• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.893-910
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to identify changes in mental models of students in the elementary school about causes of seasonal changes. During a total of eight sessions, eight sixth graders were asked to describe the causes of seasonal changes through pictures, writing and thinking aloud by using microgenetic research methods, and the changes in mental models were examined. When the research was conducted, linguistic and behavioral factors and contents of interviews of participants were recorded on video. Moreover, a variety of materials such as field observation chart were written by a researcher and mental models records were written by a student. The protocol was written by integration of collected results, and it was repeated to read and was inductively categorized. The results of this study were as follows: First, participants' mental models about causes of seasonal changes were changed in various paths within and across sessions. Participants' mental models that had been more changed in various ways were closer to the scientific model. In addition, like rotation and revolution, students who correctly established the preconceptions related to seasonal changes formed the mental models consistent with scientific concept based on new information. On the other hand, students who did not correctly establish the preconceptions did not deviate from non-scientific mental models. Second, prior knowledge, experience and information which participants held in advance, accuracy of prior knowledge, resolution of inconsistency between new knowledge and existing mental models, activation of mental models through operation of models and drawing an picture affected the changes of mental models. Teachers should provide to learners with sufficient experience which can be configured to various mental models in order to form the scientific concepts. And they need to let learners feel the doubt and resolve it through presentation of new teaching material which is inconsistent with the existing mental models.

• Proceedings of the Korean Ceranic Society Conference
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.1-112
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• 2005

This report is results of a research on recent R&D trends in electroceramics, mainly focusing on the papers submitted to the organizing committee of the International Conference on Electroceramics 2005 (ICE-2005) which was held at Seoul on 12-15 June 2005. About 380 electroceramics researchers attended at the ICE-2005 from 17 countries including Korea, presenting and discussing their recent results. Therefore, we can easily understand the recent research trends in the field of electroceramics by analyses of the subject and contents of the submitted papers. In addition to the analyses of the papers submitted to the ICE-2005, we also collected some informations about domestic and international research trends to help readers understand this report easily. We analysed the R&D trends on the basis of four main categories, that is, informatics electroceramics, energy and environment ceramics, processing and characterization of electroceramics, and emerging fields of electroceramics. Each main category has several sub-categories again. The informatics ceramics category includes integrated dielectrics and ferroelectrics, oxide and nitride semiconductors, photonic and optoelectronic devices, multilayer electronic ceramics and devices, microwave dielectrics and high frequency devices, and piezoelectric and MEMS applications. The energy and environment ceramics category has four sub-categories, that is, rechargable battery, hydrogen storage, fuel cells, and advanced energy conversion concepts. In the processing and characterization category, there exist domain, strain, and epitaxial dynamics and engineering sub-category, innovative processing and synthesis sub-category, nanostructured materials and nanotechnology sub- category, single crystal growth and characterization sub-category, theory and modeling sub-category. Nanocrystalline electroceramics, electroceramics for smart sensors, and bioceramics sub-categories are included to the emerging fields category. We hope that this report give an opportunity to understand the international research trend, not only to Korean ceramics researchers but also to science and technology policy researchers.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.210-222
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• 1983

The chemical factors of topsoil, which are associated with the prediction models of urea nitrogen (N kg/ha) need under the concept of multinutrient factor balance in soil to maintain optimum nutrient balance in rice plant grown in flooded condition, were the x/z and the Kas/Kai values. In the prediction model or equation $NRe=(58.5+0.647x/z){\cdot}F$, the F was difined as the productivity factor, which was considered to be dependent on the variety, climate and soil, and found to be better estimated as the function of Kas/Kai rather than x/z from the equation Fb=0.65+1.086kas/kai, where the x, z, Kas and Kai, respectively, were available $SiO_2$ ppm, % organic matter, K activity ratio or exchangeable $K^+/(\sqrt{Ca+Mg}+Na^+)$ in topsoil and the ideal K activity ratio determined by the equation Kai=0.03+0.00083x/z for standard variety Jinheung. The relative K activity ratio or Kas/kai in topsoil, which have to be equal to 1.0 in the prediction of K fertilizer need for standard Japonica Variety Jinheung, found to be 1.63 for the varieties of Indica ${\times}$ Japonica or Milyang No. 23 grown in Korean condition and 0.322 for the Indica varieties of IR 8, 20, 36 and 42 gown in the Philippines condition. The ideal K activity rations for different Varieties such as Indies ${\times}$ Japonica grown in Korea or $Kai_1$ and Indica grown in the Philippines or $Kai_2$ were computed to be estimated from the following equations respectively ; $\\Kai_1=0.0489+0.001353X/Z\\Kai_2=0.01+0.000267X/Z$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.28 no.12 s.138
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• pp.1583-1595
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• 2004

Simon and Sullivan(l993) estimated that clothing and textile related brand equity had the highest magnitude comparing any other industry category. It reflects that fashion brands reinforce the symbolic, social values and emotional characteristics being different from generic brands. Recently, Kim and Lim(2002) developed a fashion brand equity scale to measure a brand's psychometric properties. However, they suggested that additional psychometric tests were needed to compare the relative magnitude of each brand's equity. The purpose of this study was to recognize the psychometric constructs of fashion brand equity and validate Kim and Lim's fashion brand equity scale using the measurement invariance test of cross-group comparison. First, we identified the constructs of fashion brand equity using confirmatory factor analysis through structural equation modeling. Second, we compared the relative magnitude of two brands' equity using the measurement invariance test of multi-group simultaneous factor analysis. Data were collected at six major universities in Seoul, Korea. There were 696 usable surveys for data analysis. The results showed that fashion brand equity was comprised of 16 items representing six dimensions: customer-brand resonance, customer feeling, customer judgment, brand imagery, brand performance and brand awareness. Also, we could support the measurement invariance of two brands' equities by configural and metric invariance tests. There were significant differences in five constructs' mean values. The greatest difference was in customer feeling; the smallest, in customer judgment.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.129-144
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• 2014

This study is to examine the effect of mutualistic benevolence, altruistic benevolence, and communication on affective commitment, calculative commitment, and switching intentions and investigate how two commitment dimensions play mediating roles between two benevolence constructs and communication, and switching intentions. For these purposes the author developed a structural model which consists of several constructs. In this model, benevolence factor that consists of mutualistic benevolence and altruistic benevolence, and communication were proposed to affect two commitment constructs and result in, increase switching intentions. Thus, two commitment constructs(e.g., affective and calculative commitment) were proposed as core mediating variables between mutualistic benevolence, altruistic benevolence, and communication, and switching intentions. The data were collected from 210 automobile parts buyers and were analyzed using frequency, reliability, and confirmatory factor analysis and SEM (structural equation model) with SPSS/WIN 20.0 and AMOS 20.0. The data were analyzed with structural equation modeling with AMOS 20.0 and SPSS Win/PC 20.0. The result of the overall model analysis appeared as follows: ${\chi}2=224.885$, d.f=123(${\chi}2/df=1.828$), p=0.000, GFI=.898, AGFI=.859, IFI=.967, NFI=.930, TLI=.958, RMSEA=.063, CFI=.966. Since the result of the overall model analysis demonstrated a good fit, we could further analyze our data. The findings can be summarized as follows: According to structural equation modeling analysis, firstly, mutualistic benevolence has direct effects on calculate commitment and affective commitment. Secondly, altruistic benevolence has a positively direct effect on calculate commitment. Thirdly, communication has a statistically direct effect on affective commitment. Fourthly, calculative commitment has direct effects on affective commitment and switching intentions. Lastly, affective commitment has a direct effect on switching intentions.

• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.63
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• pp.91-120
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• 2020

This study suggests a spiritual education for the Christian family as a strategy to cope with the risky situation of the Korean Church during the Covid-19 pandemic. Today, we live in a chaotic epoch since the rapid development of the science caused the Fourth Industrial Revolution and the Covid-19 pandemic gave rise to a wide array of changes throughout the society. Korean Church in these circumstances is required to have relevant responses to the kaleidoscopic changes. Especially, not to mention the face-to-face public worship service, in the situation where the congregation members even find it difficult to meet one another in a small group, it becomes a crucial issue how Christians maintain their faith and community in the healthy spirituality. As such, viewing that Christian education within the family will become much more important, this study conducts research for familial-spiritual education. For the research, this paper, first of all, attempts to understand the era of Covid-19. It is to see what the Novel Corona Virus is and what the feature of the epoch of Covid-19 might be. Based upon the understanding, this research discusses what Christian spirituality is asked for and the orientation towards which Christian education should go on. It is particularly to say that a spiritual education for the family becomes integral. The education for the family might be possible through Bibliodrama so that this study establishes a specific model of Christian education employing Bibliodrama. The discussion above shows three academic significances. First, this paper, within the domain of Christian education, suggests an alternative research which is to solve Korean Church's diverse problems caused by Covid-19. Second, this research attempts an analytical understanding of the Covid-19 period within the Christian education area. Finally, when specific and practical research for the field of Christian education during the Covid-19 pandemic is required, this study considers that Christian education within the family is overarching, thus proposing a specific model for familial-spiritual education hiring Bibliodrama.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.97-115
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to illustrating how the store selection factors affect the customer's satisfaction about the store and the intention of revisit base on the analyzing the store selection factors. At the same time, the difference between the influence on the customer's satisfaction and revisit intention of that in Korea and in China is also compared. Accordingly, through the notional understanding of configuration variables and the investigation of previous research, the Research hypothesis was set and the relevance between the two was inspected. The survey was aimed at the Korean customers who visit the large supermarkets in Korea and Chinese customers who visit the large supermarkets in China. After that, the reliability and validity of the collected data was verified and the research hypothesis was validated by structure equation modeling. The result of this study can by concluded as follows: First, in Korea the customer's satisfaction is showed to be affected by store selection factors, product property, service property and physical environment. Second, in China the customer's satisfaction is showed to be affected by store selection factors, product property, service property and physical environment. Third, in Korea the revisit intention is showed to be affected by customer's satisfaction. Forth, in China the revisit intention is showed to be affected by customer's satisfaction. Fifth, it shows little difference between the store selection factors of the customers visiting large supermarkets in Korea and in China. According to the research results above, the implications can be drawn as the customer's satisfaction of those who visit the large supermarkets may be affected by store selection factors (store property, product property, service property and physical environment). In recent years, more and more overseas large supermarkets are opening in both Korea and China and the competition among each is become more intense day by day. Every larger supermarket is trying their best to refine their store property, product property, service property and physical environment, in order to enhance the customer's satisfaction. The biggest factor that affects the customer's satisfaction and revisit intention in Korea is service property, So that the services requires proper measures and improvement. In China, the factor that affects most on the customer's satisfaction and revisit intention is physical environment. In order to enhance the customer's positive consciousness of stores, the physical environment needs to be well constructed. Lastly, in the compared research between Korea and China, the distribution of survey responders was limited from certain areas. Therefore, the further study can be implemented by more research in various geographical areas and more development in store selection factors.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.1-17
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• 1982

The stream morphological characteristics of a river basin has a close correlation with the hydrological and hydraulic characteristics of the basin. In this study the correlations of flow duration and Hydraulic geometry with the stream morphological characteristics as well as the correlation between flow duration and hydraulic geometry were analyzed bases on the data for the Geum River basin. The purpose of this study was to provide the necessary informations for water utilization projects at ungauged locations along the river course. First of all, the stream morphological characteristics was analyzed based on the Horton's three laws on the morphology of a stream that is, the law of stream number, the law of average stream length and the law of average stream slope. As is the case for majority of the rivers it was found that the Geum River basin was well developed according to the Horton's laws. High correlations were also found between the basin characteristics and the channel characteristics. The flow duration curves obtained with the daily stream flow data of 10~90% frequency of occurences at the five stage gauging stations in the Geum River could, in general, be expressed as an exponential functional relationship. The concept of proportional stream ordering system was employed to describe continuously the longitudinal variation of the stream morphological characteristics, and the mathematical model was formulated for the discharge-frequency-proportional stream order relationship. With the morphological characteristics as a common parameter the relationships with flow duration, drainage area were established in mathematical expressions, respectively.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.143-172
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• 2012

While e-commerce market(B2C) grows rapidly, many experts argue that EC(B2C) transactions have not reached its full potential. A notable difference between online and offline consumer markets that is suppressing the growth of EC(B2C) is the decreased presence of human and social elements in the online shopping environments. Generally online shopping lacks human warmth and sociability. In this study, social presence in online shopping mall was proposed as a substitute for face-to-face social interaction in the traditional commerce and author explored what variables affect social presence(human warmth and sociability) on online shopping malls and how human warmth and sociability can influence on online store loyalty. To achieve research objectives, we reviewed literatures related with marketing, psychology and communication research areas. Based on literature review, we proposed a research model on the online shopping mall. To examine the proposed research model, we gathered data by using a self-report questionnaire. Respondents consists of online shoppers with at least five or more times of purchase experience in online shopping malls. Because social presence is a feeling which needs frequent contacts with malls to experience, respondents must have enough purchase experiences. The empirical results are as follows : First, shopping mall's customization efforts influence perceived social presence on the mall significantly. Second, shopping mall's responsiveness influences perceived social presence significantly. Third, perceived activity of community of online shopping mall influences perceived social presence significantly. Mall managers have to activate their customer community to reinforce social presence, resulting in trust building. Finally, perceived social presence influences trust and enjoyment on the mall significantly. And then trust and enjoyment on the mall affect store loyalty significantly. From these findings it can be inferred that perceived social presence appears determinant which is critical to the formation of core variables(trust and loyalty) in existing online shopping papers.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.59 no.2
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• pp.5-38
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• 2007

This study attempts to develop a theory on the evolving process of wealthy major donors' sharing lives in Korea through a grounded theory approach. To conduct this study, the researchers have in-depth interviews with 11 exemplary wealthy major donors who have more than one million US dollars in his or her own asset and donate more than ten thousand US dollars annually. In data analysis, this study identifies 161 concepts on the evolving process of wealthy major donors' sharing lives; and the concepts are categorized with 33 sub-categories and 14 categories. In the paradigm model on the evolving process of wealthy major donors' sharing lives, it is identified that the central phenomenon, 'practicing sharing lives as noblesse oblige', is related with the causal conditions such as 'learning through memories and observation', 'realizing my duties', and 'emphasizing'; and the central phenomenon is related with the contingent conditions such as 'being sensitive to external evaluation', 'having limited information on giving', 'distrusting donation related environments'. The action/interactional sequences such as 'utilizing relationships' and 'strengthening active participation' are accomplished by moderating conditions such as 'having internal and external supports' and 'guiding by firm conviction'. It reveals that as a result, wealthy major donors enjoy the feeling of becoming a ideal and true wealthy person, establish sharing lives as firm and major parts of overall lives, and experience strong desires for better future and society. In this study, 'generous sharing that shares personal heritages and social benefits' is analyzed as a core category; it shows that sharing of wealthy major donors is related to the characteristics of generosity practice based on moral self-benefiting rather than complete altruistic characteristics or self-sacrificial characteristics. The process analysis reveals that it has the following stages: first, initial giving by exposure to causes or requests; second, routine practice of giving; third, evolution of practice of giving with gradual expansion in quantities and qualities; and fourth, living with giving. In the process, the following four types are identified: devoted wealthy donors for sharing, wealthy donors practicing sharing in daily life, wealthy donors practicing sharing with learning on external stimulus, and wealthy donors practicing sharing on empathy. Finally, this study discusses both meanings of identifying and developing a theory on the evolving process of wealthy major donors' sharing lives and implications of the research results in cultivating and developing potential wealthy major donors in Korea.