• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.13-20
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• 2014

Objectives : Atotang was composed of 10 kinds of traditional medicinal herb. This research was performed to examine biological effects of Atotang for the development of prescription on atopic dermatitis. Methods : Atotang was extracted with 80% EtOH. Free radical scavenging assay has tested for anti-oxidative activity as well as the contents of total polyphenol. We observed the production of ROS, nitric oxide(NO) and the inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1beta(IL-${\beta}$), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-${\alpha}$), Prostaglandin E2($PGE_2$) in Raw 264.7 cells stimulated by LPS. We used Disc diffusion method to investigate antibacterial activity on Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermis. Result : Content of total phenolic compound of Atotang was 36.3 mg/g ext. DPPH and ABTS scavenging activities were 77% and 46% at 200 ug/ml respectively, showing dose-dependent increase. The amounts of ROS and NO in RAW 264.7 cells were decreased by 30% and 19% at 200 ug/ml, respectively, showing dose-dependent decrease. The prodcution of IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha in RAW 264.7 cells were decreased dose-dependently by 81%, 67%, and 20% at 200 ug/ml, respectively. Atotang was reduced LPS-stimulated production of $PGE_2$ by 33%. Atotang on C. albicans, S. aureus and S. epidermis was selected by a disc diffusion method and inhibition effect of the Atotang on the growth of S. epidermis was the greatest. Conclusion : The results indicated that Atotang showed biological activities showing anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects. Based on these results, it is concluded that Atotang can be applied to the prescription on atopic dermatitis.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.384-388
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• 1996

This research was conducted to investigate the effective methods for browning inhibition on yam (Dioscorea aimadeimo) during dehydration by physical and chemical pretreatments. Moisture, crude protein, crude fiber and N-free extract contents of yam were 81.17%, 1.43%, 0.29% and 15.81%, respectively. Yams were sliced to 0.5 cm thickness and placed to single and poly layer in plastic tray, and then changes of their weights were measured during air dehydration at $50^{\circ}C,\;65^{\circ}C,\;and\;80^{\circ}C$. The dehydration time reaching to optimum moisture level for the pulverization of the yam slices were 10, 6, 3 hours(single layered) and 12, 7, 5 hours(multi layered) at the respective temperature. To inhibit browning at $80^{\circ}C$ air dehydration, water and steam blanching, microwave treatment effects were investigated on yam slices for 30 sec. and 60 sec. Steam blanching for 30 sec. was comparatively effective to inhibit browning of yam slices. Yam slices were immersed in single and combined browning inhibitor solutions and evaluated for browing degree during dehydration by the values of Hunter L, a, b and ${\Delta}E$. The most effective pretreatment to inhibit browning of yam slices was immersion In the solution containing 500 ppm of citric acid and 1000 ppm of cysteine for 1 min.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.804-810
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• 2016

This study aimed to compare the quality characteristics of developed rice Jochung (E) with those of commercial-rice Jochung (A, B, C, and D). The total soluble solid, reducing sugar, and dextrose equivalent of developed rice Jochung were $80^{\circ}Brix$, 44.53%, and 56.94%, respectively. The pH and titrable acidity were 6.25 and 0.19%, respectively. The color difference value (${\Delta}E$) of developed rice Jochung was 74.42, which was significantly lower than the other samples investigated. The light transmittance and total polyphenol contents of developed rice Jochung were 56.4%T and 108.23 mg GAE/100 g, respectively. The adhesiveness values of various commercial-rice Jochung products were 29.0~66.0 sec, while that of developed-rice Jochung was 61 sec, showing good textural properties for use in manufacturing Hangwa, a Korean traditional cookie. The electron-donating values of various rice Jochung were 20.4~50.3%, among which the developed-rice Jochung showed the highest value. The reducing powers of various rice Jochung products were 0.44~0.72, while that of the developed product was 0.72, which was significantly higher than the other values. Sensory evaluation revealed that the color scores of developed- and commercial-rice Jochung products were 6.70~6.80. Flavor scores of rice Jochung products ranged from 6.00 to 7.00. Taste and mouth feeling scores of developed-rice Jochung did not significantly differ from those of commercial Jochung products. Compared to commercial-rice Jochung products, developed-rice Jochung made with malt extract exhibited high polyphenols content. However, there were no significant differences in the overall acceptability scores between commercial-rice Jochung products and the developed product. The developed-rice Jochung analyzed in this study may be useful as a traditional sweetener for various Hangwa products as a substitute for corn syrup or Jochung.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.655-666
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• 2020

This study evaluated the characteristics of arsenic production in groundwater through microbial community analysis of groundwater contaminated with high arsenic in Haman area. Groundwater in Haman area is contaminated with arsenic in the range of 0-757.2 ㎍/L, which represents the highest arsenic contamination concentration reported in Korea as natural groundwater pollution source. Of the total 200 samples, 29 samples (14.5%) showed higher arsenic concentration than that of 10 ㎍/L, which is the standard for drinking water quality, and 8 samples (4%) found in wells with 80-100 m depth were above 50 ㎍/L. In addition, seven wells with arsenic concentration more than 100 ㎍/L located in the northern part of Haman. As a result of microbial community analysis for high arsenic-contaminated groundwater, the microbial community compositions were significantly different between each sample, and Proteobacteria was the most dominant phyla with an average of 61.5%. At the genus level, the Gallinonella genus was predominant with about 12.8% proportion, followed by the Acinetobacter and Methermicoccus genus with about 7.8 and 7.3%, respectively. It is expected that high arsenic groundwater in the study area was caused by a complex reaction of geochemical characteristics and biogeochemical processes. Therefore, it is expected that the constructed information on geochemical characteristics and microbial communities through this study could be used to identify the origin of high arsenic groundwater and the development of its controlling technology.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.133-160
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• 1973

1. Introduction Community medicine with the concept of comprehensive medical care and an ideal medical care delivery system not only for an individual or family but for the whole community has emerged. In April 1970, the Presbyterian Medical Center started a hospital based community health service project in order to improve the health of the people in rural areas. Prior to commencing a comprehensive medical care system, a family survey was needed. The major objective of this survey was to obtain information concerning the people and their environment so as to be able to plan and implement a comprehensive medical care program in Soyang-Myun. 2. Survey Method An interview using a family record form was carried out for each household. This family record form was designed to get information about demography, family planning, environmental sanitation and vital statistics. Prior to beginning, the members of the survey team were trained in interviewing techniques for three days. The team consisted of a public health nurse, four nurse-aides, a sanitarian and four health extension workers who are working in our project, The survey was carried out during the period November 1971 to March 1972. 3. Project area 1) Population of Soyang-Myun was 11,668; male, 5,962 and female, 5,706. Sex ratio: 104.5. 2) Households : 1,858 3) Family size: The average household consisted of 6.3 persons. 4) Educational level of householder a. Illiterate 13% b. No schooling but able to read 10% c. Preschool children 19% d. Primary school 47% e. Middle school 7% f. High school 3% g. College or University 1% 5) Occupational distribution of householders a. Farmer 67% b. Laborer 13% c. Office worker 4% d. Merchant 4% e. Industrial worker 2% f. Unemployed 8% g. Miscellaneous 2% 6) Religious affiliation a. No religion 74% b. Buddhist 12% c. Protestant 10% d. Catholic 4% 4. Survey results Living Environment : a. Home ownership 95% b. Kinds of roofing Straw-thatched house 84% Tile-roofed house 10% Slate-roofed house 5% Other 1% c. Floor space Less than 6 pyong 10% 6-10 pyong 53% 11-15 pyong 24% 16-20 pyong 9% More than 20 pyong 4% d. Radio ownership 80% Environmental Sanitation : a. the source of drinking water public well 49% private well 30% drainage water 9% steam water 8% well pump 3% water distribution system 1% b. Distance between well and toilet more than 16meters 38% 6-10 meter 31% 11-15 meters 14% Less than 6 meters 17% c. The status of well management Bad 72% Fair 26% Good 2% d. General sanitary state of house Bad 37% Fair 51% Good 12% e. House drainage system had no house drainage. 77% Family Planning : a. 24% of the people have used contraceptives, but 12% ceased to use them. 76% have never used contraceptives. b. used methods 1oop 68% oral pill 16% vasectomy 4% condom 1% tubal ligation 1% two or more methods 10% Maternal Health : a. The number of conceptions of housewives under 50 years of age. 11 times 26% 6 times 11% 5 times 11% 4 times 9% b. The place of delivery own house 88% hospital 1% others 11% Treatment of general sickness : a. The place of treatment Soyang Health Center 31% Hospital (private or otherwise) 26% Pharmacy 14% Herb medicine 5% Private care 5% No treatment 12% Miscellaneous 7% b. Usual causes of diseases Unknown 46% Tuberculosis 29% Neuralgia 8% CVA 3% Bronchitis 3% Others 11%

• Electrical & Electronic Materials
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.243-251
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• 1994

ITO(Indium Tin Oxide) film with thickness of 1500.angs. was prepared by an e-beam evaporator onto a glass and a p-type InP wafer (100) LEC grown Zn-doped p=2.3*10$\^$16/cm$\^$-3/), in which the components of ITO used for evaporation source were hot pressed pellets 1 mole% ln$\_$2/O$\_$3/+9 mole% SnO$\_$2/, and evaporated in O$\_$2/ ambient. The optimum conditions to preparation of ITO thin film were the substrate temperature of 350.deg. C, the injected oxygen pressure of 2*10$\^$-4/ torr, and the evaporation speed of 0.2-0.3.angs./sec, respectively. In these optimum conditions, the resistivity and the carrier concentration were 5.3*10$\^$-3/ .ohm.-cm, 6.5*10$\^$20/cm$\^$-3/, and the transmittance was over 80%. From the results of J-V measurements in ITO/p-InP structure solar cells, the higher pressure of injected oxygen, the more open circuit voltage. The efficiency of ITO/p-InP solar cell without the grid line contact, prepared by the optimum evaporation conditions, was 7.19%. By using the grid line contact, the efficiency, the open circuit voltage, the short circuit current density, the fill factor, the series resistance, and the shunt resistance were 8.5%, 0.47V, 29.48 mAcm$\^$-2/ , 61.35%, 3.ohm., and 26.6k.ohm., respectively.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.80-86
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• 2017

We examined monthly variations in community structure of larval fish assemblage in the coastal waters of south-central Korea in spring and summer, 2016. A total of 31 taxa of larvae were collected during the study period. Engraulis japonicus larvae were predominated in spring than summer. The larvae of Cynoglossus abbreviates, a spring spawners, were exclusively collected in spring, while those of Nibea albiflora, a summer spawners, were exclusively caught in summer. Due to those seasonal differences in abundance of the dominant species, larval fish community was divided into two main seasonal groups (i.e. April~May and June~August). In addition, summer group was divided into two significant subgroups (June~July and August). During August, the larvae of E. japonicus and N. albiflora sharply decreased in abundance due to abnormally high sea water temperature that was raised up to $28^{\circ}C$, with the temperature being out of range of their optimum spawning temperature.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.1010-1016
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• 2000

Effect on the bio-mass and nutrient yield of Lemna perpusilla Torry was studied at two nutrient loading frequencies. Six polythene sinks ($6{\times}2{\times}0.5m^{3}$ area) randomly allocated to two treatments having three sinks in each treatment. Each sink containing $6{\times}2{\times}0.35m^{3}$ water body, was changed either daily with 12.6 kg anaerobically fermented cattle manure (effluent) or with 76 kg efluent at six-day interval. Media Kjeldhal-N (40 vs. 36 mg/L; p>0.05) and $NH_3$-N (9 vs 7 mg/L; p<0.05) concentration were higher in daily charged sinks than those charged at six-day interval. However, temperature ($28.48{^{\circ}C}\;vs.\;28.60{^{\circ}C}$) and pH (6.82 vs. 6.84) were sinilar in both groups of sinks. Biomass (93 vs. $80g/m^{2}/d$) and crude protein (1.24 vs. $1.11g/m^{2}/d$) yield were non-significantly (p>0.05) higher in the daily charged than 6-d interval charged ponds. However, dry matter (4.52 vs. 4.15%), organic matter (83 vs. 84%), crude protein (31.4 va. 29.6%) and organic carbon (47 vs. 47%) content were similar in both daily and 6-d interval charged ponds. There were no apparent relationships between the crude protein content of Lemna and the media Kjeldhal-N or $NH_3$-N concentration apparently due to saturated level of nutrient (N in particular). It was concluded that with the level of effluent used for two treatments, nutrient-loading frequency had no significant effect on the biomass and protein yield of Lemna. Technique described here can be used for year-round duckweed production from fermented cattle manure for feeding poultry/fish in smallholder production system.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.853-865
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• 2022

In this study, from August to October 2019, we conducted a survey of the spatial distribution and dominant species of macrobenthos on the rocky intertidal zones of 38 specified islands distributed along the southern coast of Korea. On the basis of observation made using 50 × 50 cm quadrats, we identified a total of 80 species, among which, Mollusca were the most abundant fauna, with 54 species that accounted for 67.4% of the total, followed by Crustacea with 15 species (18.7%). The recorded numbers of Cnidaria, Porifera, and Echinodermata species ranged from 1 to 6. In terms of the regional patterns of species richness, specified islands in Yeosu were found to be the most species rich, supporting 61 species, whereas islands in Hadong, Namhae, and Chujado were found to have a similar level of species richness, ranging from 42 to 46 species. Islands in Boseong and Goheung were home to the fewest species, with only 29 species being recorded. At the sampling station scale, we noted a considerable difference in faunal richness, ranging from 6 (St. 6) to 33 (St. 20) species. Among the recorded species, Echinolittorina radiata was identified as the dominant species on 15 specified islands, with the next most abundant species being Tetraclita japonica, considered an indicator species of climate change, which was recorded on 11 islands. In terms of frequency, E. radiata, found on 36 islands, was identified as the most frequently occurring species, followed by Reishia clavigera (30 islands), Mytilisepta virgata (29), Nerita japonica (28), Ligia. exotica (27), and Littorina brevicula (26). Of the 80 species identified, 9, 4, and 2 species of Mollusca, Crustacea, and Cnidaria, respectively, are classified as Marine fauna of accepted foreign export, whereas 50 are Red List species, 44 are species of Least Concern, 3 are Data Deficient species, and 1 species was not evaluated. However, during the survey, we found no Near Threatened or Not Applicable species. On the basis of the findings of this survey, it would appear that the abundance and richness of macrobenthic fauna inhabiting the rocky intertidal zones of specified islands along the southern coast of Korea differ according to different habitat conditions, particularly with respect to the duration of exposure and the extent and properties of the substrata. The findings of this study will provide baseline data for future monitoring and management of specified islands in Korea.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.224-233
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• 2012

The limiting sequence and relative ratio of lysine (Lys), methionine (Met), and threonine (Thr) for calves about 2 mo of age fed milk replacers (MR) containing soy protein are not clearly defined. The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of supplementing MR containing 22% CP, half from soy protein concentrate (SPC, 40.56% CP, flour) and half from whey proteins, with Lys, Met, and Thr to estimate amino acid (AA) sequence and their relative ratio for calves about 2 mo of age. A method of partial deduction of AA was adopted. Twenty-four newborn calves (half males and half females, $40.7{\pm}0.9$ kg of BW) were fed 1 of 4 MR diets for 56 d (n = 6/diet). The diets were supplemented with all (positive control) or with 2 of the 3 AAs: Lys, Met and Thr, (i.e., PC (22% CP, 2.34% Lys, 0.72% Met and 1.80% Thr), PC-Lys (22% CP, 1.64% Lys, 0.72% Met and 1.80% Thr), PC-Met (22% CP, 2.34% Lys, 0.50% Met and 1.80% Thr), and PC-Thr (22% CP, 2.34% Lys, 0.72% Met and 1.26% Thr)). Calves were fed thrice daily; starter (20% CP, 1.03% Lys, 0.30% Met and 0.69% Thr), hay (3.23% CP, 0.29% Lys, 0.12% Met and 0.23% Thr) and water were offered free choice. Starter and hay were only offered beginning on d 36 (after 5 wk) and d 43 (after 6 wk), respectively. BW, body size and blood samples measures were taken every two weeks. Three-day total collection of feed refusals, feces, and urine were recorded starting at d 33 and d 54 of age, respectively. From the results, the limiting sequence and relative ratio between the 3 AAs in calves with different diet structures were calculated. The limiting sequence of the 3 AAs were ranked as Lys, Met and Thr; the proper ratio was 100:29:70 for MR-only diet and 100:30:60 for diets consisted of MR, starter and hay. Nitrogen digestion and utilization and nutrient digestibility were negatively affected by AA deletion treatments. From the evidence of this experiment, it did not appear that the AA limiting sequence was selectively altered by differences in diet structures such as would be encountered in practice. The relative ratio between the 3 AAs varied with the offer of starter and hay to calves, and the average ratio was 100:29.5:65 for calves during 2 to 10 wk of age.