• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.574-582
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• 1998

Background: Bronchofiberscopy is a procedure with a chance of airway irritation and it may cause pathophysiologic changes of respiratory system. So we tried to evaluate the influence of bronchofibercopy on $O_2$ saturation, ABGA and PIT by patient's basal status and procedure type. Method: $O_2$ saturation was measured every 1 minute from the left index finger tip with percutaneous oximetry. ABGA was done before and right after the bronchofiberscopy and PIT was done before and within 10 minutes after the bronchofiberscopy. Results: The mean time for bronchofiberscopy procedure was 14.5mim and $SaO_2$ maximally fall to 89.0 below 8% of the baseline after mean time of 8.4min, which was recovered at the end of the procedure. $SaO_2$ change amount was 8.4 % on Non-$O_2$ supply group, which was lower compared to 6.4 % of the $O_2$-supply group without statistically significance. Biopsy Group and BAL group showed more $SaO_2$ fall than washing only group. The level of $PaO_2$ and FEV1 of the patient didn't influence significantly on $SaO_2$ fall during the procedure. ABGA taken before and after the bronchofiberscopy showed mild fall of $PaO_2$ and mild rise of $PaCO_2$. Whereas PFT showed decrease of FEV1(P<0.05) and increase of RV without changes in airway resistance and pulmonary diffusion capacity. Comparing before and after the bronchofiberscopy, the washing group showed no significant changes on PIT, while the biopsy group and the BAL group showed increase of RV & decrease of $FEV_1$ after the bronchofiberscopy. BAL group showed more changing tendency rather than biopsy group although not statistically significant. Conclusion: Bronchofiberscopy is considered as a relatively safe procedure, but it would be better to be done with $O_2$ supply especially in the patient with low $PaO_2$ and in the case of biopsy and BAL.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.628-635
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• 1999

Background : Maximal expiratory flow rate is determined by the size of airway, elastic recoil pressure and the collapsibility of airway in the lung. The obstruction of expiratory flow is one of the major functional impairments of emphysema, which represents COPD. Nevertheless, expiratory narrowing of upper airway may be recruited as a mechanism for minimizing airway collapse, and maintaining lung volume and hyperinflation by an endogenous positive end-expiratory pressure in patients with airflow obstruction. We investigated the physiologic role of trachea in respiration in emphysema. Method : We included 20 patients diagnosed as emphysema by radiologic and physiologic criteria from January to August in 1997 at Seoul Municipal Boramae Hospital. Chest roentgenogram, high resolution computed tomography(HRCT), and pulmonary function tests including arterial blood gas analysis and body plethysmography were taken from each patient. Cross-sectional area of trachea was measured according to the respiratory cycle on the level of aortic arch by HRCT and calibrated with body surface area. We compared this corrected area with such parameters of pulmonary function tests as $PaCO_2$, $PaO_2$, airway resistance, lung compliance and so on. Results : Expiratory cross-sectional area of trachea had significant correlation with $PaCO_2$ (r=-0.61, p<0.05), $PaO_2$ (r=0.6, p<0.05), and minute ventilation (r=0.73, p<0.05), but inspiratory cross-sectional area did not (r=-0.22, p>0.05 with $PaCO_2$, r=0.26, p>0.05 with $PaO_2$, and r=0.44, p>0.05 with minute ventilation). Minute ventilation had significant correlation with tidal volume (r=0.45, p<0.05), but it had no significant correlation with respiratory frequency (r=-0.31, p>0.05). Cross-sectional area of trachea had no significant correlation with other parameters of pulmonary function including $FEV_1$, FVC, $FEV_1$/FVC, peak expiratory flow, residual volume, diffusing capacity, airway resistance, and lung compliance, whether the area was expiratory or inspiratory. Conclusion : Cross-sectional area of trachea narrowed during expiration in emphysema, and its expiratory area had significant correlation with $PaCO_2$, $PaO_2$, and minute ventilation.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.280-286
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• 2005

Geological sequestration of carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) is one of the most effective strategies far long-term removal of greenhouse gas from atmosphere. This paper reviews three projects for the $CO_2$ sequestration in geological formation. A unique $CO_2$ injection into a marine aquifer has been successfully monitored with repeated surface seismic measurements in the North Sea Sleipner West field. The seismic images reveal the extent and internal shape of the $CO_2$ bubble. Massive miscible $CO_2$ has been injected into a complex fractured carbonate reservoir at the Weyburn oil filed. High-resolution time-lapse P-wave data were successfully obtained to map the features of $CO_2$ movements within the two thin zones of different lithology. From the time-lapse crosswell EM imaging at the Lost Hills oil field in central California, U.S.A., the replacement of brine with $CO_2$ has been confirmed through a decrease of conductivity. The conductivity image was successfully compared with induction logs observed in the two wells.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.466-473
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• 2001

A bacterium was isolated from soils in Suwon, Korea for the purpose of H$_2$S removal using a biofilter system. The isolate was gram-negative, rod-shaped, catalase-positive, motile, and the isolated bacterium showed a positve in utilizing energy sources including citrate, mannitol, sucrose, fructors, and trehalsoe. Based on its biochemical characteristics it was identified as Burkholderia(Pseudomonas) cepacia. The growth rate of the bacterium in thiosulfate medium with yeast extract was 0.15 hr$\^$-1/ and generation time was 4.6 hr. The cell productivity was 8.05 mg/L$.$h and the isolate grew logarithmically up to 12 hr. The maximum rate of sulfur oxidation was 0.18 g-S/L$.$h. The optimum pH and temperature for the growth of the bacterium were 7.0 and 30$\^{C}$, respectively. The pH range for the growth of B. cepacia was 5.0-8.0. The oxidation rate of thiosulfate was lowered by a substrate thiosulfate when the concentration was higher than 0.12 M. both growth rate and sulfur oxidation rate of Burkholderia(Pseudomonas) cepacia was enhanced about 1.5 times with the addition of 0.2% yeast extract. The removal of hydrogen sulfide was investigated by immobilized B. cepacia with Ca-alginate. The maximum rate removal for H$_2$S was 6.25 g$.$㎤ $.$h$\^$-1/ when 12 L/h of flow rate was supplied. From this study suggest the immobilized B. cepacia could have a potential for H$_2$S removal.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.18-23
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• 2002

Efficiency estimation of toxicity free resistance cable experiments were conducts to understand toxicity free fire ersistance polyolefin insulation material and smoke density characteristic and combustion gas corrosion analysis. A main cause of fire-growth and generating toxic gas when it burns, should be dealt with great care in life safety design. Similar patterned fire incidents such as, Inchon Live-Hof Pub Restaurant as, Sea-land Children Resort have proven that serious loss of lives were caused by hazardous gas generated fire resistance cable materials. In this paper, Referenced documents were ASTM E662 standard test method for specific Ds genalated by solid materials. The furnace control system shall maintain the required irradiance level under steady-state condition with the chamber door closed of 2.5$\pm40.04〔w/$\textrm{cm}^2$〕for 20 min. According to the results of the smoke density analysis of NFR-8 and FR-PVC the highest decomposition flaming smoke density range of NFR-8 and FR-PVC were 25.2 to 37.5 and 51.1 respectively. Nonflaming smoke density range of NFR-8 and FR-PVC were 100.4 to 112.2 and 126.5 to 398.8. Also, the fire gases was occurred carbon monoxide and decomposition than in polyolefin due to incomplete combustion of PVC which has high content of carbon in chemical compound.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2001.10b
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• pp.1163-1166
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• 2001

최근의 네트워크는 유선에서 무선으로 발전하고 있다. 무선 네트워크 기술은 여러 가지가 있다. 그 중 좁은 영역에서 사용하고 개인적인 용도로 알맞은 것이 블루투스(Bluetooth)이다. 블루투스 기술 표준은 데이터를 전송하는 단순한 통신 방법만을 정의한 것이 아니라, 몇 가지 응용에 대한 표준도 정의되어 있다. 이 응용은 모든 블루투스 기기가 전부 구현해야 하는 것이 아니라, 그 중 기기에 알맞은 것만을 선택해서 구현을 할 수 있도록 되어 있다. 그렇다면 블루투스 기기에서 다른 기기가 제공하는 서비스가 무엇인지를 알아낼 수 있는 방법이 필요하게 된다. 다른 기기의 서비스를 알아내는데 사용되는 블루투스 기술이 SDP 계층 (Service Discovery Protocol Layer) 이다. SDP 계층은 프로토콜만으로 작동 가능한 것이 아니라, 블루투스 기기에서 제공 가능한 서비스와 서비스 속성을 정의한 내부 데이터베이스를 참조해서 작동하게 된다. 이 내부 데이터베이스는 블루투스를 구현하는 사람마다 모두 다르게 구현하고 있다. 그래서 블루투스 서비스와 서비스 속성에 관한 정보는 글과 간단한 도표로만 정의되고 있는 상황이다. 블루투스 서비스와 서비스 속성 정보를 글과 도표가 아닌 XML을 이용한 문서로 표현을 하는 방법이 나타났었다. 그러나 블루투스 기기에서 직접 서비스와 서비스 속성을 기술한 XML 문서를 바탕으로 SDP를 작동시키는 것은 블루투스 기기에 XML 파서를 포함시켜야 한다는 것을 말한다. 대체로 작은 CPU 성능과 적은 메모리를 가지고 있는 블루투스 기기에서는 XML 파서를 포함하는 근 부담이 된다. 이에 본 논문에서는 보편적으로 사용될 수 있는 블루투스 서비스와 서비스 속성을 기술한 XML 문서에서 블루투스 기기에 적합한 내부 정보를 생성하는 생성기를 설계하고 구현을 하였다.보다는 현저히 낮았다. 총 휘발성 유기화합물읜 농도는 실내가 실외 보다 높았다(I/O ratio 2.5). BTEX의 상대적 함량도 실내가 실외보다 높아 실내에도 발생원이 있음을 암시하고 있다. 자료 분석결과 유치원 실내의 벤젠은 실외로부터 유입되고 있었고, 톨루엔, 에틸벤젠, 크실렌은 실외뿐 아니라 실내에서도 발생하고 있었다. 정량한 8개 화합물 각각과 총 휘발성 유기화합물의 스피어만 상관계수는 벤젠을 제외하고는 모두 유의하였다. 이중 톨루엔과 크실렌은 총 휘발성 유기화합물과 좋은 상관성 (톨루엔 0.76, 크실렌, 0.87)을 나타내었다. 이 연구는 톨루엔과 크실렌이 총 휘발성 유기화합물의 좋은 지표를 사용될 있고, 톨루엔, 에틸벤젠, 크실렌 등 많은 휘발성 유기화합물의 발생원은 실외뿐 아니라 실내에도 있음을 나타내고 있다.>10)의 $[^{18}F]F_2$를 얻었다. 결론: $^{18}O(p,n)^{18}F$ 핵반응을 이용하여 친전자성 방사성동위원소 $[^{18}F]F_2$를 생산하였다. 표적 챔버는 알루미늄으로 제작하였으며 본 연구에서 연구된 $[^{18}F]F_2$가스는 친핵성 치환반응으로 방사성동위원소를 도입하기 어려운 다양한 방사성의 약품개발에 유용하게 이용될 수 있을 것이다.었으나 움직임 보정 후 영상을 이용하여 비교한 경우, 결합능 변화가 선조체 영역에서 국한되어 나타나며 그 유의성이 움직임 보정 전에 비하여 낮음을 알 수 있었다. 결론: 뇌활성화 과제 수행시에 동반되는 피험자의 머리 움직임에 의하여 도파민 유리가 과대평가되었으며 이는 이 연구에서 제안한 영상정합을 이용한 움직임 보정기법에 의해서 개선되었다. 답이 없는 문제, 문제 만들기, 일반화가 가능한 문제 등으로 보고, 수학적 창의성 중 특히 확산적 사

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.30 no.11
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• pp.1132-1138
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• 2008

The study was carried out to investigate adsorption characteristic on hydrogen sulfide (H$_2$S) and methylmercaptan (CH$_3$SH) odor gas using the char made by a thermal decomposition of sewage sludge. The fixed bed adsorption experiments of the optimum L/D ratio could be 1.0, and adsorption capacity and break point increased with the increase of temperature. A simultaneous adsorption characteristic of H$_2$S and CH$_3$SH increased in breakthrough time and adsorption capacity more than single adsorption experiment, and CH$_3$SH had higher effective diffusivities than H$_2$S in same condition. The adsorption capacity of CH$_3$SH increased with fast velocity. When it was compared the produced absorbent with commercial activated carbon, As to adsorbent amount, it was H$_2$S 77% and CH$_3$SH 80% of commercial activated carbon.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.85-91
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• 2018

Recently, there have been a lot of casualties due to fires in high-rise buildings. The toxic gases and smokes generated by fires in high-rise buildings spread rapidly through the elevator shaft and stairwell, due to the stack effect, and can cause critical casualties. To reduce the number of casualties, smoke control systems have been introduced. Smoke control systems play an essential role in preventing the spread of smoke in high-rise buildings and securing the evacuation route. Also, in high-rise buildings, evacuation by an elevator is considered to be indispensable. However, the pressure field in the shaft is strongly disturbed when the elevator is moving and this can affect the performance of the smoke control system. Therefore, in this study, we experimentally and numerically analyzed the effect of elevator movement on the pressure difference between the vestibule and living room by building a model using the sandwich pressurization method based on the performance based design. To consider the leakage areas in high-rise buildings, e.g. the windows, fire door and elevator, the National Fire Safety Codes and area ratio were used. The elevator speed in the model building was varied between 20 m/s and 100 m/s corresponding to a real elevator speed of 7 m/s~17 m/s. As a result, the relationship between the pressure difference and elevator speed was found to be ${\Delta}P=40{\cdot}{\exp}$(-Ves /-104.7)-23.735. This result can be used to take into consideration the effect of elevator movement when designing smoke control systems.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2018

Visibility is very poor in tunnel fire because of confined space where the fire may easily lead to the mass casuality incident because of fast smoke spread. In this test, air curtain and the fan were installed at rescue station in a bid to make use of rescue station in safe way during the train fire in undersea tunnel and a full-scale fire test was conducted to identify the applicability of air curtain system. Air curtain system was installed at a real rescue station and the test was continued for 2 minutes till heptane which was used as fire source was completely burned out. When air curtain was working, difference in temperature between inside and outside the platform was $160^{\circ}C$ and carbon monoxide measured inside the platform was less than the case of no air curtain system by 160 ppm. Thus a full-scale fire test demonstrated that the air curtain system installed at rescue station in undersea tunnel was able to effectively block the heat and smoke generated from the fire.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.213-218
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• 2009

Electrowinning process recovers uranium with actinide elements from spent fuels and is a key step in the Pyroprocessing because of proliferation resistance. An analysis of heat transfer of the Electrowinning cell was conducted to develop basic tool for designing engineering-scale Electrowinner. For the calculation of the heat transfer, ANSYS CFX commercial code was adapted. As a result of the calculation, the vertical Heating Zone length had great effect upon temperature of LiCl-KCl eutectic salt. To maintain constant temperature in the salt, the Heating Zone length should be three times longer than the height of the salt. However, the argon and salt temperatures were barely affected by the Cooling Zone length. The temperature under the Cell cover was mainly influenced by the number of the cooling plates. When the cooling plates were installed more than the number of 5, temperature under the cover was maintained below $250^{\circ}C$. These temperature properties had similar tendency toward the temperature of the Cell which was measured from experiments, Simulated heat transfer information from this study could be used to design engineering-scale Electrowinner.