• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2012

The effects of elevated $CO_2$ and temperature on the phenological and reproductive characteristics of Phytolocca insularis were examined in ambient condition (control) and green house situation (treatment), 700 ~ 800 ppm $CO_2$ and $2^{\circ}C$ elevated temperature, from March 2010 to April 2011. Phenological responses such as foliation, inflorescence formation, flowering, fruit appearance, fruit maturing of P. insularis grown in the treatment were 6~ 20 day faster than in the control. The percent of fruit set, number of fruit and seed per shoots, weight of fruit and seed per shoots of P. insularis were higher in control than in the treatment. The number of inflorescence per shoots showed no difference between in the control and in the treatment. These results demonstrated that the reproductive response of P. insularis might be negatively influenced by increased $CO_2$ concentration and elevated temperature.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.215-221
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• 1988

The hop yield prediction model developed based on meteorological elements in Hoeongseong was Y=6,042.846-17.665 $X_1$-0.919 $X_2$-96.538 $X_3$-138.105 $X_4$＋86.910 $X_{5}$ ＋ $X_{6}$ with MS $E_{p}$ of 25.258, $R_{p}$$^{2}$ of 0.9991, R $a_{p}$$^{2}$ of 0.9962 and $C_{p}$ of 7.00. The minimum air temperature at early growing stage ( $X_1$), the total precipitation at cone ripening stage ( $X_2$), the maximum air temperature at flower bud differentiation stage ( $X_3$) and the maximum air temperature at flowering stage ( $X_4$) influenced on hop yield as decrement weather elements. The average air temperature at early growing stage ( $X_{5}$ ) and the total sunshine hours at cone development stage ( $X_{6}$ ) influenced on hop yield as increment weather elements.lements.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.77-82
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• 2003

The effect of the particle size of perlite and irrigation amount on the growth, root activity and mineral competition of tomato was investigated in a recycling system. The particle sizes used were small (SPP, øl∼2 mm), medium (MPP, ø2∼3 mm), (LPP. ø4∼5 mm). Plant height, fresh weight and dry weight of tomato at the earlier growth stage were good at 3.0 L/day in MPP and LPP, but these were not significantly affected by irrigation amount in MPP, Fruit number, weight and yield increased at 1.5 L/day in SPP and 3.0 L/day at MPP or LPP, Deformed fruits tended to increase at higher irrigation amounts regardless of particle size. Root activity increased with increasing particle size with higher irrigation amount during early stage after transplanting, but remarkably decreased at 3.0 L/day in SPP as compared with the others at 100 days. Mineral contents of plants after harvest were higher at MPP and LPP than SPP, but were highest at 3.0 L/day in LPP. In conclusion, it was regarded that tomato growth in a recycling system was optimal at MPP or LPP with irrigation amount of B.0 L/day.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.3
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• pp.316-322
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• 2006

This study was conducted to examine the changes of seed characteristics and germination properties and to determine the most suitable collection time in Ulmus davidiana var. japonica. Seeds were collected six times with the interval of seven days after April 21, 2005 at Jeong-seon. There were differences in seed characteristics and germination properties among seed collection times. The sizes of seed and fruit increased with the collection time, but seed moisture contents decreased with the collection time after increasing until May 5. The 1,000 seeds weight decreased with the collection time after increasing until May 12. Collection time showed high positive correlations (r=0.790, p<0.01) with seed size and negative correlations (r=-0.919, p<0.01) with moisture contents. Percent germination (PG) presented the highest value in seeds collected at May 5, and decreased with the collection time. Mean germination time(MGT), germination speed(GS), and germination performance index(GPI) also showed the highest values in seeds collected at May 5. PG, MGT, and GS had correlations with other seed characteristics except the 1,000 seed weight. The relative growth rate of height and root collar diameter of seedlings presented the highest values in seedling germinated from seed collected at May 5, and seedlings germinated from seeds collected at May 5 and 12 showed the highest values in chlorophyll contents. Consequently it will be possible to product a number of seedlings when the seeds of U. davidiana var. japonica are collected just before drying morphologically.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.392-402
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• 1987

To know the effect of presowing seed soaking with some growth substances (kinetin, IAA, ethrel and salicylic acid) on vegetative growth and yield contributing parameters in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] the investigation was undertaken. The salient features from the study are;-All the treatments showed the enhancement effect on vegetative growth, viz. seediling emergence, germination percentage, plant height, number of leaves and branches per plant as compared with control, whereas salicylic acid delayed the seedling emergence process and lowered the germination percentage.-Nodule initiation, number of nodules and nodule weight were hastened and increased respectively under all the treatments whereas IAA showed an opposite effect on all the parameters at the early stages of nodule development.-Kinetin, IAA and ethrel showed the significant enhancement effect on the levels of biochemical parameters throughout the time of seed development whereas salicylic acid and water showed the tendency similar to that of control.-Yield and its components, viz. number of flowers, pods and seeds per plant were significant increased under all the treatments but they didn't show any significant enhancement effect on number of seeds per pod and pod setting rate. One hundred seed weight was lower under all the treatments, indicating the dilution effect resulting from incapability of increased number and size of source to provide the increased size of sink with assimilates.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.73-77
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• 1986

Aqueous solutions of 2,4-D, BA or $GA_3(10^{-6},\;10^{-5},\;and\;10^{-4}M,\;respectively)$ were sprayed onto soybean (Glycine max) plants in the flowering stage, and proteins of immature (33days after flowering) and mature (77days after flowering) seeds were analyzed by electrophoresis to elucidate the effects of the growth reguators on protein synthesis or protein accumulation in the seeds. Accumulations of some proteins were altered by 2,4-D or BA at certain concentrations, but no proteins were affected by $GA_3$. The ${\alpha}\;and\;{\alpha}'$ subunits of 7S and acidic subunit of 11S disappeared in mature seeds after treatments at the flowering stage with 2,4-D or BA. The presence of ${\alpha}\;and\;{\alpha}'$ subunits of 7S and acidic subunit of 11S in immature seeds indicated that the absence of the above polypeptides in mature seeds did not result from inhibitions in syntheses of the polypeptides by the growth regulators. Disappearance of the above proteins in mature seeds seemed to be concerned with the action of specific proteolytic enzyme (s) (metalloendopeptidase?), and 2,4-D and BA might promote gene expression or activation of the enzyme.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.276-279
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• 2010

A new standard rose cultivar 'Snow Ball' was bred by the cross between the red standard cultivar 'Red Sandra' and the scarlet standard cultivar 'Baroness' at the National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, in Suwon. The cross was made in 1998 and 'Snow Ball' was finally selected in 2003 after investigating the characteristics for three years from 2001 to 2003. 'Snow Ball', a white standard cultivar grows vigorously and has good flower shape. The major characteristics of this cultivar are $90.3stems/m^2/year$ in yield, 57.8 cm in length of cut flower, 6.1 cm in flower diameter, 85.7 in petal number, and 15.0 days in vase life. This cultivar can be propagated by both cutting and grafting. The consumer's preference of this cultivar is relatively higher than that of control cultivar, 'Tineke'.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.160-165
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• 2009

This study was undertaken the effect of high temperature and high humidity on protein expression and especially plasma membrane (PM) $H^{+}ATPase$ of umbel with flowers of early cultivar 'Shinsunhwang' and intermediate cultivar 'Maebsihwang' of onion (Allium cepa L.). There were no visible any difference on the protein pattern from before flowering stage to full flowering stage of two onion cultivars, however, seed set stages were revealed induced/deduced protein patterns. At day 18, protein expression pattern of the high temperature and high humidity treatments of two cultivars was significantly reduced compared to controls. Furthermore, various protein expression of the high temperature treatment was more reduced compared to high humidity treatment. PM $H^{+}ATPase$ expression of the control plants of two onion cultivars was clearly shown, but was not detectable under high temperature treatment of the two onion cultivars using western blot analysis. PM $H^{+}ATPase$ expression of the high humidity treatment was faintly detected intermediate cultivar 'Maebsihwang', not early cultivar 'Shinsunhwang'. These results indicate that protein expression pattern and PM $H^{+}ATPase$ under high temperature treatment was considered to be more damaged compared to high humidity.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.55-61
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• 1984

농업(農業)은 동식물(動植物)을 대상으로 하는 응용생태학(應用生態學)의 한 분야(分野)로 그의 발전과정(發展過程)은 환경(環境)과 밀접(密接)한 관계가 있다. 환경조건(環境條件)의 다양성(多樣性)은 대상생물(對象生物)의 종류(種類)를 풍부하게 하고 순화(馴化)된 생물(生物)의 사양(飼養) 과정에서 다양(多樣)한 농업형태(農業形態)를 발전시켰다. 생웅계(生熊系)는 자연(自然)의 한 단위로 구성요소(構成要素)들은 기능적(機能的)으로 통일성(統一性)을 유지하고 있다. 농생태계(農生態系)는 생산(生産)을 목표(目標)로 하는 동식물(動植物)을 중심(中心)으로 하는 생태계(生態系)로 자연생태계(自然生態系)와 기본적(基本的) 성질(性質)은 동일하나 인위적(人爲的) 요소(要素)가 크게 작용하고 있는 특리(特異)한 생태계(生態系)이다. 작물(作物)이나 가축(家畜)은 수천년에 걸친 생산력(生産力)의 증대(增大)를 목표(目標)로 인위적(人爲的)인 선발을 거친 것으로 자연조작하(自然條作下)에서 심한 경쟁(競爭)을 거치면서 진화(進化)한 야생생물(野生生物)들에 비하면 선천적(先天的) 포약성(胞弱性)을 갖고 있어 인간(人間)의 보호(保護)(에너지보조(補助))를 필요로 하고 있다. 농생태계(農生態系)는 공간적(空間的) 격리(隔離)와 구성종(構成種)의 단순화(單純化)로 공간적(空間的) 연쇄성(連鎖性)과 종다양도(種多樣度)가 큰 자연생태계(自然生態系)에 비하면 외적(外的) 충격에 대한 내부적(內部的) 완충능력(緩衝能力)이 약하다. 더우기 농생태계(農生態系)는 시간적(時間的) 연속성(連續性)이 없어 극상천이(極相遷移)단계에 달할 수 있는 시간적(時間的) 여유가 없어 생물상호간(生物相互間)의 관계는 초기(初期) 천이(遷移)단계의 특성(特性)인 종다양도(種多樣度)가 낮고 직선적(直線的)이고 단순(單純)한 먹이연쇄성(連鎖性)을 갖고 있다. 생물군집(生物群集)의 천이진행(遷移進行)에 따르는 종다양도(種多樣度)의 증가(增加)는 생물군집내(生物群集內) 현재량(現在量) 증가와 더부러 먹이 연쇄상(連鎖相)을 직선상(直線狀)에서 망상(網狀)으로 변화시키고 주된 물질(物質)${\cdot}$유전회로(流轉回路)를 포식(捕食)먹이 연소회로(連銷回路)에서 부식(腐食)먹이연쇄회로(連鎖回路)로 전환시켜 생태계(生態系)의 물질(物質)은 생태군집내(生態群集內)에 보존(保存)하는 능력(能力)을 증대(增大)시키고 토양(土壤)의 물리(物理) 화학적성질(化學的性質)을 개선하여 계내(系內) 물질(物質)의 유실(流失)을 억제하기도 한다. 농생태계(農生態系)는 생산성(生産性)의 증대(增大), 관리(管理)의 편의(便宜) 기타의 이유(理由)로 구성종수(構成種數)를 인위적으로 제한(制限)하고 관리(管理)를 통하여 발아(發芽), 생장(生長), 개화(開花)등 여러가지 생물학적(生物學的) 현상을 극도로 균질화(均質化)시키고 있어 어떤 생육단계(生育段階)의 생물(生物)이 넓은 면적(面積)에 동시에 존재하게 되는데 이것은 외적조건(外的條件)의 변동(變動)에 대한 감수성(感受性)을 증대시킨다. 이와 같은 자연생태계(自然生態系)와 농생태계(農生態系)의 생태학적(生態學的) 특성(特性)에 관한 이해(理解)와 인식(認識)은 농생태계(農生態系)의 생산성(生産性) 증대(增大)와 영구적(永久的) 유지(維持)를 위한 합리적(合理的) 관리(管理)를 위한 기본(基本)이 될 것이다.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.234-240
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• 2008

Anthocyanin synthesis in strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa cv Maehyang) begins approximately 26 days postflowering and continued throughout fruit ripening. A set of cDNA clones encoding the anthocyanin biosynthetic enzymes were isolated from strawberry. A pair of primers were designed for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) through the comparison of the nucleotide sequences of homologous genes from diverse plants. Reverse transcriptase-PCRs were performed using cDNA synthesized from ripe fruit total RNA and the primers corresponding to each gene. Eight genes of the anthocyanin pathway were cloned and confirmed by sequencing to code for phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), 4-cummarate CoA ligase (4CL), chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI), flavanone-3-hydroxylase (F3H), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), anthocyanidine synthase (ANS), UDP-glucose:flavonoid-3-O-glucosyl-transferase (UFGT). Northern analyses showed that the corresponding genes were differentially expressed during the fruit development process. All genes except PAL were predominantly expressed in fruit. Expression of PAL, DFR and ANS was detected 10 days postflowering at the early stage of fruit development, declined for a while and sharply increased 22 days postflowering then showed a peak 34 days postflowering. The other genes, however, were not expressed up to 22 or 30 days postflowering when the initial fruit ripening events occur at the time of initiation of anthocyanin accumulation. The onset of anthocyanin synthesis in ripening strawberry coincides with a coordinated induction of the anthocyanin pathway genes, suggesting the involvement of regulatory genes. We propose that at least two different regulatory mechanisms playa role in the biosynthesis of anthocyanin during color development of strawberry.