• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.750-761
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• 2021

This study was performed to observe the responses of angiogenesis-related protein expression in skeletal muscle of aged rats by regular resistance exercise training with aerobic exercise. For the purpose of the study, naturally aged SD rats (20-24 months, N=18) were used and divided into control (CON, n=6), resistance exercise (RE, n=6), and resistance + aerobic exercise (RE + AE, n=6) groups. RE group performed 3 sets × 4 exercises each session using a ladder for laboratory animals, and RE +AE group performed 2 sets × 3 times of ladder climbing and additional treadmill running (30 min) each session. After 8 weeks of exercise training, soleus muscle and extensor digitorum longus muscle (EDL) were extracted and used for analysis. Western blot was performed to analyze the expression levels of angiogenesis-related proteins (HIF-1α, VEGF, FLK-1, Ang-1, Ang-2) in skeletal muscle. As a result of the study, the expression of HIF-1α, VEGF, FLK-1, Ang-1, and Ang-2 proteins in soleus muscle (type I muscle) was higher in RE +AE than in CON group, and HIF-1α, VEGF, Ang-1, Ang-2 protein expression of RE group was higher than that of CON group. Furthermore, Ang-2 to Ang-1 ratio of RE + AE group was higher than that of RE group, showing differences by exercise type. In EDL muscle (type II muscle), HIF-1α was increased only by RE group, whereas VEGF and FLK-1 protein expressions were increased in both training types, and no difference was observed between the types of exercise training. In addition, there was no difference in angiopoieitin protein expressions in EDL muscle by exercise training. Therefore, in aging, regular exercise training induces skeletal muscle angiogenic response regardless of exercise type, and in particular, the combination of aerobic exercise with resistance exercise may have an additional positive effect on angiogenesis in type I muscle.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.137-143
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• 2019

To manufacturing of solid fuel by reuse of the wastes, the drying unit which have 500 kg/hr of drying capacity was developed and experimentally evaluate the performance. The spinach grown in Nam-hae island were used for the experiments and investigated of the heated-air drying characteristics as the inlet amount of raw materials, raw material stirring status, conveying type and drying time. The drying air heated by the energy derived from the steam which is supplied from the incineration plant. The moisture contents of raw materials were measured 85.65%. The inlet flow rate of drying air made a difference as the depth of the raw materials loaded on the drying unit and temperature has showed 108~144℃. The drying speed of the mixed drying more than doubled as that of non mixed drying under the same drying type, inlet amount, drying time and drying air temperature. In each experiment, the drying capacity have showed over 500 kg/hr. A drying efficiency of the ratio of drying consumption energy to input energy was 33.46%, lower than the average of 57.76% for the 157 conventional dryers. Because developed dryer must have a drying time of less than one hour, it is considered that the dry efficiency has been reduced due to the loss of wind volume during drying. If waste heat from incineration plant is used as a direct heat source, the dry air temperature is expected to be at least 160℃, greatly improving the drying capacity.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.110 no.1
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• pp.53-63
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• 2021

Sophora koreensis Nakai is an indigenous plant in Koreawith a restricted natural range, part of which is in Gangwon province. The species is known to contain phytochemicals that have beneficial effects on human health, and it is economically important in bioindustry. Because of the limited number of plants in a small range of habitats, the mass-propagation method should be developed for use and conservation. In vitro tissue culture is a reliable method in terms of mass propagation from selected clones of the species. We investigated the optimal conditions of the medium in this process, especially focusing on the concentrations of plant growth regulators(PGRs) in the culture of stem-containing axillary buds. Three statistical methods, i.e., ANOVA, response surface method(RSM), and fuzzy clustering were used to analyze the plant growth, number of shoots induced, and shoot length with various combinations of PGRs. Results from the RSM differed from those of the other two methods; thus, the method was not suitable. ANOVA and fuzzy clustering showed similar results. However, more accurate results were obtained using fuzzy clustering because it provided a probability for each treatment. On the basis of the fuzzy clustering analysis, stem tissue produced the greatest number of shoots(11.03 per explant; 63.33%) on a medium supplemented with 5-��M 6-benzylaminopurine and 2.5-��M thidiazuron(TDZ). Proliferation of shoots(2.18 ± 0.21 cm, 63.33%) was attained on a medium supplemented with 2.5-��M BA, 2.5-��M TDZ, and 2.5-��M gibberellic acid.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.117-126
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• 2019

This paper presents an experiment to examine the possibility of treating carcass while making compost with a horizontal cylinder composting equipment. The findings were as follows: as for heavy metal content, zinc content was above the allowed level in some measuring sections of the general operation and the entire measuring sections of the carcass operation, whose copper content was higher than the general operation. The wood chip operation was lower than the allowed level in all the heavy metals and similar or the same as the carcass operation in copper, cadmium and arsenic. Its nickel content was 29.5~63.8%, which was relatively higher than 9.3~18.0% and 15.8~18.0% of the general and carcass operation, respectively. Its chrome content was 14.2~31.9%, which was relatively higher than that of the general and carcass operation. The integrated operation was lower than the allowed level in all the heavy metals. Its copper and zinc content was 34.9~54.5% and 53.1~75.9%, which was similar to 48.9~52.6% and 64.6~85.9%, respectively, in the wood chip operation. Its chrome and nickel content was stabilized while their content was rather high in the wood chip operation. The average and final moisture content of the carcass operation was 60.7% and 49.6%, respectively. Its average moisture content was a little bit higher than the recommended level of 55.0%, but its final moisture content was lower than the recommended level. The average and final moisture content of the integrated operation was 29.2% and 18.6%, respectively, which was the lowest level among the four operation modes. The overall moisture content of the operation modes was under the recommended level of 55.0% with some variance among the modes. The C/N ratio was the lowest in the carcass operation and the highest in the general operation. The average C/N ratio of the operation modes was in the range of 13.7~20.3 with the total average of 18.3, and the modes kept it under the proper level of 30.0.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.206-219
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• 2021

The warming of the climate is increasing the damage caused by termites to wooden buildings, cultural properties and houses. A group removal system can be installed around the building to detect and remove termite damage; however, if the site is not visited regularly, every one to two months, you cannot observe whether termites have spread within, and it is difficult to take prompt effective action. In addition, since the system is installed and operated in an exposed state for a long period of time, it may be ineffective or damaged, resulting in a loss of function. Furthermore if the system is installed near a cultural site, it may affect the aesthetic environment of the site. In this study, we created a detection system that uses wood, cellulose, magnets, and magnetic sensors to determine whether termites have entered the area. The data was then transferred to a low power LoRa Network which displayed the results without the necessity of visiting the site. The wood was made in the shape of a pile, and holes were made from the top to the bottom to make it easier for termites to enter and produce a cellulose sample. The cellulose sample was made in a cylindrical shape with a magnet wrapped in cellulose and inserted into the top of a hole in the wood. Then, the upper part of the wood pile was covered with a stopper to prevent foreign matter from entering. It also served to block external factors such as light and rainfall, and to create an environment where termites could add cellulose samples. When the cellulose was added by the termites, a space was created around the magnet, causing the magnet to either fall or tilt. The magnetic sensor inside the stopper was fixed on the top of the cellulose sample and measured the change in the distance between the magnet and the sensor according to the movement of the magnet. In outdoor experiments, 11 cellulose samples were inserted into the wood detection system and the termite inflow was confirmed through the movement of the magnet without visiting the site within 5 to 17 days. When making further improvements to the function and operation of the system it in the future, it is possible to confirm that termites have invaded without visiting the site. Then it is also possible to reduce damage and fruiting due to product exposure, and which would improve the condition and appearance of cultural properties.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.500-509
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• 2021

This study investigated the characteristics of a macrobenthos community and sediment environment and assessed the health of tidal flats along the west coast of Korea. A survey was conducted from Ganghwa-do to Mokpo, Jeollanam-do in April (spring) and August (summer) 2017, and April (spring) 2018. The sediment grain sizes in the Chungcheongnam-do region were coarser, and the sediment in the Gyeonggi-do·Incheon, Jeollanam-do, and Jeollabuk-do regions were finer. A total of 140 macrobenthic species were collected from this study and using a cluster similarity analysis of the macrobenthos community, they were divided into four groups. Group2 was associated with Manila clam farm stations, and Ruditapes phillipinarum, Nephtys polybranchia and Lumbrineris nipponica were dominant. Group4 included some sites with finer sediment composed relatively, and Eteone longa and Nemertea unid. appeared at a high frequency. From the health assessment of the western tidal flat, the ISEP and BHI indices had a "High status," and the AMBI index had a "Good status." In conclusion, the tidal flats along the west coast of Korea have good ecological health. However, pollution indicator species such as Theora lata and Capitella capitata have appeared in some areas. Therefore, periodic administration and interventions are necessary to prevent deterioration of the tidal flat environment.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.65-71
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• 2021

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of the final irrigation timing (FIT) before packaging for long-term transportation on growth, flowering, and crop quality of Phalaenopsis after simulated dark shipping (SDS). Phalaenopsis Sogo Yukidian 'V3' plants grown in 11 cm-diameter plastic pots filled with potting media (sphagnum moss + bark or only sphagnum moss) were packaged in paper boxes for export at 3.5, 7, 10 days (FIT 3.5, 7,10; Experiment 1) and 4, 6, 8, 10 days (FIT 4, 6, 8, 10; Experiment 2) after the final irrigation and then stored in a growth chamber at 20 ± 1℃ and 70 ± 3% RH created for SDS. After 4 weeks, the plants were taken out and grown in a greenhouse at 23 ± 3℃ and 70 ± 5% RH, and crop characteristics were measured during cultivation. In Experiment 1, the survival rate of FIT 3.5 plants was lower than that of FIT 7 and FIT 10. There was no difference between treatments in days to first flower, the number of florets, and the elongation rate of flower stalks. In Experiment 2, the percentage of rotted leaves was lowest in FIT 6 when before forcing and at 12 weeks after forcing, and that of FIT 8 was similar to FIT 6 when before forcing, but slightly increased after 12 weeks. The percentage of rotted leaves of FIT 10 was highest and that of FIT 4 was also high. There was little difference in flowering characteristics among treatments. In conclusion, the FIT before packaging for long-term (4 weeks) transportation of potted Phalaenopsis 'V3' affected the leaf rot rather than the post-shipping growth and flowering. And it was considered appropriate to set the volumetric water content of the potting media just before packaging to about 30%.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.116-125
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• 2020

Objectives : Self-poisoning is the leading cause of visits to the emergency departments after a suicide attempts. This study is aimed to compare the patient characteristics according to the category of drugs ingested by the patients who attempted suicide. Methods : All medical charts were retrospectively reviewed from patients who visited the emergency center, at Seoul Medical Center, due to intentional self-poisoning from April of 2011 to July of 2019. We investigated the information regarding the subtype and quantity of the intoxication drug, how it was obtained, suicidal history, and psychiatric history, as well as, sociodemographic information. Variables were compared between prescription drug (PD) and non-prescription drug (NPD) poisoning groups. Results : The mean age of the NPD poisoning group was significantly lower than that of the PD poisoning group. The patient ratio of those enrolled in national health insurance and living with spouses were significantly higher in the NPD poisoning group. Compared to the NPD poisoning group, the PD poisoning group had a higher incidence of mental illnesses, underlying diseases and ratio of involuntary visit to the emergency department. Among the prescription drugs, the benzodiazepine poisoning group had a higher rate of self-prescription than the non-poisoning group, while the zolpidem poisoning group had a higher rate of the using someone else's prescription than other drugs. Each single drug poisoning group (benzodiazepine, zolpidem, and antidepressant single-agent) had a higher rate of no mental illness than each of the mixed-poisoning group. Conclusions : Guidelines for regulating non-prescription drugs are needed as a matter of suicide prevention. Also, this study suggests that clinicians need to be careful when issuing prescriptions and should suicidal risk according to patients' characteristics, duration of follow-up and type of drug packaging.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.100-117
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• 2020

National Treasure no. 101, the stupa of State Preceptor Jigwang from the Beopcheonsa Temple Site in Wonju has been transferred from place to place and reassembled several times since it was built. In particular, overall dismantling and repair was carried out in 1957 to restore parts damaged by bombing during the Korean War. Documented information on the repair process and materials used at that time does not exist. However, various types of metal materials used for this stupa have been identified during conservation work. Besides clamps anchor bolts, 9mm-thick circular rebars were mainly used for joining the parts of this stupa, while circular rebars and wires of various thicknesses were used for joining the parts with mortar restoration materials. Although deformed bars are typically used for stone pagodas classified as architectural structures, smooth circular rebars were used in this case. In terms of restoration using mortar, material shapes were transformed, bound alternately, and twisted irregularly to improve bonding strength and coherence in order to insert restoration materials and to bolster structural weaknesses. In addition, metallographic analysis showed the material to be hypo-eutectoid steel with low carbon content. Many non-metallic inclusions in the shape of drops of different sizes were included, which do not affect the whole elemental composition due to the very small quantities involved. Qualitative and EPMA analysis of Mn and S, which were not identified by SEM-EDS area analysis, established an even distribution of MnS in crystal grains of the microstructure, regardless of the shape of the samples. It is presumed that secondary homogenization and softening might have been conducted after manufacturing to facilitate the working process. Furthermore, in consideration of properties indicating that the thinner the steel is, the less carbon content contained and the greater the elasticity and elongation, it is judged that restoration work was ordered.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.118-135
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• 2020

It is not uncommon in Korea to see the structure and function of a garden remain intact as well as its form. Yi Cheon-bo's Historic House (Gyeonggi-do Cultural Heritage Item No. 55), located in Sang-myeon, Gapyeong-gun, Gyeonggi-do, is considered an example of very valuable garden heritage, although its family history, location, and remaining buildings and natural cultural assets are not fully intact. Along with Yi Cheon-bo's Historic House, this study attempted to explore the possibility of restoration of the forest houses and gardens by highlighting the high value of Yi Cheon-bo's Historic House through research into the typical layout of private households in northern Gyeonggi Province and Gapyeong County, comparative review of aerial photographs from 1954, and interviews with those involved. The results of the study are as follows: In this study, the presence of Banggye-dongmun and Bansukam in the Banggyecheon area, where the location of the garden was well-preserved, was examined across the landscape of the outer garden, while the location of Yi Cheon-bo's Historic House, the appearance of feng shui, and the viewing axis were considered. Also, the appearance of the lost main house was inferred from the arrangement and shape of the Sarangchae and Haengrangchae that remain in the original garden, and the asymmetry of the Sarangchae Numaru and the hapgak shape on the side of the roof. In addition, the three tablets (Pyeonaeks) of Sanggodang (尙古堂), Bangyejeongsa (磻溪精舍), and Okgyeongsanbang (玉聲山房) were used to infer the landscape, use, and symbolism of the men's quarters. Also, a survey was conducted on the trees that existed or existed in the high prices. Incidentally, it was confirmed that information on boards and cultural properties of Yeonha-ri juniper (Gyeonggi-do Monument No. 61) was recorded to a much lesser extent than the actual required standard, and the juniper trees remaining in the front of Haengrangchae should also be re-evaluated after speculation. On the other hand, as a result of estimating the original shape as a way of pursuing completeness of the garden through restoration of the lost women's quarters and shrine, it is estimated that the main house was placed in the form of a '口' or a 'be warped 口' on the right (north) side of the men's quarters. By synthesizing these results, a restoration alternative for Yi Cheon-bo's Historic House was suggested.