• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.87 no.4
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• pp.549-556
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• 1998

To develop the effective methods of flowering stimulation, Hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa Sieh. et Zuec.) grafts growing in a seed orchard and in a clone bank in Southern Breeding Station of Cheju were applied with gibberellin treatments, and predicted the seed production potential. In the seed orchard, $GA_{4/7}$ 1.5cc was injected into the stem of drafts and sprayed whale tree crown with $GA_3$ 300ppm and $GA_{4/7}$ 300ppm. Un the other hand, in the clonal archives, drafts were given intrusion of $GA_{4/7}$ 1.5cc into the excised and open inner part of bark wind $GA_3$ 20mg and sprayed with $GA_3$ 300ppm. Additionally, grafts growing in the seed orchard were treated with gibberellins at 3 different periods of time and 3 different treatments during the growing season. The results obtained here are summarized as follows : 1. All of the applications of Gilbberellin promoted female flower formation. Among these, the treatment of intrusion of $GA_{4/7}$ 1.5cc into the excised and open inner part of bark was racist effective, followed by the spraying of $GA_3$ 300ppm. Similarly, the applications of gibberellin promoted male flower formation. 2. Regarding the time of applications, treatment on August 15 was more effective than those of August 31 and September 11 in the stimulation of female flowers. On the contrary, there was no significant difference in the number of male flowers among 3 different time treatments. 3. It was supposed that the application of the intrusion of $GA_{4/7}$ 1.5cc into the excised and open inner part of bark on August 15 showing the best effect in female flower formation can produce 22.12kg seeds per ha. 4. Considerable significant difference existed among clones for both female and male flower formations. 5. Flower formation, especially female flower formation, seemed to be partially associated with the genetic potential of individual trees.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.8
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• pp.1086-1091
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• 2011

Anti-oxidative activity and tyrosinase inhibitory activity of various ethanol extracts of Polygoni multiflori radix (PMR) and Cynanchi wilfordii radix (CWR) were compared to identify an anti-oxidant and whitening agent source from nature. We conducted an investigation into the anti-oxidant activities of PMR and CWR ethanol extracts by measuring total polyphenol content, total flavonoid content, and ABTS radical capacity. The total polyphenol contents of PMR and CWR were 17.31${\pm}$0.54 mg GA/eq g, and 2.75${\pm}$0.22 mg GA/eq g, respectively. The total flavonoid contents of PMR and CWR were 6.38${\pm}$0.39 mg naringine/eq g, and 1.34${\pm}$0.09 mg naringine/eq g, respectively. The 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical decolorization of PMR and CWR were 96.89${\pm}$0.21% at 1 mg/mL and 93.49${\pm}$0.76% at 50 mg/mL. Melanoma cells were cultured with the PMR and CWR ethanol extracts for 48 hr, and total melanin content as a final product and the activity of tyrosinase, a key enzyme, in melanogenesis, were estimated. The PMR and CWR ethanol extracts increased melanin content and tyrosinase activity in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that PMR and CWR ethanol extracts could be useful as a skin whitening agent.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.544-556
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• 2011

This study investigated how elementary schoolers (n=159, 9~11 years) and middle schoolers (n=176, 13~15 years) perceived maternal parenting style dimensions, both general and child-feeding related, and whether these dimensions are associated with the subject's food behaviors. The exploratory factor analysis resulted in a solution of 10 parenting dimensions (reasonable guidance, affection and involvement, achievement expectation, clear behavioral regulation, criticism and anger, overprotection, psychological punishment, harsh punishment, punish by withdrawal of child's privileges, and lack of punishment) and 8 child-feeding dimensions (portion control, restriction, pressure to eat, monitor, undesirable model, desirable model, discourage unhealthful eating, and encourage healthful eating) with 49 and 43 items, respectively. Three parenting styles, authoritarian, permissive, and authoritative, were extracted via a second factor analysis using the 10 parenting dimensions. The correlation analysis indicated that authoritarian style was positively correlated with 'restriction' and 'undesirable model', while permissive style was negatively correlated with 'encourage healthful eating' in both groups. Authoritative style was strongly associated with all of the child-feeding dimensions except for 'undesirable model'. For food behaviors, the more likely elementary schoolers and middle schoolers perceived their mothers as authoritarian and permissive, respectively, the more unhealthful foods were consumed. The consumption frequency of healthful foods increased as mothers were perceived to be authoritative. More elementary schoolers of authoritative mothers ate meals with parents. Findings suggest that maternal parenting styles and dimensions, child-feeding dimensions, and child's food behaviors are associated. It may be that authoritarian and permissive styles are more detrimental for elementary schoolers and middle schoolers, respectively, whereas authoritative style is beneficial for both groups in terms of subject's food behaviors.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.538-543
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• 2011

This study was conducted for the antihyperlipidemic effect of ethanol extract from Portulaca oleracea in high fat diet-induced obese mice after having injected the ethanol extract from Portulaca oleracea to the obese mice with high fat diet. The 30 six-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were divided into 3 groups of 10 and fed for 5 weeks to be obese with high fat diet. Thereafter, for 4 weeks, ethanol extract from Portulaca oleracea was provided through oral injection to the 3 groups: control group (HFD), group injected with 75 mg/kg of ethanol extract from Portulaca oleracea (HFD+POE 75) and the group injected with 125 mg/kg of ethanol extract from Portulaca oleracea (HFD+POE 125). The serum and liver lipid and the alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) activity were measured. The result showed that there was no significant difference in weight gain and feed intake, and the feed efficiency ratio was significantly low in the group provided with ethanol extract from Portulaca oleracea. Serum total cholesterol was significantly low in the group of ethanol extract from Portulaca oleracea (HFD+POE 125). It appeared that all the groups provided with ethanol extract from Portulaca loeracea reduced plasma triglyceride significantly according to the ethanol extract from Portulaca oleracea dose. There was no dose dependency of HDL-cholesterol to the dose of ethanol extract of Portulaca oleracea. LDL-cholesterol was low in the group dosed with high ethanol extract from Portulaca oleracea (HFD+POE 125). There was difference of total cholesterol, triglyceride and total lipid contents in liver. AI (atherogenic index) and CRF (cardiac risk factor) were significantly low in the group with high dose of ethanol extract from Portulaca oleracea (HFD+POE 125). There was no difference of serum AST activity, however, serum ALT activity was significantly low in the group with high dose of ethanol extract from Portulaca oleracea (HFD+POE 125).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.8
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• pp.1172-1178
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the status of a school foodservice menu evaluation and the perception of the school's dietitian on menu evaluation. Questionnaires were distributed to 448 school dietitians with an official letter, and a total of 292 responses were used for analysis. More than 90% of the respondents stated that a menu evaluation for the school foodservice was necessary. The major barriers to menu evaluation were "excessive workload" and a "lack of know-how", and the expected benefits were "increased satisfaction of customers" and "increased foodservice efficiency". The menu evaluation for "student preferences", "health improvement", and "ease of quality management" categories were performed in more than 45% of schools. The proportion of subjects who answered that "customer satisfaction" and "increased efficiency of foodservice" were expected benefits of menu evaluation were significantly higher in the menu evaluation group (p<0.05).

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.141-156
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• 2008

Market structure analysis is a very useful tool to analyze the competition boundary of the brand or the company. But most of the studies in market structure analysis, the concern lies in nondurable goods such as candies, soft drink and etc. because of the their availability of the data. In the field of durable goods, the limitation of the data availability and the repurchase time period constrain the study. In the analysis of the automobile market, those of views might be more persuasive. The purpose of this study is to analyze the structure of automobile market based on some idea suggested by prior studies. Usually the buyers of the automobile tend to buy upper tier when they buy in the next time. That kind of behavior make it impossible to analyze the structure of automobile market under the level of automobile model. For that reason I tried to analyze the market structure in the brand or company level. In this study, consideration data was used for market structure analysis. The reasons why we used the consideration data are summarized as following. Firstly, as the repurchase time cycle is too long, brand switching data which is used for the market analysis of nondurable good is not avaliable. Secondly, as we mentioned, the buyers of the automobile tend to buy upper tier when they buy in the next time. We used survey data collected in the U.S.A. market in the year of 2005 through questionaire. The sample size was 8,291. The number of brand analyzed in this study was 9 among 37 which was being sold in U.S.A. market. Their market share was around 50%. The brands considered were BMW, Chevrolet, Chrysler, Dodge, Ford, Honda, Mercedes, and Toyota. �� ratio was derived from frequency of the consideration set. Actually the frequency is different from the brand switch concept. In this study to compute the �� ratio, the frequency of the consideration set was used like a frequency of brand switch for convenience. The study can be divided into 2 steps. The first step is to build hypothetical market structures. The second step is to choose the best structure based on the hypothetical market structures, Usually logit analysis is used for the choice best structure. In this study we built 3 hypothetical market structure. They are type-cost, cost-type, and unstructured. We classified the automobile into 5 types, sedan, SUV(Sport Utility Vehicle), Pickup, Mini Van, and Full-size Van. As for purchasing cost, we classified it 2 groups based on the median value. The median value was $28,800. To decide best structure among them, maximum likelihood test was used. Resulting from market structure analysis, we find that the automobile market of USA is hierarchically structured in the form of 'automobile type - purchasing cost'. That is, result showed that automobile buyers considered function or usage first and purchasing cost next. This study has some limitations in the analysis level and variable selection. First, in this study only type of the automobile and purchasing cost were as attributes considered for purchase. Considering other attributes is very needful. Because of the attributes considered, only 3 hypothetical structure could be analyzed. Second, due to the data, brand level analysis was tried. But model level analysis would be better because automobile buyers consider model not brand. To conduct model level study more cases should be obtained. That is for acquiring the better practical meaning, brand level analysis should be conducted when we consider the actual competition which occurred in the real market. Third, the variable selection for building nested logit model was very limited to some avaliable data. In spite of those limitations, the importance of this study lies in the trial of market structure analysis of durable good.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.14-20
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• 2014

Objectives: Several studies suggest that nocturia may be related to obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). The mechanism by which OSAS develops nocturia has not been determined. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of nocturia among adults with OSAS and to identify factors that may be predictive in this regard. Methods: Retrospective review of clinical and polysomnographic data obtained from patients evaluated at the sleep clinics of the St. Paul's Hospital between 2009 and 2012. The urinary symptoms were assessed on the basis of the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS). Pathologic nocturia was defined as two or more urination events per night. OSAS was defined as apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) ${\geq}5$. A multivariate analysis using logistic regression was performed to examine the relationship between polysomnographic variables and the presence of pathologic nocturia, while controlling for confounding factor. Results: A total of 161 men >18 years of age (mean age $46.7{\pm}14.1$), who had been referred to a sleep laboratory, were included in the present study. Among these, 27 patients with primary snoring and 134 patients with obstructive sleep apnea were confirmed by polysomnography. Nocturia was found in 53 patients with OSAS (39.6%) and 8 patients with primary snoring (29.6%). The AHI was higher in patients with nocturia than in those without nocturia (p=0.001). OSAS patients with nocturia had higher arousal index (p=0.044), and lower nadir oxyhemoglobin saturation (p=0.001). Multiple regression analysis showed that age (${\beta}$=0.227, p=0.003), and AHI (${\beta}$=0.258, p=0.001) were associated with nocturia, and that the presence of pathologic nocturia was predicted by age (OR 1.04 ; p=0.004) and AHI (OR 1.02 ; p=0.001). Conclusion: Nocturia is common among patients with OSAS. The strongest predictors of nocturia are age and AHI in patients with OSAS.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.5-13
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• 2014

Objectives: Depression, sleep complaints and cognitive impairments are commonly observed in the elderly. Elderly subjects with depressive symptoms have been found to show both poor cognitive performances and sleep disturbances. However, the relationship between sleep complaints and cognitive dysfunction in elderly depression is not clear. The aim of this study is to identify the association between sleep disturbances and cognitive decline in late-life depression. Methods: A total of 282 elderly people who underwent nocturnal polysomnography in a sleep laboratory were enrolled in the study. The Korean version of the Neuropsychological Assessment Battery developed by the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD-K) was applied to evaluate cognitive function. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the geriatric depression scale (GDS) and subjective sleep quality was measured using the Pittsburg sleep quality index (PSQI). Results: The control group ($GDS{\leq}9$) when compared with mild ($10{\leq}GDS{\leq}16$) and severe ($17{\leq}GDS$) depression groups, had significantly different scores in the Trail making test part B (TMT-B), Benton visual retention test part A (BVRT-A), and Stroop color and word test (SCWT)(all tests p<0.05). The PSQI score, REM sleep duration, apnea-hypopnea index and oxygen desaturation index were significantly different across the three groups (all indices, p<0.05). A stepwise multiple regression model showed that educational level, age and GDS score were predictive for both TMT-B time (adjusted $R^2$=35.6%, p<0.001) and BVRT-A score (adjusted $R^2$=28.3%, p<0.001). SCWT score was predicted by educational level, age, apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and GDS score (adjusted $R^2$=20.6%, p<0.001). Poor sleep quality and sleep structure alterations observed in depression did not have any significant effects on cognitive deterioration. Conclusion: Older adults with depressive symptoms showed mild sleep alterations and poor cognitive performances. However, we found no association between sleep disturbances (except sleep apnea) and cognitive difficulties in elderly subjects with depressive symptoms. It is possible that the impact of sleep disruptions on cognitive abilities was hindered by the confounding effect of age, education and depressive symptoms.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.389-396
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to compare the microtensile bonding strength of chemomechanically excavated dentin($Carisolv^{TM}$) to conventional caries removal(bur). The following adhesive systems were used; AB: All-Bond 2(3M, USA), PB: Prime & Bond 2.1(Dentsply, DE), AQ: AQ Bond(sun medical, Japan). 42 human molars with occlusal caries were assigned to 6 groups. Sequential caries removal was controlled with laser fluorescence. Each group was devided as follows; group A, B, C were $Carisolv^{TM}$ applied, group D,E,F were bur used. In group A and D, AB was used as a dentin adhesive. group B,E and group C,F was AQ and AQ was used each. The cavity was filled with composite resin(Z-100). The specimens were sectioned vertically into multiple serial 0.7 mm thick slabs. And then those slabs were sectioned into rectangular parts under 0.7 mm width. Finally 0.7-1.0 mm a right hexahedron shape stick become. Microtensile bonding test was carried out with testing apparatus at cross-head speed of $0.5\;mm/min^{-1}$ and fractured surfaces were observed with scanning electron microscope(JSM-6400, Jeol, Japan). The obtained results were summarized as follows ; 1. In the group of caries removal with $Carisolv^{TM}$, micro-tensile bonding strength decreased to $75.8{\sim}80$ percent of bur used group. 2. In the group of caries removal with $Carisolv^{TM}$, decreased degree of micro-tensile bonding strength is not so different in 3 kinds of dentin adhesives(p<0.05). 3. In the group of caries removal with $Carisolv^{TM}$, microtensile bonding strength of AB, PB, AQ was 32.6MPa(2.4), 30.1Mpa (1.8), 21.2Mpa(1.9). 4. In the group of caries removal with Bur and $Carisolv^{TM}$, microtensile bonding strength of AQ was significantly lower than that of AB and PB(p<0.01).

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.439-443
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to analyze the parental consultation. Also, it was to investigate the tendency divided into different subjects. The subjects were 2142 questions on korean academy of pediatric dentistry homepage. The questions were categorized into 7 subjects, 37 subdivided subjects and children age. The results were as follows: 1. Age group was divided into $0{\sim}6months$, $7{\sim}12months$, $13{\sim}24months$, $25{\sim}36months$, $3{\sim}6years$, $7{\sim}12years$ 12years and over 13 years. $13{\sim}24months$ and $3{\sim}6years$ age group had the largest number of questions. 2. The subject were growth & development, development disturbance & oral disease, behavior management, operative & endodontic treatment, dentition & occlusal guidance, traumatic injury & surgery and etc. Development disturbance & oral disease had the largest number of questions. 3. In subdivided subjects, operative & endodontic treatment showed the most, followed by development & eruption of teeth, traumatic injury, cross-bite, tooth brushing methods in sequence. 4. In age group within subdivided subjects, the most frequent question was neonatal & natal tooth in $0{\sim}6months$, development & eruption of teeth in $7{\sim}12months$, $13{\sim}24months$, operative & endodontic treatment in $25{\sim}36months$, $3{\sim}6years$, time & method of orthodontics in $7{\sim}12years$ and operative & endodontic treatment in over 13years. 5. The questions about cross-bite, traumatic injury and soft tissue disease were distributed evenly in age group.