• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.17
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• pp.115-133
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• 1974

This study was done on the metabolism of chemical components during the seed development of ginseng. The changes of the chemical components were inspected in the following periods: from the early stage of flower organ formation to flowering time, from the early stage of fruiting to maturity, during the moisture stratification before sowing. From flower bud forming stage to meiosis stage, the changes in the fresh weight, dry weight, contents of carbohydrates, and contents of nitrogen compounds were slight while the content of TCA soluble phosphorus and especially the content of organic phosphorus increased markedly. From meiosis stage to microspore stage the fresh and dry weights increase greatly. Also, the total nitrogen content increases in this period. Insolub]e nitrogen was 62-70% of the total nitrogen content; the increase of insoluble nitrogen seems to have resulted form the synthesis of protein. The content of soluble sugar (reducing and non-reducing sugar) increases greatly but there was no observable increase in starch content. In this same period, TCA soluble phosphorus reached the maximum level of 85.4% of the total phosphorus. TCA insoluble phosphorus remained at the minimum content level of 14.6%. After the pollen maturation stage and during the flowering period the dry weight increased markedly and insolub]e nitrogen also increased to the level of 67% of the total nitrogen content. Also in this stage, the organic phosphorus content decreased and was found in lesser amounts than inorganic phosphorus. A rapid increase in the starch content was also observed at this stage. In the first three weeks after fruiting the ginseng fruit grows rapidly. Ninety percent of the fresh weight of ripened ginseng seed is obtained in this period. Also, total nitrogen content increased by seven times. As the fruits ripened, insoluble nitrogen increased from 65% of the total nitrogen to 80% while soluble nitrogen decreased from 35% to 20%. By the beginning of the red-ripening period, the total phosphoric acid content increased by eight times and was at its peak. In this same period, TCA soluble phosphorus was 90% of total phosphorus content and organic phosphorus had increased by 29 times. Lipid-phosphorus, nucleic acid-phosphorus and protein-phosphorus also increased during this stage. The rate of increase in carbohydrates was similar to the rate of increase in fresh weight and it was observed at its highest point three weeks after fruiting. Soluble sugar content was also highest at this time; it begins to decrease after the first three weeks. At the red-ripening stage, soluble sugar content increased again slightly, but never reached its previous level. The level of crude starch increased gradually reaching its height, 2.36% of total dry weight, a week before red-ripening, but compared with the content level of other soluble sugars crude starch content was always low. When the seeds ripened completely, more than 80% of the soluble sugar was non-reducing sugar, indicating that sucrose is the main reserve material of carbohydrates in ginseng seeds. Since endosperm of the ripened ginseng seeds contain more than 60% lipids, lipids can be said to be the most abundant reserve material in ginseng seeds; they are more abundant than carbohydrates, protein, or any other component. During the moisture stratification, ginseng seeds absorb quantities of water. Lipids, protein and starch stored in the seeds become soluble by hydrolysis and the contents of sugar, inorganic phosphorus, phospho-lipid, nucleic acid-phosphorus, protein phosphorus, and soluble nitrogen increase. By sowing time, the middle of November, embryo of the seeds grows to 4.2-4.7mm and the water content of the seeds amounts to 50-60% of the total seed weight. Also, by this time, much budding material has been accumulated. On the other hand, dry stored ginseng seeds undergo some changes. The water content of the seeds decreases to 5% and there is an observable change in the carbohydraes but the content of lipid and nitrogen compounds did not change as much as carbohydrates.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.39-51
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• 1976

As an accempt to increase thc efficiency of land use and the food production to achieve the national goal in the food self-sufficiency, nine cropping systems on the upper-land were examined in pure-stand and in mixtures of soybean, corn, potato and radish. The important conclusions of this study were summarized as follows; 1. The flowering date of soybean was two or three days earlier in pure-stand than in the mixture with corn. The maturing date two days earlier in the pure-stand than in the mixture with corn. The flowering and maturing dates were not different among various cropping systems in corn. 2. The stem length of soybean was significantly different among various cropping systems. Soybean in pure-stand was shorter in stem length than with corn. 3. The number of pods per soybean plant did not give any significant differences among various cultivation methods. 4. The length of internode and the number of nodes per soybean plant in the mixture with corn were greater than in the pure-stand. In the number of branches per plant this was reversed. 5. The average stem dry weight of soybean per 10a was not significantly different among various cultivation methods. 6. The soybean yield per 10a in the pure-stand was obviously greater than the mixture and there were significant differences among cultivation method within the mixture with corn in soybean yield. 7. The 1,000-grain weight of soybean was significantly different and those in the pure-stand was heavier than those in the mixture with corn. 8. Grain weight per soybean plant and the stem diameter in the pure-stand were significantly lesser than those in the mixture with corn. 9. In the comparisons of corn in the pure-stand and in the mixture with soybean, plant height, number of ear per 10a, mean ear weight and remember of grain per plant, 100-grain weight, ear length, ear girth and number of ear pel plant were not significantly different among various cultivation methods except for the grain yield per 10a. 10. In the economic analysis, the mixture with soybean and corn gave the greatest gross income. The combination 7 was the best which was 47.6% increase income comparing with the soybean pure-stand. 11. As it can be assumed, soybean plant was influenced greatly than corn by various cropping system. It is necessary to study more complex cropping system finding and giving more desirable multiple cropping system for the farmer.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.130-137
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• 2012

This research evaluated the effectiveness of organic matter ratios in substrate and mulching materials under mn-irrigated condition green roofs by measuring the effects on growth of Liatris spicata. Four mulching materials were installed, i. e. nun-mulched control(CON), volcanic ash soils(VAS), non-woven black fabric mat(NBM) and pine bark(PAK). Three levels of organic maller volume percentage in an amended soil were evaluated, amended soil: organic matter=100:0($A_1O_0$), amended soil: organic matter=80:20($A_4O_1$) and amended soil: organic matter=50:50($A_1O_1$). Plant height, number of leaves, diameter of flower stalk, number of florets, chlorophyll contents, shoot fresh and dry weight were recorded from April to September, 2010, and survival rate was examined on May 2011 of the following year. In the $A_1O_0$, the number of leaves, number of florets and chlorophyll contents were higher in Liatris spicata grown on NBM than other mulching treatments. Especially, plant height, shoot fresh and dry weight were significantly higher. However, it resulted the lowest survival rate than other mulching treatments. 2. In the $A_4O_1$, the plant height, number of leaves, number of florets, shoot fresh and dry weight were higher than other mulching treatments, but there was no significant difference except for the plant height of Liatris spicata grown on NBM. The survival rate was decreased by 40~60%, compared with $A_1O_0$, after overwintering. 3. In the $A_1O_1$, the plant height, number of leaves, diameter of flower stalk, number of florets, chlorophyll contents, shoot fresh and dry weight were slightly higher than other mulching treatments, but there was no significant difference from Liatris spicata grown on NBM and VAS. The survival rate was observed by 0% over all mulching treatments after overwintering. Therefore, the non-woven black fabric mat(NBM) promoted the Liatris spicata's growth and flowering compared with other mulching treatments. However, the survival rate was decreased significantly, and the organic matter ratios were increased after overwintering under non-irrigated green roofs.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.135-141
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• 2008

This paper describes a dynamic compartment model to predict the time-dependent $^{14}C$ activity in a plant as a result of a direct exposure to an amount of $^{14}CO_2$ for a short period of time, and experimental results for the model validation. In the model, the plant consists of two compartments of the body and ears, and five carbon fluxes between the compartments, which are the function of parameters relating to the growth and photosynthesis of a plant, are considered. Model predictions were made for an investigation into the effects of the exposure time, the elapsed exposure time, and the model parameters on the $^{14}C$ radioactivity of a plant. The present model converged to a region where the specific activity model is applicable when the elapsed time of the exposure was extended up to the harvest time of a plant. The $^{14}C$ activity of a plant was predicted to be the greatest when the exposure had happened in the period between the flowering and ears-maturity on account of the most vigorous photosynthesis rate for the period. Comparison of model predictions with the observed 14C radioactivity of rice plants showed that the present model could predict the $^{14}C$ radioactivity of the rice plants reasonably well.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.274-284
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• 2014

Crops and varieties are mostly affected by temperature, the amount of precipitation, and duration of sunshine. This study aims to identify the weather factors that directly influence to apple yield among the series of daily measured weather variables during growing seasons. In order to identify them, 1) a priori natural scientific knowledge with respect to the growth stage of apples and 2) pure statistical approaches to minimize bias due to the subject selection of variables are considered. Each result estimated by the Panel regression using fixed/random effect models is evaluated through suitability (i.e., Akaike information criterion and Bayesian information criterion) and predictability (i.e., mean absolute error, root mean square error, mean absolute percentage). The Panel data of apple yield and weather factors are collected from fifteen major producing areas of apples from 2006 to 2013 in Korea for the case study. The result shows that variable selection using factor analysis, which is one of the statistical approaches applied in the analysis, increases predictability and suitability most. It may imply that all the weather factors are important to predict apple yield if statistical problems, such as multicollinearity and lower degree of freedom due to too many explanatory variables used in the regression, can be controlled effectively. This may be because whole growth stages, such as germination, florescence, fruit setting, fatting, ripening, coloring, and harvesting, are affected by weather.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.137-141
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• 2015

This study focused on isolation of wild yeasts from natural flowers and elucidation of yeast diversity. Wild yeasts were isolated from various flowers collected from mountains on the islands including Jejudo, Ulleungdo, Yokjido, and Seonyudo as well as inlands including Gyejoksan, Oseosan, Beakamsan, and Deogyusan in Korea. Isolated yeasts were identified by comparison of nucleotide sequences for polymerrase chain reaction-amplified D1/D2 region of 26S rDNA or internal transcribed spacer 1 and 2 including 5.8S rDNA using BLAST. 289 strains belonging to 134 yeast species were isolated. Cryptococcus genus strains were the most frequently isolated species among the identified yeasts. Metschnikowia reukaufii was also frequently isolated. Twenty three species including Cryptococcus aureus were overlapped between those of mountains on islands and inland. Physiological functionalities such as antioxidant activity, xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity, and tyrosinase inhibitory activity for the 289 identified yeast strains were investigated using their supernatant and cell-free extracts. The supernatants of Candida sp. 78-J-2 and Metschnikowia reukaufii SY44-6 showed antioxidant activity of 22.5%, and anti-gout xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of 49.6%, respectively.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.87-93
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• 1969

A study has been made on phenomena of fertilization, hair genesis, and development of such forma of cotton flower as Mok Po 5, Red Leaf, Paymaster, Acala 1517w. 1) The pollen occurs to germinat at 4 hrs after its pollination and reaches the base of style 10 hrs. later, when 18 hrs elapsed, it gets enter at micropyle passes through placenta. 2) There may remain only one synergid as another one is occupied by pollen tube when it enters micropyle. 3) The fertilization completed at 18-48 hrs. after pollination. It was observed that Mok Po5 is the fastest, somewhat slower in Red Leaf and the slowest is the case of Paymaster in its speed. 4) Wool hair is formed by development of daughter cell which is. due to epidermal cell division' it starts its way right before blooming. 5) Wool hair is the most in its number covering about 60-80 within one hour ofter pollination and finishes its forming within 4-6 hours. The number is more abunbant at basal portion of ovule and rather at outer surface than at inner one of it. 6) The average length of wool hair checked at different time limit is as follows. 2.7-8.3$^{\mu} m$ 1 hr after pollination. 43.3-263.7$^{\mu} m$ 24-48 hrs. after pollination. The growth speed both of Mok Po 5 and Red Leaf get nearly same value but Paymaster is somewhat slower in its speed.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.419-422
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• 2002

Korean angelica(Angelica gigas Nakai), a oriental medicinal plants is important and in great demand in Korea. This crop is a biennial which is to die after flower, so as could not harvest the root. A new variety 'Anpung' was developed from the selection of the local collecting population by medicinal crop team at NCES in 2001. This showed stable bolting during its cropping year and have high quality and yield potential. The color is greenish purple in stem and red purple in flower. It was longer in plant height and root length, thicker in root diameter, more leave and latheral roots comparing with the check variety 'Manchu'. The dry root was 72 g/plant showing heavier than check variety of 65 g/plant. It showed such low bolting rate as 0.5%, on the other hand 49.3% in landrace when it cultured by transplanting with heating nursery seedlings, and $0{\sim}15%$ with field nursery seedlings. The dry root yield of the variety was averaged 3,630 kg/ha out yielding the check variety by 11% at the three regional yield test from 1999 to 2001. Finally, 'Anpung' showed higher content of extracts up to 46.3% in 'Anpung' and 45% in check variety, decursin and decursinol contents was 3.48% and 2.79%, showing slightly higher than check variety.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.38 no.7
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• pp.481-495
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the relationship between meteorologicalclimatic factors and fruit property data from Aronia sampling points during May to August 2016 in the Danyang area. For this purpose, we investigated the meteorological factor, the physicalchemical property of fruit and soil, and the property change of fruit according to the setting of rain and daylight shielding from Aronia sampling points. The result indicate that first, meteorologicalclimatic factors such as the maximum air temperature, the accumulated precipitation, the relative humidity, and daylight hours are a positive influence on products and maintenance of quality of Aronia as well as a suitable field for cultivating Aronia in the Danyang. However, a strong wind in April and May deeply affects the falling phenomenon of the flowering and blooming season. Second, the quality and products of Aronia show the high correlation coefficients of more than 0.9 with agricultural meteorologicalclimatic factors such as daily maximum temperature, daily soil temp, daily soil pH, cumulated precipitation, and daily soil humidity. Also, they can be predicted by the regression equations using these factors. Third, it is necessary to maintain the rain shielding in these fields because antocyanin and saccharinity components within Aronia decreased in case of heavy rainfalls. And, the result of regression analysis saccharinity and antocyanin within aronia from normal fields and rain shieldingfields at Aronia sampling points show a high correlation, respectively.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.443-447
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• 2002

This study was carried out to determine the differences in the growth, grain yield, and seed quality of sesame plant according to seeding date between P,E. vinyl-house and outdoor cultures. Reproductive growth period in vinyl-house culture was shorter than in outdoor culture. Stem length and capsule setting length of sesame were much longer in vinyl-house culture than in outdoor culture. Also, number of capsules per plant and 1,000 grain weight in vinyl-house culture were higher, specially the grain yield was approximately 57% more than in outdoor culture. In vinyl house culture, sesame plants sown on June 8 had longer capsule setting length, more capsules per plant, higher 1,000 grain weight, and higher percent ripened grain at the upper part of the capsule settings than those sown in May 9. They also had higher 1,000 grain weight at the middle and lower part of the capsule settings compared to May 9 seeding. However, no difference in grain yield of in seeding dates was observed. In outdoor culture, sesame plants, which was sown on May 9, had more effective branch number and capsule number and plant compared to those sown on June 8. Though sesame plants sown on May 9 had lower percent ripened grain at the upper and middle part of the capsule settings and lower 1,000 grain weight, the seed yield was similar to those sown on June 8. No difference in chromaticity value $L^*$ of sesame seeds between two culture conditions was observed. The $a^*$ value was higher in vinyl-house culture than outdoor culture while $b^*$ value was higher in outdoor culture. Sesaminol triglucoside content of sesame seeds was higher in vinyl-house culture than in outdoor culture. On the other hand, the content of sesamin and sesamolin from sesame seeds in vinyl-house culture were lower than in outdoor culture.