• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.461-467
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• 2007

The research on food habits of the Fire-bellied toad, Bombina orientalis, distributed in Korea was done targeting a total of 487 individuals in 4 inland areas and 8 areas of Jeju island from April 1990 to September 1992. The survey results showed that there was no difference In the number of the preys of the Korean Fire-bellied per individual between the inland areas and Jeju island and the toad preyed on 1 to 3 individuals on an average, but there happened a case where some Fire-bellied toads in Jeju preyed on as much as 94 individuals. There were 13 orders surveyed in the kinds of prey of the Fire-bellied toad inland, and 10 in Jeju island with a high predation frequency and the number of the preyed individuals of Coleoptera and Hymenoptera. The predation frequency of the two populations was similar in terms of prey taxa, but there appealed a different aspect in the number of the individuals by prey taxa. In short, the inland population of Fire-bellied toad was found to eat more various sorts of preys, not satisfied with limited sorts of preys in comparison with the Jeju toad. There appeared a difference in eating habits by month between the two populations; the feeding duration of the inland population was from May to October, but the Jeju population was from April to September. Among the kinds of prey taxa, Coleoptera and Hymenoptera were equally distributed to the two populations of Korean Fire-bellied toad for this research purpose during the survey period. The number of orders, predation frequency and the number of the prey taxa by one population prey were rather higher in the summer. Therefore, it is concluded that the most active period of predation of the Korean Fire-bellied toad is summer.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.118-129
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• 2010

A taxonomic study of Viola albida complex, containing the representative individuals of three taxa, V. albida var. albida, V. albida var. chaerophylloides, and V. albida var. takahashii, was done based on RAPD data. The amplified loci were 476 in total; obtained with 68 universal primers on seven OTUs. Nei's genetic dissimilarity appeared relatively low within individuals of V. albida var. albida and V. albida var. chaerophylloides (0.118-0.171 and 0.051 respectively), however, it was higher in individuals of V. albida var. takahashii (0.348). On the other hand, there is no specific trend in terms of genetic dissimilartiy among taxa, such as between individuals of V. albida var. albida and V. albida var. takahashii, between those of V. albida var. albida and V. albida var. chaerophylloides, and between those of V. albida var. albida and V. albida var. takahashii. The similarity of OTUs studied is high in clustering analysis, so that this result is compatible with the establishment of this complex. All OTUs are clustered within two groups. The individuals of V. albida var. takahashii, however, are clustered both to the group of V. albida var. albida and to the group of V. albida var. chaerophylloides, meaning that the genetic difference is high which would be commensurate with their morphological variations.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.203-208
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• 1999

본 연구는 남한에 자생하는 한국산 복수초를 원예용 경제작물로 개발하고자 수행하였다, 남한의 21개 자생지를 대상으로 분포지역에 따른 개체군의 형질특성을 조사하여 다음과 같이 식물체의개체군 특성에 의해 4가지 유형으로 구분되었다. 강원도의 백두대간을 중심으로 자생하는 복수초군은 개화시기가 가장 빠르고 초장은 15cm이하로 작았으며 꽃받침이 꽃잎에 비해 큰 것이 특징이다 . 화경은 2.73cm 로 다른 복수초들에 비해 소형이다. 중부지방의 광릉 등지에 자생하는 복수초군은 개화시기가 3월 15일경으로 상대적으로 개화시기가 늦다. 화경은 3.67cm로 나타났다. 충청도 및 서해안 등지에 자생하는 복수초군은 개화시기가 빠르고 화경이 6,82cm 로 꽃이 크며 초장이 길어 관상가치가 뛰어나므로 금후 원예금후 원예작물로 개발 가능성이 높다. 제주도에 자생하는 복소초군은 잎과 꽃이 동시에 발달하고 화색은 밝은 황색이며 엽색도 다른 복수초들에 비해 엷은 빛깔의 초록색으로 나타났다. 또한 우리나라에 자생하는 복수초의염색체는 자생지에 관계없이 2n=16으로 조사되었다.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.77-86
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• 2017

A study on the population ecology of gregarious Wisteria habitat was conducted in Beomeosa temple, Busan. The area has been protected since it was designated as No. 176 natural monument in 1966. Such a large habitat of native wisteria (Wisteria floribunda DC.) in Korea is very rare so that it has a very high academic value. However, there are no high-resolution researches on the distribution and ecology of wisteria in the Gregarious Wisteria Habitat of Beomeosa Temple. The study aimed to identify the distribution and characteristics of wisteria populations in the Wisteria habitat. The study identified the distribution of Wisteria, RCC, the climbing direction, the plant and flora in the research area in the Gregarious Wisteria Habitat of Beomeosa Temple in Busan and the surrounding areas based on an on-site research. As a result, the total number of the wisteria populations in the research area was confirmed to be 1,158 and the RCC of wisteria was on average 69.0 mm (${\pm}45.5$) and in maximum 365 mm. In terms of the climbing direction, the number of wisteria that climbs clockwise or counterclockwise was determined to be 40. It was identified that there are 28 taxa of the climbing plant species and the wisteria of the same kind was the most favorable. The populations were found to be dispersed adjacent to the valleys, and were found to be maintained by constant disturbance. 76.6 % of the population was found to be distributed in the valley forest, and the Carpinus tschonoskii-Pseudosasa japonica forest, Pueraria lobata community and Pinus densiflora forest were found to be relatively dispersed. The study proposed to conduct the follow-up researches to preserve the wisteria that is spreading in this research area, the wisteria with the highest RCC and regional habitat through continuous monitoring; and maintain the protection area of No. 176 natural monument; and discussed the management measures and approaches that reflect the habitat.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.31-41
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• 2016

Deutzia paniculata is an endemic species to the Korean Peninsula. Despite of importance for conservation, the population structure and habitat characteristics of D. paniculata have not been determined yet. We analyzed the ecological characteristics of the species based on the literature review and field survey. Field survey was conducted on May to October 2014 during which 11 quadrats of size $15{\times}15m$ were studied in six regions. Each of the quadrats were further divided into $5{\times}5m$ small quadrats and population characteristics were recorded. The population and habitat characteristics were analyzed, including species abundance (density and coverage), demographic attributes (flowering rates and fruiting plants), vegetation (structure, species composition), light availability (transmitted light and canopy openness) and soil characteristics (temperature and humidity). We found that D. paniculata mainly distributed in Gyeongsangdo (including Taebaek in Gangwondo) along a broad elevational range of 290~959 m (mean: 493 m) above sea level. In preferred habitat the species grows within the slope range of $7^{\circ}$ and $35^{\circ}$ with the average of $16^{\circ}$. D. paniculata was generally distributed on talus deposits and low adjacent slopes. The average number of individual plants per small quadrat was 12.5 with the mean density $0.5stems\;m^{-2}$. The vegetative reproduction was frequent in D. paniculata and mean flowering rate was as low as 15%. Altogether 138 taxa were found in whole observation area with the dominant tree species mainly spring ephemerals, such as Cornus controversa (importance value: 25.5%) and Fraxinus rhynchophylla (importance value: 15.8%). Although, C. controversa usually grows on steep slopes and F. rhynchophylla mostly distributed at high-altitudes, however, both species distributed in disturbed environments and among talus deposits. Thus based on our results, we concluded that D. paniculata is a disturbance-prone species, primarily existing in habitats subjected to natural disturbances, such as floods. The species occurs less at anthropogenically disturbed sites, thus there is no apparent threat to the populations and habitat of D. paniculata.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.237-255
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• 2021

Lychnis wilfordii (Regel) Maxim. is one of the wetland specialists mainly distributed in peatlands at high latitudes. In Korea, it is isolated in two regions. This study investigated habitats, growth traits, and self-compatibility of L. wilfordii and assessed the internal dynamics of its population persistence. Its population has remained stable in the Yongneup Wetland Protected Area (YWPA). There was a clear difference in vegetation environment between YWPA and the distribution area in Daegwallyeong (DWL), Pyeongchang-gun. It has self-compatibility while pollinators facilitate its seed production. It produces a large number of hibernacles and bears the maximum number of branches and fruits in soil with rich organic contents. However, it grows and bears fruits even under the condition of low organic contents. In YWPA, L. wilfordii is not distributed in high moor but widely distributed in low moor where tussocks by Carex thunbergii var. appendiculata are developed. It is mainly distributed on the top of tussocks also. Therefore, it is judged that the formation, growth, and extinction of tussocks by C. thunbergii var. appendiculata is closely related to the establishment, growth, and extinction of plants distributed in this space. It is assessed that the current YWPA has well-developed tussocks in which L. wilfordii is widely distributed, and extinction and re-establishment progress well. Accordingly, the L. wilfordii population is expected to be sustainable in the long term given if its current ecological process is maintained well.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.1
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• pp.147-151
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• 2014

This study was conducted to clarify the characteristics of amphibian and reptile (herpetofauna) populations in a coniferous plantation and a deciduous forest from July to September 2013 in national forest, Hongcheon, Gangwon province, Korea. Coverage of understory, mid-story and overstory were more developed in a deciduous forest. We used line transect sampling method on a total of 4 transect lines, 2 lines in each forest type. Fifty two individuals of 4 amphibian species and 11 individuals of 3 reptile species were recorded. Mean observed number of herpetofauna species, individuals and species diversity index (H') were not significantly different between coniferous plantation and deciduous forest. This result related to ecological characteristics of herpetofauna. Habitats of herpetofauna were influenced on not only vertical structure of forests, but also climatic variables, thermoregulation and prey availability. The long-term monitoring and research on habitat preference and seasonal ecological traits of herpetofauna would be needed for conservation and management of herpetofauna in forest areas.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.113-120
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• 2020

For the conservation of both Sericinus montela (vulnerable species by red book of Korea) and A. contorta, we investigated environmental factors affecting the growth and reproduction of Aristolochia contorta. We selected four A. contorta habitats at Gapyeong, Pyeongtaek, Cheongju, and Yeoju in Korea and surveyed community and habitat characteristics of companion species, herbivore appearance, support types, and soil physicochemical properties in July and October, 2018. Habitat environments and the growth and reproduction characteristics of A. contorta were different according to four habitats of different regions. In particular, the fastest growth speed and earliest flowering and fruiting were observed in Pyeongtaek. Growth of A. contorta in Cheongju and Yeoju were interrupted by aboveground damage from human disturbance. In this study, support types seemed to be important for growth speed of A. contorta. Flowering and fruiting timing were likely to be related to combined effects of soil cation contents and competitive and herbivore stresses. Therefore, providing effective support and reducing biological stress should be necessary for stable growth and proper flowering and fruiting timing of A. contorta. In addition, experimental evidence would be needed to figure out the effect of soil cation and biological stress on flowering and fruiting of A. contorta in detail.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.359-369
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• 2001

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of DNA as 30 different arbitrary primers and random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPD) analysis were performed on genomic DNA extracted from the blood of the marine rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli) from the Yellow Sea and the Southern Sea. The unique properties of the genomic DNA were used to investigate the features of the population dynamics and origins of the species. Out of 30 primers, seven generated 207 highly reproducible RAPD polymorphic products, producing approximately 2.7 polymorphic bands per primer. About 67.4% of total amplified products (307) were either polymorphic (207) to rockfish. The degree of similarity varied from 0.22 to 0.63 as calculated by bandsharing analysis. Also, the average level of bandsharing was 0.39$\pm$0.02 within the rockfish strains. The electrophoretic analysis of RAPD-PCR products showed the relatively high levels if variation between different individuals in rockfish from the Yellow Sea. However, the RAPD outlines obtained with DNA of different rockfish strains from the Yellow Sea and the Southern Sea in Korea were very similar. Also, a small number of polymorphic bands were identified. Even if further analyses or more rockfish populations are required, this result implies RAPD analysis reflects genetic differences between the geographical strains of the rockfish.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.292-297
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• 2007

To explain the relationship between plant size and seed production, change of sexual organs, relationship between each organs of Convallaria keiskei population, which is located in Gwiyeo-2-ri, Namjong-myeon, Gwangju-si, Gyeonggi-do these were studied from April to August 2002. This study was carried out two ways. One way was to set up the permanent quadrat to explain the change of sexual organs. The other was to carry the collected sample to the laboratory and analysis it to explain the relationship between each organs and energy division of seed production. In the Convallaria keiskei population, the average number of leaf which blooming shoot in the permanent quadrat was 2 and I could find the late leaf size was larger. It was found that, per shoot, the average number of flower was 7.9, fruit was 5.4 and seed was 16.1. Each properties in the sexual organ, underground part size and leaf size, had correlation of 1% or within 5%. The flowering time of the Convallaria keiskei was from April 26 to May 11. Therefore, it can be estimated that the blooming period was $8{\sim}9$ days in just one flower. Among that flowers bloom at the beginning May, 80% fruit at the end of May, and 68% fruit at the end of August. The dry weight of seed had more correlation dry weight of underground part than leaf area.