• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.227-240
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• 2005

Health promotion has more comprehensive approaches in recent years. Nevertheless we accept the concept of health promotion differently, we are agree on that community is the most important field in health promotion which includes population at the aspect of health policy, individual skill and, environment. And there are a number of different approaches to health promotion. In them, 'population approaches' and 'high -risk group approaches' has the most different characteristics. 'Population approaches' is equally important or more important than 'individual approaches' for maintaining and promoting population health. Almost part of this article contents is the summary of the guideline and population strategy of health promotion in Korea, 1999 - 2005. Community based health promotion program should be reinforced, integrated, comprehensive, collaborative through efficiently utilizing community resources. Recent new orientation of community health program is integrated health program, we can find this orientation at Ottawa charter 1986. Comprehensive approaches with the determinant factors for health are essential task. Physical activity is a key health determinant. The population-health approach suggests that educating people about physical activity is not enough. Individual behavior changes are important too, but need to be balanced with strategies for environmental change. Population strategy with physical activity for health promotion should be developed through improving social and physical supportive environment, linking and integrating community resources between public and private sectors in national, regional and local level. Continuous public education and social marketing should be provided through collaborating with community physical activity organization, facilities, work-places and school for increasing concern of all the people of community about physical activity. Governments, agencies and citizens should held and participate to building movement. And the strategy that various 'active for life' program should be developed, delivered, maintained and reinforced continuously. Basically, adequate and sufficient financing, developing human resources, policies and legislation would be provided and supported fully too. At last, research development and knowledge exchange are required domestically and internationally. In Korea, we had classified the category of strategic priority of physical activity programs by environmental support, life-course approach, high-risk group approach and disease group approach for physical activity program based on community health center. Community based core programs for physical activity that includes infrastructure building and establishment of supporting environment, community campaign, health promotion education and public service announcement, physical activity programs for elderly and obesity, exercise prescription program.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.353-358
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• 2011

This study is the result of examining the growth and survival rate of larva and spat when supplied with Enriched live food by adding $B_{12}$, chitosan, PSB, and polysaccharides to microalgae (Chaetoceros gracilis, Isochrysis galbana) to raise the survival rate of larva and spat during artificial clam seed production. Microalge (Chaetoceros gracilis, Isochrysis galbana) was strengthened for nutrition with $B_{12}$ 0.1 ppm, chitosan 0.2 ppm, PSB 3 ppm and polysaccharides 1 ppm and was daily supplied for $3{\times}10^3-15{\times}10^3Cells/mL$ and the growth and survival rates were measured. As the result of experiment, the growth of larva did not show much difference with PSB test section $199{\pm}0.59{\mu}m$, $B_{12}$ test section $198{\pm}0.64{\mu}m$, and chitosan $197{\pm}0.52{\mu}m$, survival rate was highest at PSB test section with 99.3%, followed by $B_{12}$ test section 95.9%, and chitosan 94.5%. Growth of early spat was the highest for PSB test section at $2.74{\pm}0.58mm$, followed by polysaccharides $2.67{\pm}0.55mm$, $B_{12}$ $2.54{\pm}0.48mm$, and chitosan $2.49{\pm}0.51mm$, and the survival rate was the highest for PSB test group at 32.1%, followed by $B_{12}$ test section 31.6%, chitosan 28.5%, and polysacharrides 21.4%. From such results, PSB is found to be very effective with low-quality improvement when breeding early spat of clams, and especially for floor-type early spat breeding, it had the effect of suppressing protozoan and germs so that detailed studies from various perspectives should be conducted with various chemicals in the future.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.19
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• pp.105-138
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• 2009

This study's purpose is to present the improvement of effectiveness of security activity for international conference among Several Countries which can be held hereafter. On the basis of security activity problems originating in APEC that had been held in Busan in 2005. I made up questions three times to on the members of the police, military, fire figher and national intelligence service who had experienced in Busan APEC and recognition of possible problem and possibility of improvement on each item of questions was analyzed by Delphi Method. Also interviews with 4 security experts selected from each security agency were conducted to present improvement in each part of problem. The results obtained from the face to face interview with four experts of security-enforcement agency about the role and importance of site activity stage for international conference among several countries are as followings ; First, the system that experienced security-enforcement agents can be selected for the next national security event is needed, by data-basing the security-enforcement agents who were experienced in security event as man power management. Second, the middle-term plan for the introduction of high-tech equipment and joint inspection with relevant security agents are needed for the efficient explosive technical detection. Third, high-tech security equipment could be introduced through the international high-tech security equipment exhibition. Fourth, an anti-terrorism plan should be measured by sharing information through the cooperation with domestic and international intelligence agency. Fifth, public relations should be measured systematically by organization rather than agents' individual public relations. Sixth, political consideration to secure integrative coordination with other agency is needed for security activity, through normal cooperation with fire fighting related agency such as an electric, gas, elevator company. Seventh, a definite press guideline is needed for a convenient news coverage and safety during security event.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.307-319
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• 2019

This study aims to provide the basic materials for the development of leisure and tourism contents in connection with Osaek cableway for the revitalization of Osaek District. For such a purpose, the following policy directions were presented through the analysis of the present situation and conditions of Osaek District, the direction of development of leisure and tourism contents of Osaek District, etc. The first is increasing the participation of local residents and reinforcing their capabilities. The suggested promotion plans are ① establishing organizational system and strengthening support, ② reinforcing the capabilities of local residents and ③ constructing networks with external human resources. The second is setting the guidelines for contents development. It was proposed to prepare contents for leisure experience using the natural environment of Osaek District in response to the trend of increase of people who enjoy "contents using culture and arts" and leisure. The third is typological approach to contents. It was proposed to develop cultural contents with the theme of Osaek such as "Osaek Light Festival", "Osaek Concert", "Osaek Photo Exhibition" and "Osaek Good Men and Women Contest" for the promotion of the brand of the place name of Osaek and the creation of the "Picture Book Village" for the compilation of the history and culture of Osaek District with pictures. The fourth is securing marketing channels. For this, it was proposed to produce the website of Yangyang County or a website tentatively named as "Osaek-ri with Beautiful Osaek" and introduce an integrated travel product (transportation + lodging + foods + experience (hot spring, mineral water therapy, leisure experience, etc.) + purchasing local specialty products, etc.) composed of the leisure and tourism contents, transportation, lodging, foods, etc. of Osaek District through travel agencies. The final policy direction presented was phased implementation of the development and operation of the contents. Proposed policies include support of a consulting project to upgrade the organization of local residents; implementation of "Tourism Dure (Cooperative)" project for the solution of the problem of tourism in Osaek District by the residents themselves together using the space of culture and arts made by remodeling idle public and private facilities after benchmarking exemplary places; system improvement for the introduction of leisure and tourism contents appropriate for local conditions; and the establishment of a master plan for the introduction of various leisure and tourism contents in Osaek District.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.117-129
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• 1990

35 children(17 boys, 18 girls) with Recurrent Abdominal pain(RAP) without apparent organic causes, referrd from pediatric department of Seoul National University Children's Hospital were studied during 1988. 7. 1 ${\sim}$ 1989. 2. 28. The aims of this study are to examine clinical characteristics of the patients with RAP, to find possible factors influencing the onset and the course of the disorder, to evaluate the psychological status and the relationship with psychiatric diagnoses. The study subjects were compared with the age and sex matched control subjects on measures of social and school functioning, family-environment, behavior traits by CBCL and parent-environment rating scale. All patients and their mothers were interviewed by a child psychiatrist. The results were as follows ; 1) Abdominal pain was found to be more frequent when with a care taker, and related with traumatic life stresses such as separation from parents, death of family members. 2) Family members of the patients with RAP also had a high rate of a history of gastrointestinal dysfunctions with could not be attributed to organic etiologies. 3) Among 35 patients with RAP, 16 were diagnosed as psychiatric disorders. They were adjustment disorders (4), overanxious disorders (4), depression (2), tic disorders (2), attention deficit disorders (2), separation anxiety disorders (1), enuresis (1). 4) On CBCL, the patients with RAP were more internalized, socially less competent and less active compared with the control subjects. 5) According to the parent-environment rating scale, the patients with RAP had more conflicts with their parents about control issues. Family members of the patients with RAP were socially less competent and less abjustable. The parents of the patients with RAP were more affectionate and spent more time with their children but they were unfair and vague on instruction and discipline.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.28 no.5 s.70
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• pp.813-823
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• 1998

The frictional force has been considered as an harmful factor in an active unit where tooth movement occurs, but as an advantageous factor in anchor unit that resist tooth movement. That is, efficient tooth movement is planned by using ligation methods that have low levels of bracket-wire frictional force and the anchorage control can be achieved by using ligation methods that have high levels of bracket-wire frictional force that result in binding of the bracket accompanied by little or no tooth movement. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the frictional force generated between bracket and wire in accordance with the methods of ligation, the material of ligation and the passage of time under artificial saliva. Tested were 0.017x0.022 inch stainless steel wires in standard edgewise twin brackets for upper central incisors in a 0.018-inch slot. The wires were ligated into the brackets with elastomeric modules and stainless steel ligatures. Whole tie, half tie, twisting tie and double overlay tie were done with elastomeric modules. With 0.009-inch stainless steel ligature whole tie and half tie were done by needle holder and whole tie by ligature tying plier. With 0.012-inch stainless steel ligature whole ties were done by needle holder. Whole tie groups of elastomeric module were kept in artificial saliva bath at $37^{\circ}C$ for 28 days. The frictional force was recorded by means of an Instron universial testing instrument (4202 INSTRON, Instron Co., U.S.A.) at initial, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The results for ligated samples in a simulated oral environment revealed the fellowing : ${\cdot}$In elastomeric module whole tie, 28 days group was significantly greater mean static frictional force than any other group but there were no significant differences among any other group (p>0.05). ${\cdot}$Elastomeric module twisting ties were significantly greater mean static frictional forces than any other ligation method but there were no significant differences between twisting tie and double overlay tie (p>0.05). Twisting tie, double overlay tie, whole tie, half tie showed differences in decreasing order. ${\cdot}$Stainless steel half tie produced lower mean static frictional force than whole tie, ligation by ligature tying plier produced greater mean static frictional force than by needle holder and ligation with 0.012-inch stainless steel ligature produced greater mean static frictional force than with 0.009-inch stainless steel ligature (p<0.05). ${\cdot}$There were no significant differences between the mean static frictional forces of elastomeric whole tie and stainless steel whole tie (p>0.05).

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.82-92
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• 2007

In 2003, we evaluated biological water quality at twelve sites of Youngsan River using community analysis, fish compositions, and the Index of Biological Integrity (IBI). Of the twelve, four sites were the controls, which have no point sources in the upstream and the remaining eight sites were the impacted sites, which are influenced by wastewater treatment plant (WTP) and agro-industrial complex. Model values of the IBI, based on 12 sites data, averaged 28 (n=12, range: $18{\sim}44$), indicating fair poor condition according to the criteria of US EP A (1993). In the mean time, mean IBI in the control sites (S3, S5, S6, S11) was 42 (n=4, range: $38{\sim}44$), indicating a good condition, whereas mean IBI in the impacted sites was 21, indicating a poor condition. Mean IBI value in the control, thus, was greater by 2 fold than that in the WTP sites. The spatial pattern of IBI values was similar to the patterns of species diversity index and species richness index, except for Site 11, which was 1st order stream. Similarity analysis indicated that three groups were divided at the similarity level of 80%. One group was the streams influenced by wastewater and the other two groups were the pristine streams as the control, indicating that the stream health conditions are directly influenced by presence or absence of the point sources. Also, Pearson's correlation analysis showed that IBI values had negative correlation (r=0.899, p<0.001) with relative abundance of tolerance species, and had positive relation (r=0.890, p<0.001) with sensitive species. Overall, outcomes suggest that the point sources of the WTP might impact the species composition and ecological health, resulting in degradation of biological water quality.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.95-105
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• 2013

Recently, SME's Collaboration activities have become one of a vital factor for sustaining competitive edge. This is because of the rapidly changing and competitive market environment, and also to leverage performance by overcoming obstacles of having limited internal resources. Discussing about the effects and relationships of the firm's collaboration activities and its outputs are not new. However, as ICT and various technologies have been diffused into the traditional industries, boundaries and practice capabilities within the industries are becoming ambiguous. Thus contents of the products/services and their development methods are also go and come over the industries. Although many researchers suggested the relations of SME's collaboration activities and innovation performances, most of the previous literatures are focusing on broad perspectives of firm's environmental factors rather than considering various SME's idiosyncrasy factors such as their major product and customer types at once. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to analyze how SME(Small Medium Enterprise)'s external collaboration activities by their idiosyncrasy act as an input to types of innovation performance. In order to analyze collaboration effects in detail, we defined factors that can represent the SME's business environment - Perceived importance of using external resources, Perceived importance of external partnership, Collaboration and Collaboration levels of Major Product types, Customer types and lastly the Firm Sizes. We have also specifically divided the performance of innovation types as product innovation and process innovation based on existing research. In this study, the empirical analysis is based on Probit Regression Model to observe the correlations with the impact of each SME's business environment and their activities. For the empirical data, 497 samples were collected which, this sample data was extracted from the 'Korean Open Innovation Survey' performed by ETRI(Korean Electronics Telecommunications Research Institute) in 2010. As a result, empirical test results indicated that the impact of collaboration varies depend on the innovation types (Product and Process Innovation). The Impact of the collaboration level for the product innovation tend to be more effective when SMEs are developing for a final product, targeting on for individual customers (B2C). But on the other hand, the analysis result of the Process innovation tend to be higher than the product innovation, when SMEs are developing raw materials for their partners or to other firms targeting on for manufacturing industries(B2B). Also perceived importance of using external resources has effected to both product and process innovation performance. But Perceived importance of external partnership was statistically insignificant. Interesting finding was that the service product has negative effects on for the process innovation performance. And Relationship between size of the firms and their external collaboration activities with their performance of the innovations indicated that the bigger firms(over 100 of employees) tend to have better for both product and process innovations. Finally, implications of the results can be suggested as performance of innovation can be varied depends on firm's unique business idiosyncrasy as well as levels of external collaboration activities. The Implication of this research can be considered for firms in selecting an appropriate strategy as well as for policy makers.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.8
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• pp.1335-1343
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• 2013

Parents in South Korea are known for their high level of educational zeal for their children. As a result, their children usually take extra classes in institutions as well as participate in other extracurricular activities such as sports and music. The purpose of this study was to examine the lifestyle and dietary behaviors of Korean elementary students involved in such activities. The total number of subjects was 550 fourth to sixth graders in elementary schools in Sejong, Korea. Of the total subjects, 88.0% were involved in extracurricular classes or other activities for an average of 7.34 hours/week. The subjects were assigned to one of four groups based on the degree of extracurricular activities: No extra-class (n=66), Low extra-class (1${\leq}$taking time<5 hours/week, n=118), Medium extra-class (5${\leq}$taking time<10 hours/week, n=184), and High extra-class (taking time${\geq}$10 hours/week, n=182). More subjects in the High extra-class group went to bed late (P<0.01), were under stress (P<0.01), and skipped breakfast, compared with those in the other groups. The ratio of students who answered 'I go to an institute without a meal' (P<0.01), 'I prepare a meal for myself' (P=0.053), or 'I eat out before going to an institute' (P<0.01) was higher in the High extra-class group than in the Low extra-class group. The frequency of eating fast food was higher in the High extra-class group, compared with the other groups. These results indicate that a high amount of extracurricular studies may have a negative effect on the children's lifestyles and dietary behaviors. Therefore, this study alerts parents to the potential harm of excessive extracurricular activities to their children's health.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.41-50
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• 2023

Over the last decade, avian influenza (AI) has been considered an emerging disease that would become the next pandemic, particularly in countries like South Korea, with continuous animal outbreaks. In this situation, risk assessment is highly needed to prevent and prepare for human infection with AI. Thus, we developed the risk assessment matrix for a high-risk area of human infection with AI in South Korea based on the notion that risk is the multiplication of hazards with vulnerability. This matrix consisted of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in poultry farms and the number of poultry-associated production facilities assumed as hazards of avian influenza and vulnerability, respectively. The average number of HPAI in poultry farms at the 229-municipal level as the hazard axis of the matrix was predicted using a negative binomial regression with nationwide outbreaks data from 2003 to 2018. The two components of the matrix were classified into five groups using the K-means clustering algorithm and multiplied, consequently producing the area-specific risk level of human infection. As a result, Naju-si, Jeongeup-si, and Namwon-si were categorized as high-risk areas for human infection with AI. These findings would contribute to designing the policies for human infection to minimize socio-economic damages.