• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.183-189
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• 2000

This study was carried out to analyze ecophysiological responses for seedling of Quercus serrata, Quercus mongolica and Quercus variabilis that are the typical species of deciduous broadleaved forests in Korea. And executed experiments in the climatic control room to provide necessary information to ecological forest management and methods of natural regeneration through the analysis of seedling responses. The details of experimental analysis were growth processes of 4 months after seeding that vary with the condition of three light intensity[relative light intensity(RLI) 8%, 20%, 52%] and three soil moisture[water suction(WS) Ψ=100 hPa, Ψ=280 hPa, Ψ=330 hPa] gradient, growth factors after harvesting and the nutrition condition of leaves. The results of this study are followings: 1) Early growth was prosperous after germination for the species which have more weight of acorn. 2) The formation of lammas shoot was favourable with Q. variabilis and Q. mongolica. And the rate of the occurrence was the highest in the RLI 20%, and it was remarkably reduced in the RLI 8%. 3) As the height growth of seedling of all 3 species were greater in the RLI 20% and 8% than that of the RLI 52%, they showed strong shade tolerance. 4) The increase of light intensity promoted the diameter at root collar growth, and development of main and lateral roots with all 3 species. 5) It showed that the increase of light intensity in the experimental radiation condition raised special leaf area weight(mg/cm$^2$) and leaf area productivity(mg/cm$^2$). Consequently, these resulted in the increase of leaf thickness and total dry biomass per the unit area of leaf. 6) As the increase of light intensity, the minerals contents of leaves such as N, P and K were lowered, and the increase of soil moisture resulted in the increase of P, K, Ca and Mg.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.104 no.3
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• pp.397-402
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• 2015

This study was carried out to analyze the nutritional composition, bioactive compound and antioxidant activity in fresh sprout of 3 new Kalopanax septemlobus cultivars. Cheong-San, Cheong-Song and Cheong Sun 1 had largest carbohydrate (52.90, 53.12, 55.28%), crude protein (34.23, 31.33, 33.58%) in the proximate composition and had largest K (2.29, 2.22, 2.23%) followed by Ca (0.44, 0.34, 0.37%), Mg (0.24, 0.19, 0.19%) in the mineral contents. Three new cultivars contained a total of 26, 25 and 28 different kinds of amino acids, respectively and the number of essential amino acid is 6, 6 and 7 species, respectively. Also, Cheong-San had higher total polyphenol contents and Cheong-Song had higher total flavonoid contents. DPPH free radical scavenging activity of 70% ethanol, water extracts of Cheong-San and Cheong-Song is higher than others at 100 ppm. In the ABTS radical cation decolorization activity, 70% ethanol extract of Cheong Sun 1, water extract of Cheong-San and Cheong-Song are higher activity than others and all samples have more than 85% ABTS racial cation decolorization activity at 500 ppm. Our results suggest that new K. septemlobus cultivars possess good antioxidant capacities with a high nutritional value and might have potential applications in the food and medical industries.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.185-197
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• 2009

For utilizing Cattail pollen as a raw material for functional foods, the nutrients such as free sugar, free amino acid, fatty acid composition, flavonoid content, and the biological activity within Cattail pollen were measured. The results of proximate analysis within Cattail pollen included the following readings: 12.7-13.2% of moisture, 15.7-17.8% of crude protein, 1.3% of crude fat, 7.5-7.7% of free sugar, 13.7-18.6% of crude fiber, 3.4-4.9% of ash, and 49.7-55.9% of nitrogen free extracts. The composition of free amino acids consisted of 1.923% of T. orientalis, 0.907% of T. angustata, and 0.333% of T. latifolia, which were measurements that varied significantly among different species. However, all species showed considerable portions of GABA alanine, glutamic acid, and proline. Specifically, it was shown that the GABA composition, which is known for increasing immunity while simultaneously lowering blood pressure, exceeded 50%. Therefore, this result implies that Cattail pollens have potential as a powerful utilization for functional foods. The composition of the fatty acids mainly consisted of linoeic, palmitic acid, oleic acid, and linolenic acid, and didn't show many variances across different species. Also, the total contents of unsaturated fatty acid were particularly high with a measured ratio of 67.2-76.0% value. Mineral in Cattail pollen was composed of 0.354-0.492% of K, 0.0516-0.0546% of Mg, 0.045-0.0486% of Ca, and 0.0101-0.0204% of Na. Among the Cattail pollens known as anti-oxidants, flavonoid contains 0.169-0.186% of quercetin, and therefore is the largest constituent followed by rutin making up a measurement of 0.0094-0.0147%. For the purpose of the study, the Cattail pollen and its extracts were fed to SC class rats for a span of 4 weeks. Then, the DPPH radical scavenging activity was measured from the tested rats'serums and the results showed significant variances. Also, the results indicated that the cholesterol and glucose levels in the blood were decreased which in turn led to the conclusion that the cattail pollen can help hyperlipidemia and diabetic treatments.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.384-395
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• 2018

This study was carried out to investigate the environment factors including community structure and soil characteristics in the wild habitats of Cephalotaxus koreana, and offers the basic information for habitats conservation and restoration. Most of the wild habitats were located at altitudes between 148~835 m with inclinations ranged as $12{\sim}32^{\circ}$. The average soil pH was 4.7~5.9, soil organic matter was 5.72~15.99%, cation exchange capacity was $14.1{\sim}19.9cmolc/kg^{-1}$ and exchangeable $K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$ was 0.25~0.48 cmolc/kg, 0.79~6.68 cmolc/kg, 0.31~1.73 cmolc/kg, respectively. The dominant species of tree layer were found to be dominated by Quercus dentata in Jekbo-san (C1), Acer pictum in Bogae-san (C2), Acer pseudosieboldianum in Geumwon-san (C3), Q. serrata in Jiri-san (C4), Zelkova serrata in Baegun-san (C5), and Q. acutissima in Duryun-san (C6). The Species diversity (H') was 0.854~1.234, evenness (J') was 0.654~0.993, and dominance (D) was found to be 0.067~0.346. Correlation coefficients analysis based on environmental factors, community structure and value of species diversity shows that growth of Cephalotaxus koreana is correlated with species diversity and evenness. This result show that Cephalotaxus koreana habitats located in mature stands.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.180-187
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• 2015

This study was conducted to determine the effects of feeding by-product feed (BF)-based silage on the performance, blood metabolite parameters, and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers. The BF-based silage was composed of 50% spent mushroom substrate, 21% recycled poultry bedding, 15% cut ryegrass straw, 10.8% rice bran, 2% molasses, 0.6% bentonite, and 0.6% microbial additive (on a wet basis), and ensiled for over 5 d. Fifteen steers were allocated to three diets during the growing and fattening periods (3.1 and 9.8 months, respectively): a control diet (concentrate mix and free access to rice straw), a 50% BF-based silage diet (control diet+50% of maximum BF-based silage intake), and a 100% BF-based silage diet (the same amount of concentrate mix and ad libitum BF-based silage). The BF-based silage was fed during the growing and fattening periods, and was replaced with larger particles of rice straw during the finishing period. After 19.6 months of the whole period all the steers were slaughtered. Compared with feeding rice straw, feeding BF-based silage tended (p = 0.10) to increase the average daily gain (27%) and feed efficiency (18%) of the growing steers, caused by increased voluntary feed intake. Feeding BF-based silage had little effect on serum constituents, electrolytes, enzymes, or the blood cell profiles of fattening steers, except for low serum Ca and high blood urea concentrations (p<0.05). Feeding BF-based silage did not affect cold carcass weight, yield traits such as back fat thickness, longissimus muscle area, yield index or yield grade, or quality traits such as meat color, fat color, texture, maturity, marbling score, or quality grade. However, it improved good quality grade (1+ and 1++) appearance rates (60% for the control group vs 100% for the BF-based silage-fed groups). In conclusion, cheap BF-based silage could be successfully used as a good quality roughage source for beef cattle.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.179-183
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• 1973

For the increase of protein content in the straw without detrimental effect on grain yield by top dressing with various nitrogen amount IR667 (Suwon 214) and Jinheung were grown under field condition and the value as feed was investigated by chemical analysis on the harvested straw. 1. In straw IR667 was higher in crude protein, crude fiber and ash, and lower in total carbohydrate than Jinheung, and crude fat content was not much different. 2. The contents of crude protein and total carbohydrate increased with nitrogen level but crude fiber, crude fat and ash decreased, and those phenomena were clear in IR667. 3. The content of phosphorus in straw decreased with increasing nitrogen level more clearly in Jinheung. 4. Protein content was greatly increased in brown rice and calcium content tended to decrease with the increase of nitrogen application amount. 5. Country mean of crude protein in straw was 4.06% much lower than that of mixed wild grasses and forages (6.71) but crude protein could be increased above that of wild sources, moreover with grain yield increase by the improvement of nitrogen fertilizer application.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.13 no.1 s.18
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• pp.1-10
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• 1974

The activities of pectolytic and cellulolytic enzymes produced from slices of ginseng root infected with Cylindrocarpon destructains(Zins.) Scholtern were proportional to each concentration and reaction time. Activities of cellulase(Cx), endo-polygalacturonase(endo-PG), endo-polymethylg-alacturonase(endo-PMG), exo-polygalacturonase(exe-PG), and exe-polymethylgalacturonase(exo-PMG) were maximum on the 4th day after inoculation. No endo-PG and endo-PMG were detected at the first and second days, while exo-PG exo-PMG were active. On the 6th day, all pectic enzymes were completely lost, whereas Cx remained at a high concentration. pH optima of Cx, endo-PG, endo-PMG, exo-PG, and exo-PMG were 6.0, 5.5, 8.0, 7.0 to 7.5, and 8.5, respectively. Temperature optima of Cx, endo-PG, endo-PMG exo-PG, and exo-PMG were $66^{\circ}C\;53^{\circ}C\;41^{\circ}C\;37^{\circ}C\;and\;40^{\circ}C$, respectively. Cx was only inhibited by $0.05M\; Hg^{++}$ among 16 ions tested. Inhibitory effects of ions on pectolytic enzymes varied, however$M Fe^{+++}\;and\;0.05M\;Al^{+++}$ were the best in general. Among 8 fungicides, none of them inhibited all the enzymes studied at $0.1\%$, active ingredients. Exo-PG were highly inhibited by all of the fungicides, of which difolatan was the most inhibitory to all the pectic enzymes. $Ca^{++}\; at\; 0.02M\; and\;Fe^{+++}\;at\;0.02M$ completely inhibited all the pectolytic enzymes, and Cx was inhibited $30\%$ and $70\%$ at the same concentration, respectively Formalin almost inhibited exo-PG and exe-PMG at $0.8\%$ but not the other enzymes especially Cx. Difolatan at $0.8\%$ inhibited all the enzymes concerned above $80\%$. The cellulolytic and pectolytic enzymes of C. destructans must be closely associated with the ginseng root rot and should be inhibited to control the disease effectively.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.27 no.10
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• pp.1065-1072
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• 2004

Depression is associated with a dysfunctional serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) system. More recently, several lines of evidence suggest that an important factor in the development of depression may be a deficit in the function and expression of $5-HT_{1A}$ receptors. The present study assessed if Nelumbinis Semen (N. s.) had an anti-depression effect through reversing a decrease in $5-HT_{1A}$receptor binding in rats with depression-like symptoms induced by chronic mild stress. Using a $5-HT_{1A}$ receptor binding assay, with a specific $5-HT_{1A}$receptor agonist, 8- OH-DPAT (8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin), the mechanism of the anti-depression effect of N. s. on rats was investigated, and the effects compared with two well-known antidepressants, Hyperium Perforatum (St. Johns Wort) and fluoxetine (Prozac). Animals were divided into five groups: the normal (N) group without chronic mild stress (CMS), the control (C) group under CMS for 8 weeks, the Nelumbinis Semen (N. s.) treatment group under CMS for 8 weeks, the Hyperium Perforatum (H. p.) treatment group under CMS for 8 weeks and finally, the fluoxetine (F) treatment group under CMS for 8 weeks. Each treatment was administered to rats during the last 4 weeks of the 8-week CMS. A sucrose intake test was performed to test the anti-depression effect of N. s. The N. s. treatment significantly reversed the decreased sucrose intake under CMS (P<0.05 compared to control group under CMS). In the CA2 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus, both N. s. and H. p. reversed the CMS-induced decrease in $5-HT_{1A}$receptor binding. In the I to II regions of the frontal cortex, N. s. and H. p. also reversed the CMS-induced decrease in$5-HT_{1A}$receptor binding, and even showed a significant increase in $5-HT_{1A}$receptor binding compared to the F treatment group (N. s. vs. P, p<0.05, H. p. vs. P, p<0.05). However, in the hypothalamus, all treatments reversed the CMSinduced decrease in $5-HT_{1A}$receptor binding. This reversal effect of N. s. on the decrease in $5-HT_{1A}$receptor binding in the frontal cortex, hippocampus and hypothalamus of rat brains was very similar to that of H. p, but different from that of F. It is concluded that N. s. presents an anti-depression effect through enhancing $5-HT_{1A}$receptor binding.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.36-43
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• 2013

Aralia elata Seem. have a typical traditional significance among the wild herbs traditionally. Edible shoots of A. elata will augment consumer's interest due to its high value functional value, eco-friendly and pesticide-free produce. A. elata's root, fruit and bark are used as material of hypoglycemic agent and medicine for diabetes, kidney trouble, acute hepatitis, rheumation arthritis, stomach cancer and gastroenteric trouble. Flavonoid glycoside compound which is separated from A. elata's shoot shows high antioxidative activity. Also, root's identified active materials of antimicrobial was reported to be produced as food preservative and handy antimicrobial. Therefore, this research investigated quantitative morphological characteristics of leaves, spine and bud in naturally dominated and introducted A. elata in south Korea and then considered its principal compound analysis(PCA) and classification analysis(CA) among the 6 improved cultivars and 19 clones. PCA results showed that it show 76% accumulated explanation from four PC. The A. elata clones were classified into five groups; the first group of 15 clones including Yeongok, the second group of 5 clones including Yeoju, the third group of Bonghwa, Ulleung, the fourth group of Yongmunsa, Boseong and the fifth group of Singu. The object of this study will give us invaluable information about breeding by selection of A. elata in south Korea.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.240-245
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• 2001

Suppression of nitrate accumulation in vegetables through foliar application of micronutrients was investigated. Spinach and lettuce were grown in pots under greenhouse condition. Micronutrient solutions containing Cu, Mn, Mo, and Zn were used; chitosan was added into one and the other contained chitosan oligomers. The micronutrient solutions were sprayed on the leaves at 3 and 4 weeks after transplanting of 20-day-old seedlings. Plants were harvested at 5-weeks after transplanting. Yield, contents of chlorophyll, Brix value, micronutrient, and nitrate, and nitrate reductase activity were measured. Fresh weights of lettuce and spinach were significantly increased by the foliar application of micronutrients. Contents of chlorophyll and micronutrients were higher in micronutrient-treated plants, while those of nitrate were reduced by about 10 and 14-23% in lettuce and spinach, respectively. Compared to the control plants, nitrate reductase activity was higher in plants treated with micronutrients. Results of this study indicate the effect of micronutrients on the suppression of nitrate accumulation was relatively small in comparison to the contents of nitrate in leaves of spinach and lettuce. To maximize the effect, nutrient composition in solution, application time, and frequency should be further examined, taking into consideration nitrogen level in soil and other environmental factors including light condition.