• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.279-309
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• 2009

Greenhouse gas emissions should be precisely forecast to reduce the emissions from industrial production processes. This study calculated the direct and indirect $CO_2$ emission intensities of 401 industries using the Input-Output tables 2003 and statistical data on the amount of energy use. This study had some limitations in drawing study findings because overseas data were used given the lack of domestic data. Other limiting factors included the oil distribution problems in the oil refinery sector, re-review of carbon neutral, and insufficient consideration of waste treatment. Nonetheless, this study is very meaningful since the direct and indirect $CO_2$ emission intensities of 401 industries were calculated. Specifically, this study considered from the zero-waste perspective the effects of waste, which attract interest worldwide since coke gas and gas from the steel industry are obtained as byproducts for the first time in Korea. According to the results of the analysis of $CO_2$ emission intensity per industry, typical industries whose indirect $CO_2$ emission intensity is high include crude steel making, Remicon, steel wire rods & track rail, cast iron, and iron reinforcing rods & bar steel. These industries produce products using the raw materials produced in the industrial sector whose $CO_2$ emission intensity is high. The representative industries whose direct $CO_2$ emission intensity is high include cement, pig iron, lime & plaster products, andcoal-based compounds. These industries extract raw ore from nature and refine them into raw materials that are useful in other industries. The findings in this study can be effectively used for the following case: estimation of target $CO_2$ emission reduction level reflecting each industrial sector's characteristics, calculation of potential emission reduction of each policy to reduce $CO_2$ emissions, identification of a firm's $CO_2$ emission level, and setting of the target level of emission reduction. Moreover, the findings in this study can be utilized widely in fields such as System of integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting(SEEA) and Material Flow Analysis(MFA) as the current topic of research in Korea.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.61 no.3
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• pp.378-387
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• 2023

Petrochemical is an energy consuming industry that consumes about 30% of total industrial energy consumption and is a representative carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission source. Among them, the Naphtha Cracking Center (NCC), which produces ethylene, propylene, propane and mixed C4, consumes large amounts of energy and emits significant amounts of CO₂. For this reason, an integrated techno economic- environmental impact assessment aimed at reducing energy consumption and environmental impact factors is necessary to ensure efficiency in terms of economics and environment. This study aims to analyze the efficiency of the heat exchanger network used in the existing NCC base on the pinch analysis and select an improvement plan that can reduced energy consumption. In order to reduces the utility consumption in the process, an optimal heat exchanger network considering the high-temperature and low-temperature stream was derived, and the economic evaluation was conducted by considering the trade-off between the reduction in utility consumption and the increase in heat exchanger installation cost. In addition, an environmental impact assessment was conducted on the reduced CO₂ emission in consideration of the environmental aspect, and the economic environmental impact assessment used the payback period to recover the invested funds to come up with an energy saving plan that can be applied based on the actual process. As a result of considering the economic-environmental impact assessment, when the environmental impact assessment was not considered, it was 4.29 months, 3.21 months, and 3.39 months for each case, and when considering the environmental impact assessment, it was 4.24 months, 3.17 months, and 3.35 months for each case. These results appeared equally both when the environmental impact assessment was not include and when it was include. In addition, a sensitivity analysis was conducted for each case to determine how important factors affect the payback period. As a result of the sensitivity analysis, the cost of the heat exchanger was identified as a major factor influencing the overall cost.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.24-34
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• 2008

To mitigate the climate change and global warming, various technologies have been internationally proposed for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Especially, in recent, carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) technology is regarded as one of the most promising emission reduction options that $CO_2$ be captured from major point sources (eg., power plant) and transported for storage into the marine geological structure such as deep sea saline aquifer. The purpose of this paper is to review the latest progress on the development of technologies for $CO_2$ storage in marine geological structure and its perspective in republic of Korea. To develop the technologies for $CO_2$ storage in marine geological structure, we carried out relevant R&D project, which cover the initial survey of potentially suitable marine geological structure fur $CO_2$ storage site and monitoring of the stored $CO_2$ behavior, basic design for $CO_2$ transport and storage process including onshore/offshore plant and assessment of potential environmental risk related to $CO_2$ storage in geological structure in republic of Korea. By using the results of the present researches, we can contribute to understanding not only how commercial scale (about 1 $MtCO_2$) deployment of $CO_2$ storage in the marine geological structure of East Sea, Korea, is realized but also how more reliable and safe CCS is achieved. The present study also suggests that it is possible to reduce environmental cost (about 2 trillion Won per year) with developed technology for $CO_2$ storage in marine geological structure until 2050.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.31-40
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• 2014

The Korean government made the 2nd Energy Basic Plan to achieve 11% of new and renewable energies distribution rate until 2035 as a response to cope with international discussion about greenhouse gas emission reduction. Renewable energies include solar thermal, photovoltaic, bioenergy, wind power, small hydropower, geothermal energy, ocean energy, and waste energy. New energies contain fuel cells, coal gasification and liquefaction, and hydrogen. As public and private investment to enhance the distribution of new and renewable energies, it is necessary to clarify the economic effects of the new and renewable energies sector. To the end, this study attempts to apply an input-output analysis and analyze the economic effects of new and renewable energies sector using 2012 input-output table. Three topics are dealt with. First, production-inducing effect, value-added creation effect, and employment-inducing effect are quantified based on demand-driven model. Second, supply shortage effects are analyzed employing supply-driven model. Lastly, price pervasive effects are investigated applying Leontief price model. The results of this analysis are as follows. First, one won of production or investment in new and renewable energies sector induces 2.1776 won of production and 0.7080 won of value-added. Moreover, the employment-inducing effect of one billion won of production or investment in new and renewable energies sector is estimated to be 9.0337 persons. Second, production shortage cost from one won of supply failure in new and renewable energies sector is calculated to be 1.6314 won, which is not small. Third, the impact of the 10% increase in new and renewable energies rate on the general price level is computed to be 0.0123%, which is small. This information can be utilized in forecasting the economic effects of new and renewable energies sector.

• 대한공업교육학회지
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.111-129
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• 2015

This study tried to investigate the possibility and expectation effect to organize and operate NCS(national competency standards)-based vocational education curriculum in technical specialized high schools and meister high schools and the perceptions of specialty subject teachers about support plans for effective operation of the NCS-based curriculum. For this, the survey was conducted targeting 286 specialty subject teachers in technical specialized high schools and meister high schools. And the results are as follow: First, the specialty subject teachers in the technical specialized high schools and meister high schools recognized that the positive expectation effect can be obtained through the NCS-based vocational education curriculum and the NCS-based vocational education curriculum should very much be applied to the school curriculum but it is impractical to organize and operate the NCS-based vocational education curriculum as the school curriculum from 2016. Second, the specialty subject teachers in the technical specialized high schools and meister high schools recognized that industrial education needs can be analyzed, industry duties-based educational objectives and contents can be set up, industrial duties-based education can be done, the capability to develop and operate teachers' curriculum can be improved, and the NCS-based curriculum will be effective for industrial and academic cooperation and connection with communities by applying it but the realistic possibility will relatively be low. Third, the specialty subject teachers in the technical specialized high schools and meister high schools recognized that tools for practice should be reorganized and expanded, the number of students targeting practical classes should be reduced by 15 to 20 persons, teachers' field education capability should be strengthened, supply and demand of teachers should be supported, industrial and academic cooperation-based field-centered education should be reinforced, and support of the NCS-based teaching materials to be textbooks should be required in terms of operating schools to operate the NCS-based vocational curriculum effectively. Support of finding jobs and field education which correspond with the NCS-based vocational curriculum should be provided, field instruction by ability of the national competency standards should be supported, field practice education projects about the NCS-based vocational curriculum should be provided and introduction and operation of the industrial employee performance evaluation system should be required in terms of the support plans of relevant organizations.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.548-561
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• 2018

The objectives of this study were to construct a three-dimensional (3D) hydrodynamic and water quality model (EFDC) for the river reach between the Daecheong dam and the Sejong weir, which are directly affected by Gap and Miho streams located in the middle of the Geum River, and to evaluate the trophic status and water quality improvement effect according to the flow control and pollutant load reduction scenarios. The EFDC model was calibrated with the field data including waterlevel, temperature and water quality collected from September, 2012 to April, 2013. The model showed a good agreement with the field data and adequately replicated the spatial and temporal variations of water surface elevation, temperature and water quality. Especially, it was confirmed that spatial distributions of nutrients and algae biomass have wide variation of transverse direction. Also, from the analysis of algal growth limiting factor, it was found that phosphorous loadings from Gap and Miho streams to Sejong weir induce eutrophication and algal bloom. The scenario of pollutant load reduction from Gap and Miho streams showed a significant effect on the improvement of water quality; 4.7~18.2% for Chl-a, 5.4~21.9% for TP at Cheongwon-1 site, and 4.2~ 17.3% for Chl-a and 4.7~19.4% for TP at Yeongi site. In addition, the eutrophication index value, identifying the tropic status of the river, was improved. Meanwhile, flow control of Daecheong Dam and Sejong weir showed little effect on the improvement of water quality; 1.5~2.4% for Chl-a, 2.5~ 3.8% for TP at Cheongwon-1 site, and 1.2~2.1% for Chl-a and 0.9~1.5% for TP at Yeongi site. Therefore, improvement of the water quality in Gap and Miho streams is essential and a prerequirement to meet the target water quality level of the study area.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.100 no.4
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• pp.630-638
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• 2011

This study aims to verify the economic validity of the REDD project in North Korea by estimating the potential carbon credits and the cost of REDD project. The REDD potential credits of North Korea are estimated based on the international statistics of forest area and population from 1990 to 2010, and the cost of REDD project is estimated indirectly by annual land opportunity cost of agriculture assuming that South Korea will aid the food production per area in North Korea. When the 25% reduction scenario was applied to the annual deforestation rate in North Korea, the potential REDD credits were estimated to be $4,232million{\sim}5,290milliontCO_2eq.$ for 20 years. It would account for 28~35% of South Korea's national medium-term greenhouse gas reduction target. On the other hand, the break-even price of REDD project was calculated as the profit of agriculture in the land available by forest conversion in North Korea. It was estimated to be 19.19$/$tCO_2eq.$ when the non-permanence risk of forest conserved through a REDD contract is assumed to be 20%. This price is higher than the price of REDD carbon credit 5$/$tCO_2eq.$ dealt in the 2010 voluntary carbon market, leading to no economic feasibility. However, REDD project provides co-benefits besides climate mitigation. As previous studies indicate, the break-even price is lower than 20$/$tCO_2eq.$, which is the social marginal cost of greenhouse gas emissions by loss of forest. Therefore REDD in North Korea can be justified against the social benefits. The economic feasibility of REDD project in North Korea can be largely influenced by the risk percentage. Thus, North Korean REDD project needs a strong guarantee and involvement by the government and people of North Korea to assure the project's economic feasibility.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.409-425
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• 2021

Carbon dioxide has been known to be a typical greenhouse gas causing global warming, and a number of efforts have been proposed to reduce its concentration in the atmosphere. Among them, carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) has been taken into great account to accomplish the target reduction of carbon dioxide. In order to commercialize the CCS, its safety should be secured. In particular, if the stored carbon dioxide is leaked in the arable land, serious problems could come up in terms of crop growth. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of carbon dioxide leaked from storage sites on soil fertility. The leakage of carbon dioxide was simulated using the facility of its artificial injection into soils in the laboratory. Several soil chemical properties, such as pH, cation exchange capacity, electrical conductivity, the concentrations of exchangeable cations, nitrogen (N) (total-N, nitrate-N, and ammonia-N), phosphorus (P) (total-P and available-P), sulfur (S) (total-S and available-S), available-boron (B), and the contents of soil organic matter, were monitored as indicators of soil fertility during the period of artificial injection of carbon dioxide. Two kinds of soils, such as non-cultivated and cultivated soils, were compared in the artificial injection tests, and the latter included maize- and soybean-cultivated soils. The non-cultivated soil (NCS) was sandy soil of 42.6% porosity, the maize-cultivated soil (MCS) and soybean-cultivated soil (SCS) were loamy sand having 46.8% and 48.0% of porosities, respectively. The artificial injection facility had six columns: one was for the control without carbon dioxide injection, and the other five columns were used for the injections tests. Total injection periods for NCS and MCS/SCS were 60 and 70 days, respectively, and artificial rainfall events were simulated using one pore volume after the 12-day injection for the NCS and the 14-day injection for the MCS/SCS. After each rainfall event, the soil fertility indicators were measured for soil and leachate solution, and they were compared before and after the injection of carbon dioxide. The results indicate that the residual concentrations of exchangeable cations, total-N, total-P, the content of soil organic matter, and electrical conductivity were not likely to be affected by the injection of carbon dioxide. However, the residual concentrations of nitrate-N, ammonia-N, available-P, available-S, and available-B tended to decrease after the carbon dioxide injection, indicating that soil fertility might be reduced. Meanwhile, soil pH did not seem to be influenced due to the buffering capacity of soils, but it is speculated that a long-term leakage of carbon dioxide might bring about soil acidification.

• Proceedings of The Korean Society of Health Promotion Conference
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.17-58
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• 2004

뉴저지주 보건교육/건강 증진정책을 논하기전에 건강증진과 보건 교육사의 뜻을 먼저 기술하기로 한다. 건강증진이란 일상 사회생활과 행동과학의 응용에서 시작하며 교육의 효율적 작전 및 기술, 질병 역학 조사, 개인 및 가족단위 건강 위해 행위 절감, 사회연관 구축망 조성, 그리고 적게는 이웃, 더 나아가 조직체계 및 지역 사회의 네트웍 실시등을 실시한다. 보건교육 및 건강증진 전문가란 ' 전국 보건교육 인증 위원회(NCHEC) ' 에서 채택된 다음 7개 활동 영역에서 개인적, 그룹, 각주단위, 그리고 범 국가적 조직에서 종사하는자로 한다. 개인 및 지역사회 보건 교육 필요성 분석- 계회, 실행, 효율성 평가, 사업 진행 조정, 자문, 컴뮤니케이션 등의 활동범위를 들 수 있다. 공인 보건 교육사(CHES)란 대학 및 대학원에서 보건 교육학 소정의 필수 과목을 이수하고 학.석사 소지자로서 ' 전국 보건 교육 인증 위원회 ' 에서 그 자격을 인정 받고 공인 자격 시험에 합격한자로 한다. 합격자는 자기 성명뒤에 CHES란 칭호를 부치며 매 5년마다 75단위이상 인정된 전문 직업 보수 교육을 받아야 한다. 보건 교육사 고용 분야는 연방, 주, 지방 정부의 보건 교육사(10-15%) 및 건강 증진 전문가로 종사하며; 이들은 지역 사회 조직화, 프로그람 기획, 공공사업 마켓팅, 메디아, 컴뮤니케이션 자질을 갓추어야 하며; 상해 예방, 학교 보건, 지역 사회 영양 실태 향상, 그 외 모든 건강 증진과 질병 예방에 일익을 담당 하여; 의사, 간호사, 약사, 영양사,환경 위생사드의 전문분야종사자들괴 한팀이 되어 지역 사회 보건 사업에 기여한다. 쥬저지 보건 교육사들은 주법령 8조 '||'&'||' 보건행정 표준 시행령 ' 에 따라 포괄적 보건교육/건강증진 프로그램을 개발하여 총체적으로 조절 관장한다. 특희 ' 미국 학술원 의료 연구원 ' 에서 제정한 ' 10대 필수 공중 보건 사업 ' 에 기준을 두고; 1) 개인 및 지역사회 필수 보건 여건 분석 평가, 2) 보건 교육 이론에 따른 사업 계획 설정, 3) 교육 전략과 보건문제 발굴에 따라 일반 대중 대상 보건 교육 실행 (프로그람 기획, 연수 교육, 미디어 캠페인, 공중보건 향상책 옹호), 4) 사업 진행 과정 정리, 그 결과에 대한 영향력과 결과 평가, 5) 프로그램진행, 인사 및 예산관리 참여, 6) 근무향상을 위한 보수교육 프로그램 개발, 7) 보건 의료 업무 종사자 상호 협조성 향상 훈련, 8) 지역 사회자원 밭굴, 9) 적절한 고객 의뢰 체제 시행, 10) 위기 관리 컴뮤니케이션 체제 개발실시, 11) 일반 대중에게 공중 보건 향상 고취, 12) 각종 협력 지원금 신청서 작성 제출, 13) 문화/인종적으로 적절한 시청각 교재 발굴, 15) 질적 및 양적 보건교육/건겅증진책 연구 실시, 16) 비 보험 가담자, 저 보험자, 빈곤자, 이민자 색출 선도, 17) 관활 구역내 상재하는 각 건강증진 프로그램 밝혀 내서 불필요한 중복 회피등이다. 그 외에도 보건 교육사들은 사회 복지 단체인 미국 암 협회, 미국 심장 협회,미국 폐장 협회 등 각종 사회 복지 비영리단체 와 자선 사업 단체들과 긴밀희 협조하거나 그 단체 임직원으로서 건강 증진 사업에 종사한다. 병원 및 의료기관에선 임직원 보수 교육, 환자의 질병 예방및 건강증진 교육, 그리고 의료 사업장내 건장 증진업무에 종사한다. 건강 유지 의료 기관(HMO)에선 예방주사, 정기검진 촉진등을 통한 입원일수 절감, 응급실 사용도 절감등으로 의료비 감축, 삶의질 향상상에 종사한다. 사업장 보건 교육사는 스트레스 관리, 금연 및 흡연 중단선도, 체중 절감, 종업원 건강증진 생활화참여 유치, 컴뮤니케이션 개발, 마켓팅, 질병 예방등에 그 전문 직업적 노하우를 사업체 건강 증진 프로그램 개발에 접목한다. 뉴저지 2010년대 건강 증진책은 5대 목표 설정하여 현재 시행하고 있다. 특이한점은 2001년 9.11사태 이후 연방정부와 주정부의 상당한 예산 지원을 그랜트 지원금 형식으로 받아 연방, 주정부, 지방 정부, 의료 기관등에서 일사 불란하게 생물/화학/방사성 테러에 대비하는데 보건 교육사들은 시민 인지도 향상과 위기관리 컴뮤니케이션 영역에서 활약한다. 총체적인 보건 교육/건강 증진책은 다음 천년간 뉴저지 건강증진 백서와 미연방 정부 건강증진 2010에 준하여 설립한 뉴저지 건강 증진 2010 에 의한다. 그 모델을 보면; 1) 생활 습관 향상으로 위해 행위 절제; 적절한 영양 섭취 와 과체중화 차단 불필요한 투약 절제와 그 관리 흡연 탐익 절감, 금연, 흡연관련 신체/정신적 피해 관리/치료 습관성 약물 중독 조기발견 예방 낙상 예방 폭력, 의도적/비의도적 상해 예방 2) 심장질환, 암, 뇌졸중, 당뇨, 폐염, 인프루엔자등 주사망원인 질병 조기 발견 예방 책 마련; 독감.폐렴 예방 주사 실시 3) 보건 교육 대상과 표적 설정 특히 보건사업 참여 동반자 발굴하여 그 동참과 책임분담 책려; 주. 지방 정부기관, 의료 종사자, 의료 보험 업자, 대학 등 교육 기관, 연구 기관, 교육자, 지방 보건소, 지역 사회 비 영리단체, 종교 단체 및 교역자 등의 참여 촉구., 지역 사회 비 영리단체, 종교 단체 및 교역자 등의 참여 촉구.