• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.27-38
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• 2002

This study estimates the social cost of the traffic congestion of the Express highway from Seoul to Pusan during the New Year holiday in 1999. Considering inelastic demand and the hyper congestion, we show the congestion cost can be estimated as externalities caused by traffics which exceed the road capacity. Due to the congestion, it is estimated that it took about 12.40 hours more from Seoul to Pusan. The congestion is also estimated to have caused fuel cost of 0.6 billion won. time cost of 43.6 billion won and environmental cost of 0.5 billion won. The total cost reached up to 44.8 billion won.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.174-178
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• 1997

Matrix producing carcinoma of the breast is a variant of heterologous metaplastic carcinoma which is defined as "overt carcinoma with direct transition to a cartilaoenous and/or osseous stromal matrix without an intervening spindle cell zone or osteoclastic cells". This tumor is very rare, occuring in less than 0.2% of total breast carcinoma, but the prognosis is better than other metaplastic carcinoma. We experienced a case of fine needle aspiration(FNA) cytologic finding of matrix producing carcinoma of the breast. A 75-year old woman, who presented a right huge breast mass$(9{\times}8cm)$ during 10months, was examined. Mammography reveals right lateral mass with even density without calcification. Breast ultrasonography shows multifocal hypoechogenic cystic change in the huge mass, suggesting resolving hematoma or carcinoma or sarcoma with necrosis. On cytologic finding of FNA, myxoid matrix was the dominant feature and the rest of the material was composed of scanty isolated atypical cells with large irregular nuclei. The histologic finding was moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma with abundant cartilagenous matrix and focal squamous metaplasia.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.280-284
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• 2005

Several biological activities of Rhododendron mucronulatum were investigated. The electron donating abilities of ethanol extracts of Rhododendron mucronulatum were more than 90% at 100 ppm, 500 ppm and 1,000 ppm. Xanthine oxidase was inhibition about 46% by the ethanol extracts of R. mucronulatum at 500 ppm 48% of tyrosinase activity relating to skin-whitening was shown at 1,000 ppm. Uniquely, the anti-microbial effects of water extract and ethanol extract were shown only on Staphylococcus aureus. The water extract 1 mg/disc showed the higher activity than ethanol extract. The growth inhibition effect of each sample on lung cancer (A549) and melanoma (B16F10) cell lines were over 70% at 1,000 ppm, while the effects on the melanoma (G361) and liver cancer (HepG2) were about 50% at the same concentration.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.160-167
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• 1991

Adenoid cystic carcinoma is a rare valiant of mammary cancer with better prognosis. The diagnosis is usually made by histologic examination of biopsy specimen. Recently, we have experienced a case of adenoid cystlc carcinoma initially diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology which revealed distinct cytologic features in a 45-year-old woman. Pink to red globules in the tumor cell clusters on Diff-Quik staining was a very helpful finding for cytologic diagnosis.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Postharvest Science and Technology of Agricultural Products Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.146.2-147
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• 2003

약용식물의 추출물을 식품 제조시에 첨가제로 사용할 목적으로 4종류의 약용식물을 추출하여 각 식물의 기능성을 조사하였다. 골담초, 당귀, 목통, 초피의 나무 줄기를 물과 70% 에탄올로서 추출하여 동결 건조한 후 항균작용, 항산화작용 및 아질산염소거능을 조사하였다. 각 시료의 물과 에탄올추출물의 식중독세균에 대한 항균작용은 그람음성균인 Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella sonnei에 대하여 억제 작용을 나타내지 않았다. 그러나 골담초와 당귀의 에탄을 추출물은 2％ 이상의 농도에서 그람양성균인 Listeria monocytogenes와 Staphylococcus aureus의 증식을 억제하였다. 각 시료 물추출물의 전자공여능은 500ppm이상의 농도에서 모두 60% 이상의 전자공여능을 나타내었다. 각 시료의 에탄을 추출물은 목통과 초피가 300ppm에서 70% 이상의 전자공여능으로 물추출물보다 우수하였고 골담초는 물추출물과 비슷한 수준이었으며 당귀는 물추출물보다 낮은 전자공여능을 나타내었다. 각 시료 추출물의 아질산염소거능은 물추출 1,000ppm, pH 1.2에서 당귀 38%, 골담초 40%, 목통35%의 소거능을 나타내었으며 초피가 50%로서 가장 우수한 아질산염소거능을 나타내었다. 각 시료에탄을 추출물의 아질산염소거능은 당귀와 골담초가 물추출물보다 약간 낮은 소거능을 나타낸 반면에 목통과 초피는 물추출물보다 높은 아질산염소거능을 나타내었는데, 특히 초피는 1,000ppm pH 1.2에서 66%의 우수한 아질산염소거능을 나타내었다.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.67 no.1
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• pp.55-81
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• 2015

With the psychological autopsy, an analytical method of backward reasoning for individual case of suicide, this study aims to investigate the causes and route of individual suicides in Korean rural areas, which has long had a bad reputation of world-wide high rate of suicide. The compound approach of the study which combines the psychological and socio-cultural aspects concerning suicide simultaneously, is able to make this study clearly distinguished from existing related inquires and results. Analysis of 25 suicide cases could make clear the typical characters of risky group of suicide in rural area and elucidate the obvious socio-cultural impact on suicide respective of several suicide type, for example, male and female elderly, homecoming youth etc. Then, the psycho-social interactive model to account for rural area suicide adequately could be established as a final result of the study. In addition, based on the findings of the study, several counter-plans to prevent the suicide-committing of the risky groups are suggested in short-term and long-term bases as well.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.103-110
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• 1970

It is important to point out that the percental mortality rate of the multiple pregnancy is almost twice of the single pregnancy due mainly to their prematurity and the mothers of twins will also be suffered from the plural births to nurse and take care of them. We therefore studied the incidence, the sex ratio, the types of deliveries, the complications and the percental mortality rate of the twin deliveries in order to promote the development of our field of maternal and child nursing. We selected our materials from the 112 patients who had been admitted and delivered twins in the department of OB. & Gyn. of the S.N.U. Hospital from Jan. 1962 to Dec. 1969. The abstructed results of this study were as follows. 1. The incidence of twins among 7, 731 births was 1:69 2. The occurrence of twins from elder multigravida was 4 to 6 times higher than younger primigravida mothers under 35 years of age. 3. The generational length of 45.5% of all twins was under 38 weeks and the mean birth weight of 1st and 2nd twins were 2, 354.7gm and 2, 215.8gm respectively. 4. The sex ratio of twins was 99 males and 124 females. 5. Presentation of twins: 59 cases (52.69%) were in both vertex. 37 cases (33.03%) in vertex plus breech. 15 cases (13.39%) in both breech and one case (0.89%) in transverse presentation. 6. For the types of deliveries Spontaneous deliveries were in 90 babies (40.6%) Breech extraction in 60 babies (26.3%) Vacuum used in 33 babies (15.0%) Cesarean section in 33 babies (9.8%) Forceps in 9 babies (4.2%) and others such as version and destructive measures in 9 babies (4.1%) 7. Intervals between the 1st and 2nd delivery were analyzed and 93% of 2nd twins were delivered within minutes after 1st delivery. 8. The main complications of twin deliveries were totemic (45.5%), second was postmarital hemorrhage (19.6%) and third was hydrations (7.1%) 9. The mean percental mortality of 1st and 2nd twins was 12.52% and 16.96% respectively of which main cause of death were their prematurity.

• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.17-30
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• 2001

The 7th Science Curriculum of Korea is applied in elementary schools from 2000, and the New Science Curriculum of Japan is applied in schools from 2002. In this study, we made a comparison between the 7th Science Curriculum of Korea and the New Science Curriculum of Japan in relation to Elementary school in aspects of construction, aim, and contents. The major findings of this study are as follows. 1. The New Science Curriculum of Japan presents a specific aim, treatment of content, and process skills according to grade, but the 7th Science Curriculum of Korea does not classify them according to grade. Hence the 7th Science Curriculum of Korea emphasize on the sequence between grades. 2. In aim of Science Curriculum, the 7th Science Curriculum of Korea show more emphasis on the practical application than the New Science Curriculum of Japan. 3. In construction of content, a area of science content is handled with gradual advance in several grades and several areas of content are treated in a grade in the 7th Science Curriculum of Korea. On the contrary, a area of content is treated intensively in a grade in the New Science Curriculum of Japan. Therefore, the 7th Science Curriculum of Korea shows more reflection of connection and hierarchy between grades. 4. The statements of the 7th Science Curriculum of Korea are centering around specific matters and include specific activities, but the New Science Curriculum of Japan focuses on concepts to team and does not state specific activities.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.48-58
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• 1975

대부분의 정신과적 위기 (자살시도.도주 공격적 파괴적행동.싸움 등)는 노여움이 원인이 되는데 심한 불안. 초초나 또는 규칙등을 위반하였을 때에. 고지식한 병원직원들의 마구 다툼에 의해서 자신의 권리나 존엄성을 모욕 받았다고 생각될 때 그것에 대한 반응으로 일어나게 된다. 이러한 환자들의 흥분및 공격적 파괴적 행동들에 대해서 우리 간호원들은 과연 겁내야 하며 곧 진정제를 투여하거나 강박의를 입혀야 하는가 하는 것이 이 연구의 촛점이다. 본인은 이러한 환자들의 위기상황에 성급한 행동들이 주어지기에 앞서 과학적이고 체계적인 간호적 이해가 따른다면 환자들의 태도는 휠씬 달라질 수 있을 것이라는 가정하에 국립정신 병원에서 1973년 6월 1일부터 9월30일까지 실험군 10명. 통제군 10명의 환자에게 관찰기 (5일). 간호기(5일). 후반기 (5일)로 나누어 실험군에는 간호기에 유효적절한 과학적 체계적 간호를 실시하고. 통제군에는 실시하지 않음으로써 그 효과도를 검증하였다. 환자의 치료에는 간호적 치료이외에도 약물요법, 정신치료. 충격요법 등 관계 요인이 많으므로. 이러한 기간동안의 환자의 행동변화가 간호적 치료 (Nursing Therapy)에 의해 변화된 것인가를 확인하기 위해 검증하였다. 그 결과는 다음과 같다. (P<.01) 표6. 7에서 관찰기. 간호기. 후반기 동안의 정신과 응급 행동의 빈도는, 실험군에서는 15.4. 7.0. 2.9 로 감소되어 p <.01의 수준에서 의미 있는 변화임이 밝혀졌고, 통제군에서는 10.6. 6.9. 6.6으로 행동빈도가 감소되었으나 p >.05의 수준에서 의미 있는 변화가 아님을 보이고 있다. 위의 결과들로 미루어 본 연구는 다음과 같은 결론을 내릴 수 있을 것이라고 생각한다. \circled1환자의 위기 행동에 관한 사전의 이해없이 무조건의 안정제 투여와 강박의 사용은 금해야 할 것이다. \circled2유효 적절한 자학적 체계적 간호치료 (Scientific & Systematic Nursing Therapy 로서 정신과적 위기는 해 결될 수 있을 것이다. \circled3간호원은 치료적 요원의 역할을 담당할 수 있을 것이다. 본 논문을 시종 지도하여 주신 이부영선생님과 조언을 주신 이은옥 선생님. 이귀향 선생님. 그리고 국립정신병원의 김종해선생님, 보건대학원의 이영환 선생님께 진심으로 감사를 드리며. 아울러, 실험에 협력하여 주신 모든 분들께도 감사를 드립니다.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to analyze Zhangjingxiu(張敬修 1823~1864), who made Keyuan(可園) in Lingnan, China, to find out how traditional gardens were created. This study focused on the analysis of the relationship between garden designer and space creation. To this purpose, the analysis was divided into garden designer life analysis, garden making background analysis, garden analysis as a space for interaction with local artists, garden analysis as art activity space for garden designer, and garden designer's unique garden creation. the results are as follow. Zhangjingxiu was born in Dongwan City in 1823, participated in the civil war at the age of 22(1845), returned home at the age of 26(1849) and made Keyuan. However, he again went through the Opium War(1856), and at the age of 38(1861) he returned home with a war-illness. A garden designer Zhangjingxiu died at the age of 41(1864). Since Zhangjingxiu was a soldier, he healed the wounds caused by the war and created a garden in order to realize the ideal world that Zhangjingxiu normally had. The garden making background can be found in the garden's name Keyuan(可園). Zhangjingxiu tried to express in the garden the meaning of 'there is nothing possible and nothing impossible in the world' learned through the war. Therefore, Zhangjingxiu named the garden housing and the lake as Gadang(可堂), Gaheon(可軒), Gajeong(可亭), Galu(可樓), and Gaho(可湖). In addition, he returned from the war and making a garden with love and filial piety for his mother. Zhangjingxiu left many poetry and oriental paintings in Keyuan with local artists. The places created as a base as a space to interact with local artists in the garden are 'Gaheon(可軒) and Galu(可樓)', and 'Chuwoljigwan(雛月池館) and Gajeong(可亭)'. In particular, Jasudae(滋樹臺), which can produce various miniascapes of orchids, is considered to be the core space of Zhangjingxiu's artistic space. Zhangjingxiu is considered to have become a famous garden by creating a very characteristic garden using Jasudae, Sokgasan(石假山) and Baewoldae(拜月臺) on the court in front of Gadang.