• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.24 no.9
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• pp.451-457
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• 2014

We developed a high-performance methane gas sensor based on a $SnO_2$ hollow hemisphere array structure of nano-thickness. The sensor structures were fabricated by sputter deposition of Sn metal over an array of polystyrene spheres distributed on a planar substrate, followed by an oxidation process to oxidize the Sn to $SnO_2$ while removing the polystyrene template cores. The surface morphology and structural properties were examined by scanning electron microscopy. An optimization of the structure for methane sensing was also carried out. The effects of oxidation temperature, film thickness, gold doping, and morphology were examined. An impressive response of ~220% was observed for a 200 ppm concentration of $CH_4$ gas at an operating temperature of $400^{\circ}C$ for a sample fabricated by 30 sec sputtering of Sn, and oxidation at $800^{\circ}C$ for 2 hr in air. This high response was enabled by the open structure of the hemisphere array thin films.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.43-47
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• 2014

NiO-doped hibonite pigments were synthesized by the solid state method to get stabilized blue color pigment in both oxidation and reduction atmospheres. Optimum substitution condition with NiO for hibonite blue pigment was investigated. Experimental results were comparable to those of previous cobalt-minimization studies performed with other phosphate- or oxide-based cobalt-containing ceramic pigments (having olivine ($Co_2SiO_4$), spinel ($CoAl_2O_4$), or with co-doped willemite ($(Co,Zn)_2SiO_4$) structures). Composition was designed varying the NiO molar ratio increasing with $SnO_2$. The optimum substitution content is 0.93 mole NiO with 0.75mole $SnO_2$. The characteristics of the synthesized pigment were analyzed by XRD, Raman spectroscopy, SEM, and UV-vis. Synthesized pigment was applied to a lime-barium glaze with 10 wt% each and fired at an oxidation atmosphere of $1250^{\circ}C/1h$ and a reducing atmosphere $1240^{\circ}C/1h$. Blue color was obtained with $L^*a^*b^*$ values at 43.39, -6.78, -18.20 under a reducing atmosphere and 41.66, -6.36, -14.7 under and oxidation atmosphere, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.183-192
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• 1980

Oxidation reactions of carbon monoxide on $SnO_2$, Sb-doped $SnO_2$, and Pt catalyst were studied. The oxidation reaction was found to be first order with respect to both CO and O$_2$ on $SnO_2$ and Sb-doped $SnO_2$ catalysts, and to be of half order on Pt catalyst. A small addition of Sb to $SnO_2$ (depant composition: 0.05∼0.1 mol %) increased the rate of oxidation. On the contrary, a large addition decreased the rate. From the rate expression of oxidation on Pt catalyst, the inhibition effect of carbon monoxide on the rate of oxidation was deduced. The experimentally obtained activatio energies were 5.7 kcal for the Sb doped $SnO_2$ catalyst (dopant composion: 0.05 mole%), and 6.4 kcal for the Pt catalyst. A possible reaction mechanism was proposed from the experimentally obtained kinetic data.

• Advances in nano research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.13-24
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• 2019

Well-crystalline $SnO_2$ nanoparticles of 4-5 nm size with different In contents were synthesized by hydrothermal process at relatively low temperature and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), microRaman spectroscopy and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. Indium incorporation in $SnO_2$ lattice is seen to cause a lattice expansion, increasing the average size of the nanoparticles. The fundamental phonon vibration modes of $SnO_2$ lattice suffer a broadening, and surface modes associated to particle size shift gradually with the increase of In content. Incorporation of In drastically enhances the PL emission of $SnO_2$ nanoparticles associated to deep electronic defect levels. Although In incorporation reduces the band gap energy of $SnO_2$ crystallites only marginally, it affects drastically their dye degradation behaviors under UV illumination. While the UV degradation of methylene blue (MB) by undoped $SnO_2$ nanoparticles occurs through the production of intermediate byproducts such as azure A, azure B, and azure C, direct mineralization of MB takes place for In-doped $SnO_2$ nanoparticles.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.26 no.9
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• pp.468-471
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• 2016

$SnO_2:CNT$ thick films for gas sensors were fabricated by screen printing method on alumina substrates and were annealed at $300^{\circ}C$ in air. The nano $SnO_2$ powders were prepared by solution reduction method using tin chloride ($SnCl_2.2H_2O$), hydrazine ($N_2H_4$) and NaOH. Nano $SnO_2:CNT$ sensing materials were prepared by ball-milling for 24h. The weight range of CNT addition on the $SnO_2$ surface was from 0 to 10 %. The structural and morphological properties of these sensing material were investigated using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscope. The structural properties of the $SnO_2:CNT$ sensing materials showed a tetragonal phase with (110), (101), and (211) dominant orientations. No XRD peaks corresponding to CNT were observed in the $SnO_2:CNT$ powders. The particle size of the $SnO_2:CNT$ sensing materials was about 5~10 nm. The sensing characteristics of the $SnO_2:CNT$ thick films for 5 ppm $H_2S$ gas were investigated by comparing the electrical resistance in air with that in the target gases of each sensor in a test box. The results showed that the maximum sensitivity of the $SnO_2:CNT$ gas sensors at room temperature was observed when the CNT concentration was 8wt%.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.21-24
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• 2017

Usually, the oxygen vacancy is an important factor in an oxide semiconductor device because the conductivity is related to the oxygen vacancy, which is formed at the interface between oxide semiconductors and electrodes with an annealing processes. ZTO is made by mixing n-type ZnO and p-type $SnO_2$. Zink tin oxide (ZTO), zink oxide (ZnO) and tin oxide ($SnO_2$) thin films deposited by RF magnetron sputtering and annealed, to generate the oxygen vacancy, were analyzed by XPS spectra. The contents of oxygen vacancy were the highest in ZTO annealed at $150^{\circ}C$, ZnO annealed at $200^{\circ}C$ and $SnO_2$ annealed at $100^{\circ}C$. The current was also increased with increasing the oxygen vacancy ions. The highest content of ZTO oxygen vacancies was obtained when annealed at 150. This is the middle level in compared with those of ZnO annealed at $200^{\circ}C$ and $SnO_2$ annealed at $100^{\circ}C$. The electrical properties of ZTO followed those of $SnO_2$, which acts a an enhancer in the oxide semiconductor.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.543-552
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• 1987

The effects of deposition variables on SnO2 CVD were investigated for SnCl4＋O2 reaction at 300∼700$^{\circ}C$, Psncl4=1${\times}$10-5∼1${\times}$10-3 atm, and Po2=5${\times}$10-4∼1 atm. A thermodynamic equilibrium study on Sn-Cl-O system has been performed with the computer calculation. The calculation indicates that major species participating the reaction in SnCl4 and not intermediate species, SnCl2. Good uniformity of the film thickness was obtained at the flow rate of 11cm/sec, which resulted from the stable gas flow in our cold wall reactor. The experimental results showed that apparent activation energy of the deposition was about 13.5Kcal/mole below the temperature of 500$^{\circ}C$ and the deposition mechanism was controlled by surface reation. The behavior of deposition rate on the reactant partial pressures could be explained with the Langmuri-Hinshelwood mechanism. X-ray study demonstrated that SnO2 film deposited at temperatures above 400$^{\circ}C$ were polycrystalline with tetragonal rutile structure and grew with (211) and (301) preferred orientations.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.1715-1720
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• 2011

Nanoporous structured tin dioxide ($SnO_2$) is characterized and its application in the photocatalytic destruction of endocrine, Bisphenol A, is examined. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveals irregularly shaped nanopores of size 2.0-4.5 nm. This corresponds to the result of an average nanopore distribution of 4.5 nm, as determined by Barret-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) plot from the isotherm curve. The photoluminescence (PL) curve, corresponding to the recombination between electron and hole, largely decreases in the $TiO_2$/nanoporous $SnO_2$ composite. Finally, a synergy effect between $TiO_2$ and porous $SnO_2$ is exhibited in photocatalysis: the photocatalytic destruction of Bisphenol A is improved by combining the nanoporous structured $SnO_2$ with $TiO_2$, and 75% decomposition of 10.0 ppm of Bisphenol A is achieved after 24 h.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.49-53
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• 2016

The present study demonstrates the effect of freezing conditions on the pore structure of porous Cu-10 wt.% Sn prepared by freeze drying of $CuO-SnO_2$/camphene slurry. Mixtures of CuO and $SnO_2$ powders are prepared by ball milling for 10 h. Camphene slurries with 10 vol.% of $CuO-SnO_2$ are unidirectionally frozen in a mold maintained at a temperature of $-30^{\circ}C$ for 1 and 24 h, respectively. Pores are generated by the sublimation of camphene at room temperature. After hydrogen reduction and sintering at $650^{\circ}C$ for 2 h, the green body of the $CuO-SnO_2$ is completely converted into porous Cu-Sn alloy. Microstructural observation reveals that the sintered samples have large pores which are aligned parallel to the camphene growth direction. The size of the large pores increases from 150 to $300{\mu}m$ with an increase in the holding time. Also, the internal walls of the large pores contain relatively small pores whose size increases with the holding time. The change in pore structure is explained by the growth behavior of the camphene crystals and rearrangement of the solid particles during the freezing process.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.13 no.1 s.54
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• pp.46-51
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• 2006

Through the volume change of Sn in a low-temperature phase transformation, the Sn nanopowder with high, purity, was fabricated by an economic and eco-friendly process. The fine cracks were spontaneously generated. in, Sn ingot, which was reduced to powders in the repetition of phase transformation. The Sn nanopowder with 50 run in size was obtained by the 24th repetitions of phase transformation by low-temperature and ultrasonic treatments. Also, the $SnO_2$ powder was fabricated by the oxidation of the produced Sn powder to the ingot and milled by the ultrasonic milling method. The $SnO_2$ nanopowder of 20 nm in size was fabricated after the milling for 180 h.