebrand factor A(VWFA) domain and a serine protease domain, that are revealed typically in mammals, were found in the pig CFB gene. Based on the CDSs determined, the primers were designed in intron regions for amplification of entire length of exons. In amplification and direct sequencing with genomic DNAs of six pig breeds, three cSNPs(coding single nucleotide polymorphisms) were identified and verified as missense mutations. Using the Multiplex-ARMS method, we genotyped and verified the mutations identified from direct sequencing. To demonstrate recrudescence, we performed both direct sequencing and Multiplex-ARMS with two randomly selected DNA samples. The genotype of each sample exhibited the same results using both methods. Therefore, three cSNPs were identified from pig CFB gene and that can be used for haplotype analysis of the swine leukocyte antigen(SLA) class III region. Moreover, the results indicate that the Multiplex-ARMS method should be powerful for genotyping of genes in the SLA region.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.99-118
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• 2000

The variation of Na(A), K, Na(M4), A l O and Al(VI)+Fe3++Ti+Cr in the zonal amphiboles from the amphibolites of the Hwanggangri area indicates that the tschermakite-, edenite- and glaucophane substitutions are higher in the rim than in the core, in which actinolite changes to hornblende with going outward from core to rim. The contents of substitutional elements of hornblende~ of three samples@l29-2, M76-2, M78), which include diopside and greenish brown hornblende and are thought to represent the highest metamorphic grade, are lower than those of rim homblendes of the lower metamorphic grade and are higher than those of core actinolite that they conform to the middle domain in those of the whole amphiboles. Considerations about the origin of zonal amphiboles are as follows. Firstly, two samples(R102-1, R210-9) have the same amphibole composition like core is actinolitic hornblende, and rim is magnesian hastingsite although plagioclases such as albite(R102-1) and labradorite (R210-9) show the wide compositional difference. It is impossible to produce both albite and labradorite by one metamorphic event. Judging from this wide compositional difference, the existence of zonal amphiboles does not indicate the miscibility gap but is thought to be the result of the polymetamorphism. Secondly, the crystallographically sharp and gradational interfaces between actinolite and hornblende fonned in the amphibolites rgardless of the distance from the granite. In case of the samples(R210-9, M128, M130) having the sharp interface between two amphiboles, the plagioclase show the compositions produced at the low grade and the medium grade. Because such variable compositions of plagioclase indicates the overprinting of metamorphism of higher metamorphic grade than that of the formation of miscibility gap, it implies that zonal amphiboles were formed by polymetarnorphism. In case of the gradational interface between two amphiboles, this texture is also thought to be the effect of polymetamorphism from the fact that this texture mainly occur near the granite and from the consideration of the metamporphic grade. The relationship between the compositional variations of the amphiboles and the pressure types of metamorphism suggests that actinolitic core is considered to be grown by the metamorphism of medium pressure, while hornblende rim is shown to have genetic relations with the metamorphism of low pressure type.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.174-182
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• 2011

The present study evaluated the major lead sources in a steel metallurgy industrialized city by measuring lead isotopes/lead concentrations of ambient air and potential sources in an industrial area and residential areas according to relative distance. The quality control program obtained during the measurement procedure for lead isotopes and concentrations exhibited $0.5ng/m^3$ for method detection limit, more than 90% for recoveries of standard particulate matters, and lower than 0.2% for reproducibility errors of four lead isotopes ($^{204}Pb$, $^{206}Pb$, $^{207}Pb$, $^{208}Pb$). For all three lead isotope ratios ($^{206}Pb/^{204}Pb$, $^{207}Pb/^{206}Pb$, $^{208}Pb/^{206}Pb$), the ratios were obtained in the industrial area were closer to nearby residential area than those of a residential area far away from the industrial area, thereby suggesting that lead sources were more similar each other in the industrial and nearby residential area. Furthermore, for both summer and winter seasons ambient lead concentrations were more than four times higher in the industrial area than in the residential areas and in turn, they were higher in the nearby residential area compared with the far-away residential area. As a result, it was suggested that lead emitted from the industrial area would influence more the ambient lead in the nearby residential area than the far-away residential area. Both slag and traffic emissions are likely to be major lead sources in the industrial and nearby residential areas, since their three lead isotope ratios ($^{206}Pb/^{204}Pb$, $^{207}Pb/^{206}Pb$, $^{208}Pb/^{206}Pb$) were similar to the ratios obtained from ambient air of these two areas. In addition, the lead isotope ratios revealed different pattern between seasons, and the ambient lead concentrations were higher for winter than for summer.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.10-21
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• 2014

This study focuses on the landscape of Daegodae(大孤臺), a prominent rock placed at the side of Namgae Stream in Hamyang, and the person who enjoy the landscape. Through the analysis of the letters such as names carved on the rocks based on ancient poetry and stone walls, the study examines the characteristics of the landscape and the space of Daegodae and the phase of hegemony to enjoy the landscape and space. The result of this study is as follow.2) There are 5 Seowon(書院: lecture halls) nearby Daegodae identified in the ancient map has 5 auditoriums nearby, and three-dimensional volume and eccentricity of the Daegodae is impressive. Daegodae, named by Noh Jin(1518~1578) in 16th century, was used in a variety of ways, including viewing, game, recreation, and meeting, by the staff of the lecture halls including Namgae Seowon(南溪書院), as a result of analyzing the ancient document Go-dae-il-Loc(孤臺日錄) written by Jung Kyung-Woon(鄭慶雲: 1556~?). The structure of Daegodae is that there is Chunggeunchung(淸近亭) on the rock face of the top and Sanangjae(山仰齋) to the west around the memorial stone for Yang Hee(梁喜: 1515~1581). The upper part of the foundation of Daegodae with 11m high and $10m^2$ wide to the east and west was widely used for lecturing and poetry reading. To the north and west of the foundation were the writing of Kim Jeong-Hee(金正喜: 1786~1856) with the words 'Seoksong Chusa(石松 秋史)' carved on the rock and the remains of a dead tree that is presumed to have been called as 'Seoksong'. They are the landscapes that further enhance the history and authenticity of this place. The two kinds of letters carved on the rock 'Daegodae Gaeeunseo(大高臺 介隱書)' and 'Mukheon JungGeunSang(鄭近相: 1893~1934)' were recorded each by Jung Jae-Gi(1811~1879) and his grandson Jung Geun-Sang, which are, as the outcome of exclusive space possession and space hegemony, the signatures indicating that they were the persons who enjoyed this place during the late Joseon and Japanese colonial era. In other words, Daegodae had some implied meaning of preoccupancy of the place as Gujolyangseonsengjangguso since the middle of Joseon, and the place was passed down as a buddhism lecturing and memorial venue called "Dungbukganghoiso Cheonryungjaeseonhyunjangguso" after going through the space hegemony of Jung Jae-Gi and Jung Geun-Sang during the late Joseon and Japanese colonial era each, Nevertheless, a number of letters carved on the rock identified also imply that 'Hadong Jung(河東鄭氏)' and 'Pungcheon Noh(豊川盧氏)' were those who enjoyed the landscape of Daegodae and the center of the space hegemony. The "letters carved on the rock of Daegudae" is another case of cultural landscape and traditional gardening space that serves as the representation of the will of enjoying the landscape in this place and the history of space hegemony.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.280-285
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• 2015

In radiation therapy fields, a brachytherapy is a treatment that kills lesion of cells by inserting a radioisotope that keeps emitting radiation into the body. We currently verify the consistency of radiation treatment plan and dose distribution through film/screen system (F/S system), provide therapy after checking dose. When we check dose distribution, F/S systems have radiation signal distortion because there is low resolution by penumbra depending on the condition of film developed. In this study, We fabricated a $HgI_2$ Semiconductor radiation sensor for base study in order that we verify the real dose distribution weather it's same as plans or not in brachytherapy. Also, we attempt to evaluate the feasibility of QA system by utilizing and evaluating the sensor to brachytherapy source. As shown in the result of detected signal with various source-to-detector distance (SDD), we quantitatively verified the real range of treatment which is also equivalent to treatment plans because only the low signal estimated as scatters was measured beyond the range of treatment. And the result of experiment that we access reproducibility on the same condition of ${\gamma}$-ray, we have made sure that the CV (coefficient of variation) is within 1.5 percent so we consider that the $HgI_2$ sensor is available at QA of brachytherapy based on the result.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.169-181
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• 1990

The development of eggs and larvae, and minute scale-like tubercles on the skin surface of larval Acantlaorhodeus gracilis from Korea were observed. They spawned from late March through the middle of June. A fish spawned at least 5 times and the number of eggs averaged 304 per oviposition. Unfertilized eggs are nearly ovoid-shaped(mean$\pm$SD=$2.09{\pm}0.04\;mm$ in length with range of 2.05 to 2.13 mm and mean$\pm$SD=$1.26{\pm}0.02\;mm$ in breadth with range of 1.24 to 1.30 mm measured for the 50 eggs) and opaque yellow color. The tip of egg membrane at the animal pole side swelled and formed a few hilly projections. The shape of the eggs was just like a loquat. Most of embryos began to hatch out in thirty-eight hours after insemination at $22{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ in water temperature. As regards the morphological characters of the eggs and larval development, Acan. gracilis was similar to Acan. asmussi, Acheilognathus rhombeus, A. longipinnis and Pseudoperilampus typus. The larvae of this species is unique particularly in the following two characters, i.e., 1) scale-like tubercles ellipsoided in a diagonal cross section on the whole body and 2) incessant wiggly movement pattern as that of fly maggot, with the larvae of the above mentioned species. These characters seem to reflect the phylogenetic relationships among acheilognathine fishes. On the other hand, this species and Acan. asmussi are spring-summer spawning bitterlings. And also these species never retard the larval growth in such larval stage as the duration from Stage B to Stage D.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.57-81
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• 2001

In the amphibolites of the Hwanggangri area, three metamorphic zones are established like hornblende-actinolite zone (H-AZ), hornblende zone (HZ) and diopside zone (DZ) by the main mineral assemblages. Hornblende zone and hornblende-actinolite zone develope away from the diopside zone that experienced the highest thermal effect. Thus, this pattern identifies the decreasing metamorphic grade of the contact metamorphism with increasing distance from the granitic pluton. The mineral assemblages of this rock are classified into six representative groups such as $\circled1$ actinolite+plagioclase+chlorite, $\circled2$ actinolite+hornblende+plagioclase+chlorite$\pm$epidote$\pm$biotite, $\circled3$ actinolite+hornblende+plagioclass$\pm$biotite$\pm$epidote, $\circled4$ hornblende+plagioclase$\pm$biotite$\pm$chlorite, $\circled5$ hornblende+plagioclase+diopside+actinolite$\pm$epidote$\pm$chlorite, $\circled6$hornblende+plagioclase+diopside$\pm$biotite$\pm$epidote. Two metamorphic events m recognized in the amphibolites of the study area that the first metamorphism is the regional metamorphism dominantly occurred in the whole Ogcheon metamorphic belt and it gave rise to the growth of actinolite at the core or center of the amphibole grains of coarse and medium size. Its metamorphic grade ranges from the greenschist facies to epidote-amphibolite facies. The second metamorphism overlapped is the contact metamorphism caused by the adjacent granitic pluton, and its metamorphic grade is thought to reach to the low pressure part of upper amphibolite facies. According to the calculation by TWEEQU thermobarometry and amphibole-plagioclase thermometry, the metamorphic temperature of initial regional metamorphism is $439-537^{\circ}C$ under pressure of 4.6-7.3 kb and its peak temperature and pressure are considered to reach to the range of 492-537 and 5.2-7.3 kb. And the temperature range of contact metamorphism occurred by intrusion of cretaceous granitic body, is $588-739^{\circ}C$ under pressure of 2.6-5.2 kb and its peak temperature and pressure are estimated as having the range of $697-739^{\circ}C$ and 3.8-5.2 kb that this amphibolites are estimated to pass through the metamorphic evolution of both the rise of temperature and the drop of pressure.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.21 no.2 s.24
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• pp.224-237
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• 1988

To determine the causes of and related factors to childhood injuries, the emergency room records and inpatient medical records were reviewed for 4,849 injured children out of 15,790 pediatric patients(<15 years old) who visited the emergency rooms of 3 university hospitals and 2 general hospitals in Taegu from 1 January to 31 December 1987. Out of total injured children, 54.675 were 3-8 years old and the male to female ratio of the total injured children was about 2:1. The leading causes of injury were falls and slips (29.1%) and traffic accident(28.2%). The frequency of injury was higher in May-October than the rest of months and 51.6% of the injuries occurred between 15 and 20 o'clock. Falls and slips took place most frequently at the stairway(25.7%). The most common interpersonal violence was inflicted injuries(85.6%) and there were 11 child rapes. Dog bites accounted for 67.6% of all biting injuries and it occured 2.9 times more in male than in female. CO intoxication was the most common cause of poisoning (45.3%) and scalding accounted for 85.2% of all burns. Common places of drownings were river (32.2%), swimming pool (22.6%) and construction site(19.3%). To prevent childhood injuries, it is recommended to eliminate the hazardous environmental factors, to provide safe playgrounds, to educate the children for safety from kindergarten and the general public through mass communication, to establish a strict safety standard for houses, public buildings and facilities, and playgrounds.