• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.57 no.9
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• pp.35.1-35.8
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• 2015

Background: An experiment was conducted in Vietnam to test the hypothesis that total dry matter (DM) intake and liveweight (LW) gain would increase in a curvilinear manner with increasing amounts of concentrate offered. Method: There were five treatments: a basal diet of Guinea grass fed at 1 % of LW and rice straw fed ad libitum (T0), or this diet supplemented with concentrate at 0.6 (T1), 1.2 (T2), 1.8 (T3), or 2.4 % of LW (T4). The concentrate comprised locally available ingredients, namely cassava chips, rice bran, crushed rice grain, fishmeal, salt, and urea, mixed manually. Results: Concentrate intake increased from T0 to T3, but there was no difference in concentrate intake between T3 and T4. Total feed intake increased in a curvilinear manner from 4.0 to 6.4 kg DM/d as the quantity of concentrate consumed increased. The substitution of concentrate for grass and rice straw increased with increasing consumption of concentrate and was as high as 0.49 kg DM reduction per kg of concentrate consumed. LW gain increased curvilinearly, with significant differences between T0 (0.092 kg/d), T1 (0.58 kg/d) and T2 (0.79 kg/d); but there were no significant differences in LW gain between T2, T3 (0.83 kg/d) and T4 (0.94 kg/d).With increasing amount of concentrate in the diet, the digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, and crude fat increased, but NDF digestibility decreased. Conclusion: Based on these results, young Vietnamese Brahman-cross growing cattle will respond to a locally-sourced concentrate mix offered at a level of up to 1.2 % of LW.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.9
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• pp.1268-1273
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• 2011

The present study was conducted to determine a feasible method of protein concentrate extraction from rice bran (RBPC) and its effect as a substitution for skim milk in early weaning pig diets. An investigation to extract protein concentrate from full fat rice bran was undertaken to determine the best ratio of water and rice bran, the amount of NaOH and a HCl solvent to use in a simple paddle-type mixer with modified spinning to produce RBPC. The results stated that the best ratio for water mixing in the RBPC extraction process was 1:5 with 20 g NaOH and 30 min in a paddle-type mixer at 300 rpm. A mix of 250 ml 0.2 N HCl was optimum for neutralization and protein precipitation. After the fluid was spun out with a washing machine, the sediment was left for 12-14 hours to complete the filtration. One kilogram of rice bran could produce an average of 324.5 gram RBPC and it contained 3.40% ash, 496.48 kcal of GE/100 gram, 1.94% crude fiber, 28.20% ether extract, 7.64% moisture and 16.66% crude protein, respectively. A total of 45 crossbred piglets, weaned at 3 weeks of age were allotted into control diet (A) and dietary treatments formulated with a four different rates of RBPC substitution for skim milk at a percentage of 25 (B), 50 (C), 77 (D) and 100 (E) respectively, in a randomized complete block (RCB) design. All piglets had free access to feed and water until 8 week of age when the experiment ended. Feed intake, average daily gain, growth rate and feed efficiency were not affected by dietary treatments. Blood test parameters after completion of the growth trial indicated normal health. Even though the mean of cell hemoglobin concentration was significantly different between treatments (p<0.05) it was still within the normal range. The cost difference for BW gain of 100% RBPC substituted for skim milk in the weaning diet was approximately 35% lower than that of the control and the relative cost of production was 96.67, 92.85, 70.75 and 64.48% lower for the replacement of 25, 50, 75 and 100% of skim milk respectively. These results implied that this technology is feasible for use by small scale farmers to improve their self-reliance.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.329-335
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate physiological activities of chicory root (Cichorium intybus L. var. sativus). The anti-hepatotoxic activity of roasted chicory was studied using primary cultured rat hepatocytes where cytotoxicity was induced by galactosamine. The water extract of roasted chicory did not induced of cytotoxicity in primary cultured rat hepatocytes. Treatment with 5 mM galactosamin for 5.0 hr showed maximum increase in activity of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) released in the medium. The water extract of roasted chicory inhibited significantly and dose-dependently the release of LDH activity increased by galactosamine-induced cytotoxity. The antidiabetic activity of water extract of roasted chicory was examined in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. The increased blood glucose level in the streptozotocin induced diabetic rats was significantly decreased by the administration of chicory extract (800 mg/kg). Chicory water extract (800 mg/kg) prevented weight losses in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. The antimutagenic activities of chicory water extract were tested using Salmonella thyphimurium YG 1024 as tester strains and 2-aminofluorence as a potent carcinogen in the presence of S-9 mix. No mutagenic activities of the water extracts of roasted chicory were observed on all the tested strains at dose $10{\sim}5,000$ ${\mu}/g$ per plate. Water extract of roasted chicory did not inhibit the mutagencities of Salmonella thyphimurium YG 1024 induced by 2-aminofluorene.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.182-192
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• 2004

Gamma irradiation at 5 and 10 kGy was applied to Kwamegi (semi-dried Colobabis seira) for their possible hygiene quality and carried out genotoxicological safety. In vitro genotoxicological safety of each 5 and 10 kGy-irradiated Kwamegi was evaluated by Salmonella typhimurium (TA98, TA100, TA1535 and TA1537) and E. coli WP2 uvrA reversion assay, SOS chromotest (Escherichia coli PQ37) and chromosome aberration test (Chinese hamster lung fibroblast cells) in the absence and presence of an exogenous metabolizing system (S9 mix). Gamma-irradiated samples were not different from nonirradiated-control to respective in vitro tests. And in vivo micronucleus test using ICR mice (male) micronucleus was not observed. Kwamegi exposed to 10 kGy-gamma ray revealed negative results in these three in vitro mutagenetic tests and in vivo micronucleus test up to 10,000 $\mu\textrm{g}$/plate, respectively. The results indicated that 5 and 10 kGy gamma-irradiated Kwamegi (semi-dried Colobabis seira) did not have mutagenicity.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.1288-1294
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• 1997

For screening antimutagenic effects, the effects of 95 medicinal plants on the mutagenicity of aflatoxin $B_1$ $(AFB_1)$ and benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P] were investigated using the SOS chromotest with Escherichia coli PQ37. The mutagenicity induced by $AFB_1$ or B(a)P was reduced over 26% by 2 kinds and 8 kinds of medicinal plant, respectively. Eight plants (Bupleurum falcatum, Corydalis ternata, Gasfrodia elata, Ostericum koreanum, Pinellia ternatia, Poncirus trifoliata, Prunus armeniaca and Rehmannia glutinosa) were also shown to have inhibitory effects on both $AFB_1$ and B(a)P. The mutagenicity induced by $AFB_1$ or B(a)P was increased over 20% by 46 kinds and 2 kinds, respectively, and 8 medicinal plants (Chrysanthemum indicum, Cinnamomum cassia, Cyperus rotundus, Morus bombycis, Patrinia scabiosaefolia, Petasites japonicus, Polygonum multiflorium, Thyja orientalis) increased significantly the mutagenicity of both mutagens. However the 8 plants themself did not show the mutagenicity in SOS Chromotest with S-9 mix alone. This result suggests that the above 8 plants may have the co-mutagenic activities. In two bacterial mutation system, SOS Chromotest and Ames test, the mutagenic or antimutagenic activities of some medicinal plants wire similar except Ostricum koreanum, Eugenia caryophyllata and Scutellaria baicalensis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.28-36
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• 2018

There was a difference in recognition of respirators according to the educational performance environment. they were showed higher recognition of respirators of group by internal and external mix trainer, less than 6 months, over 1hour, more than 5 times, variety of education. To identify the relationship between types of job classification(typical and atypical)and the levels of recognition of respirators, a total of 153 workers in a business workplace. mainly, typical workers showed higher recognition of respirators than atypical workers. Training of correct wearing showed high demands both typical and atypical workers. Descriptive statistics(SAS ver 9.2)was performed. the results of recognition of respirators were analyzed the mean and standard deviation by t-test, and anova, fit factor is used geometric means(geometric standard deviation), paired t-test, Wilcoxon analysis(P=0.05). Particulate filtering facepiece respirators (PFFR) is one of the most widely used items of personal protective equipments, and a tight fit of the respirators on the wearers is critical for the protection effectiveness. In order to effectively protect the workers through the respirators, it is important to find and evaluate the ways that can be readily applicable at the workplace to improve the fit of the respirators. This study was designed to evaluate effects of mask style (cup or foldable type) and donning training on fit factors (FF) of the respirators, since these are available at various workplace, especially at small business workplace. A total of 40 study subjects, comprised of employment type workers in metalworking industries, were enrolled in this study. The FF were quantitatively measured before and after training related to the proper donning and use of cup or foldable-type respirators. The pass/fail criterion of FF was set at 100. After the donning training for the cup-type mask, fit test were increased by 769%. but foldable-type mask was also increased after the donning training, the GM of FF for the foldable-type mask and it's increase rate were smaller as compared to the cup-type mask. Furthermore, the differences of the increase rates of the GM of FF in employment type of the subjects were not significantly for the foldable-type mask. These results imply that the raining on the donning and use of PFFR can enhance the protection effectiveness of cup or foldable-type mask, and that the training effects for the foldable-type mask is less significant than that for the cup-type mask. Therefore, it is recommended that the donning training and fit tests should be conducted before the use of the PFFR, and listening to workers opinion regularly.

• The Korean Journal of Franchise Management
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.31-43
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• 2022

Purpose: Service quality is a topic of constant interest in marketing research and practitioners. Service quality is an important factor influencing performance even in the context of coffee shops, and research on service quality management strategies continues by coffee shop researchers and practitioners. The service quality of coffee shops is a source of competitive advantage and is an important factor in enhancing customer and business performance. This study aims to identify the effects of cognitive evaluation on emotional and behavioral responses using a cognitive-emotional-behavioral framework and SOR model in the coffee shop context. Cognitive evaluation (service quality) consists of tangibles, responsiveness, assurance, reliability, and empathy dimensions. Research design, data, and methodology: In the proposed model, positive and negative emotions and satisfaction mediate the relationship between service quality and money to spend and visit frequency. The data were collected from customers who visited a coffee shop within the last 1 month. The survey was conducted for about one month. Among a total of 300 distributed questionnaires 261 responses were used for data analysis. The data were analyzed using frequency analysis, measurement model analysis, and structural equation modeling analysis with SPSS 28.0 and SmartPLS 4.0. Results: Tangibles, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy had significant positive effects on positive emotion, while only reliability had a significant negative effect on negative emotion. Both positive and negative emotions had significant positive effects on customer satisfaction, but not on money to spend and visit frequency. Lastly, customer satisfaction had significant positive effects on money to spend and visit frequency. Conclusions: The study revealed the relative weight of cognitive factors on customer emotions and confirmed the validity of SOR model. The fact that tangibility is the most important factor in increasing positive emotions and reliability is the most important factor in reducing negative emotions provides a direction for emotional branding strategies using the service quality mix of coffee shops. This study confirmed the full mediating role of satisfaction between positive and negative emotions and consumer behaviors (money to spend and visit frequency). This infers that when a coffee shop increases customer satisfaction through customer emotion management, the customer's money to spend and visit frequency in the coffee shop increases.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.584-596
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• 1994

The objective of the study is to explore the relationships between the variables of nursing productivity on the framework of system del in the tertiary university based care hospital in Korea. Productivity is basically defined as the relation-ship between inputs and outputs. Under the proposition that the nursing unit is a system that produces nursing care output using personal and material resources through the nursing intervention and nursing care management. And this major conception of nursing productivity system comproises input, process and output and feed-back. These categorized variables are essential parts to produce desirable and meaningful out-put. While nursing personnel from head nurse to staff nurses cooperate with each other, the head nurse directs her subordinates to achieve the goal of nursing care unit. In this procedure, the head nurse uses the leadership of authority and benevolence. Meantime nursing productivity will be greatly influenced by environment and surrounding organizational structures, and by also the operational objectives, the policy and standards of procedures. For the study of nursing productivity one sample hospital with 15 general nursing care units was selected. Research data were collected for 3 weeks from May 31 to June 20 in 1993. Input variables were measured in terms of both the served and the server. And patient classification scores were measured drily by degree of nursing care needs that indicated patent case-mix. And also nurses' educational period for profession and clinical experience and the score of nurses' personality were measured as producer input variables by the questionnaires. The process varialbes act necessarily on leading input resources and result in desirable nursing outputs. Thus the head nurse's leadership perceived by her followers is defined as process variable. The output variables were defined as length of stay, average nursing care hours per patient a day the score of quality of nursing care, the score of patient satisfaction, the score of nurse's job satis-faction. The nursing unit was the basis of analysis, and various statistical analyses were used : Reliability analysis(Cronbach's alpha) for 5 measurement tools and Pearson-correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis, and canonical correlation analysis for the test of the relationship among the variables. The results were as follows : 1. Significant positive relationship between the score of patient classification and length of stay was found(r=.6095, p.008). 2. Regression coefficient between the score of patient classification and length of stay was significant (β=.6245, p=.0128), and variance explained was 39%. 3. Significant positive relationship between nurses’ educational period and length of stay was found(r=-.4546, p=.044). 5. Regression coefficient between nurses' educational period and the score of quality of nursing care was significant (β=.5600, p=.029), and variance explained was 31.4%. 6. Significant positive relationship between the score of head nurse's leadership of authoritic characteristics and the length of stay was found (r=.5869, p=.011). 7. Significant negative relationship between the score of head nurse's leadership of benevolent characteristics and average nursing care hours was found(r=-.4578, p=.043). 8. Regression coefficient between the score of head nurse's leadership of benevolent characteristics and average nursing care hours was significant(β=-.6912, p=.0043), variance explained was 47.8%. 9. Significant positive relationship between the score of the head nurse's leadership of benevolent characteristics and the score of nurses' job satis-faction was found(r=.4499, p=050). 10. A significant canonical correlation was found between the group of the independent variables consisted of the score of the nurses' personality, the score of the head nurse's leadership of authoritic characteristics and the group of the dependent variables consisted of the length of stay, average nursing care hours(Rc²=.4771, p=.041). Through these results, the assumed relationships between input variables, process variable, output variables were partly supported. In addition it is also considered necessary that-further study on the relationships between nurses' personality and nurses' educational period, between nurses' clinical experience including skill level and output variables in many research samples should be made.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.21-29
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• 2016

We mix food waste leachate and sewage sludge by the proportion of 1:9, 3:7 and 5:5. It turns out that they produced 233, 298 and 344 $CH_4{\cdot}mL/g{\cdot}VS$ of methane gas. The result suggests that as the mixing rate of food waste leachate rises, the methane gas productions increases as well. And more methane gas is made when co-digesting sewage sludge and food waste leachate based on the mixing ratio, rather than digesting only sewage sludge alone. Modified Gompertz and Exponential Model describe the BMP test results that show how methane gas are produced from organic waste. According to the test, higher the mixing rate of food waste leachate is, higher the methane gas productions is. The mixing ratio of food waste leachate that produces the largest volume of methane gas is 3:7. Modified Gompertz model and Exponential model describe the test results very well. The correlation values($R^2$) that show how the results of model prediction and experiment are close is 0.92 to 0.98.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.303-308
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• 2015

The consumption of leaf vegetables has been steadily increasing in Korea. Leaf vegetables are used for "Ssam (vegetable wrap-up), eaf vegetables has been steadily increasing in Korea. Leaf vegetables are used for asoned condiments inside several layers of young vegetable leaves. This study investigated the effect of air temperature on the growth and phytochemical contents of beet (Beta vulgaris L.) and Ssamchoo (Brassica lee L. ssp. namai) grown in a closed-type plant factory system where fluorescent lamps were used as an artificial light source. Seeds of beet and Ssamchoo were sown in a peat-lite germination mix. The roots of 20-day-old seedlings were washed, and the seedlings were planted on a styrofoam board and grown in hydroponic beds for 25 days under fluorescent light. Plants were exposed to one of three different air temperature regimes (20, 25 and $30^{\circ}C$ during the day combined with $18^{\circ}C$ during the night), which were monitored with a sensor at 30 cm above the plant canopy. Increased plant height and leaf area were observed in beet at $25^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$ compared to $20^{\circ}C$. For Ssamchoo, the greatest plant height, leaf area, fresh weight and dry weight were obtained at $20^{\circ}C$. Ascorbic acid content of beet and Ssamchoo leaves were highest at $30^{\circ}C$. In beet, total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were higher at $20^{\circ}C$ (42.4, $197.0mg{\cdot}g^{-1}DW$) and $25^{\circ}C$ (46.9, $217.0mg{\cdot}g^{-1}DW$) than $30^{\circ}C$ (22.4, $88.0mg{\cdot}g^{-1}DW$). In Ssamchoo, total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were also higher at $20^{\circ}C$ (79.2, $268.2mg{\cdot}g^{-1}DW$) and $25^{\circ}C$ (66.3, $258.3mg{\cdot}g^{-1}DW$), respectively, than $30^{\circ}C$ (53.7, $134.7mg{\cdot}g^{-1}DW$). Hence, the optimum temperature appears to be $20^{\circ}C$ for growing both beet and Ssamchoo in a closed-type plant factory system with fluorescent light.