• Journal of architectural history
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• v.5 no.2 s.10
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• pp.9-24
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• 1996

Owing to the energitic studies of the leading shcolars, some paradigmatic theories on the history of Korean dwellings have been suggested. They constructed periodization of their own and defined characteristics of each period with very limited historical materials. However the new historical materials have been discovered in the neighboring academic fields, which require to review the existing theories. This study aims at restructuring periodization in the history of Korean dwellings during the age of The prehistory and The ancient Kingdomes. Through the study, the existing theories on the same period are revived and evaluated based on the new materials. I suggest a new theory on the periodization and the characteristics of each period: a. the paleolithic period(6,000,000 B.P.-10,000 B.P.) : natural shelter, the emergence of man-made dwellings b. the neolithic period(10,000 B.P.-1,000 B.C.) : construction of pit house c. the bronze period(1,000 B.C.- 300 B.C.) : construction of semi-pit house d. the early metalic period(300 B.C. - 300 AD.) : construction of house on the ground level development of the Ondol system e. the ancient kingdomes period(300 AD - 700 AD): classification of housing type

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.547-551
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• 2003

In the present work, the interaction of three water soluble porphyrins, tetra(p-trimethyle) ammonium phenyl porphyrin iodide (TAPP) as a cationic porphyrin, tetra sodium meso-tetrakis (p-sulphonato phenyle) porphyrin (TSPP) as an anionic porphyrin and manganese tetrakis (p-sulphonato phenyl) porphinato acetate (MnTSPP) as a metal porphyrin, with histone H₂B have been studied by isothermal titration microcalorimetry at 8 mM phosphate buffer, pH 6.8 and 27 °C. The values of binding constant, entropy, enthalpy and Gibbs free energy changes for binding of the first MnTSPP, and first and second TSPP and TAPP molecules were estimated from microcalorimetric data analysis. The results represent that the process is both entropy and enthalpy driven and histone induces self-aggregation of the porphyrins. The results indicate that both columbic and hydrophobic interactions act as self-aggregation driving forces for the formation of aggregates around histone.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.809-819
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• 1996

This study was conducted to identify the effects of caffeine or combinations of caffeine and iron or vitamin E on the lipid and protein components in the MDBK(Mardin-Darby Bovine Kidney) cells. For the In vitro test, MDBK cells in ${\alpha}$-MEM(Minimum Essential Medium) were divided into 4 treatment groups according to drug types and dosages as follows; the control(group A), group B was treated with 0.3mM caffeine, group C was treated with 0.3mM caffeine and 0.3mM ferric chloride, group D was treated with 0.3mM caffeine and 0.3mM vitamin E. Those groups were further divided into 5 subgroups according to the time lapsed(control, 4hrs, 8hrs, 24hrs and 48hrs lapsed group). The concentrations of the carbonyl group and malondialdehyde(MDA) and the patterns of the SDS-PAGE(Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis) and fatty acid compositions were analyzed to determine the oxidative damages and metabolic changes on the lipid and protein components in the MDBK cells. The results obtained from this study were summarized as follows; 1. The concentrations of carbonyl group and malondialdehyde in MDBK cells of group C were significantly higher(p<0.01) in comparison to the control, and increased according to the time lapsed. But the results of groups B and D were little different in comparison to the group C. 2. As the analytical results of fatty acid compositions in MDBK cells, the proportions of palmitoleic acid and linoleic acid in groups B, C and D were lower in comparison to the control, while the proportion of arachidonic acid in groups B, C and D were significantly higher(p<0.01) in comparison to the control. 3. In order to determine the oxidative damages to the protein in MDBK cells, the patterns of the SDS-PAGE were examined and the patterns of SDS-PAGE in groups C and D were significantly different between 43kd and 200kd of molecular weight.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.12
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• pp.1856-1864
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to investigate the nutrient intake status of university students in Chuncheon area (175 males and 131 females). This study was conducted by employing a self-administered questionnaire. Dietary assessment was measured by a 24-h recall method. The average height and weight of male students were $175.2{\pm}6.2cm$ and $68.2{\pm}9.9kg$, respectively. For female students, average values were $161.7{\pm}5.2cm$ and $55.1{\pm}6.5kg$, respectively. The mean BMIs for both male and female students were 22.2 and 21.1, respectively. In both male and female students, the rate of skipping breakfast was high. Daily averages for energy, carbohydrates, protein, and fat intakes in male students were significantly higher than those of female students (P<0.001). For male students, protein, vitamin B1, P, Fe, and Na were above recommended nutrient intake and adequate intake, whereas for female students, they were protein, vitamin A, P, and Na. For male students, nutrient intakes for Ca, vitamin $B_2$, vitamin C, and vitamin $B_6$ were below the estimated average requirement (EAR) by at least 50% or more, whereas for female students, they were vitamin C, Fe, vitamin $B_6$, vitamin $B_2$, niacin, folate, and Ca. Ca was alarmingly low, with more than 75% of both male and female students showing levels below the EAR. Therefore, it is important that nutritional education be facilitated for college students to take responsibility of their own health through learning about nutrient intake as well as developing positive eating habits.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.24 no.4 s.65
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• pp.173-177
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• 1986

This study was carried out to see what makes the 'dark grey cutworm', Agrotis tokionis Butler, inflict less damage in P.E. film-mulched tobacco fields than in nonmulched ones. In field plot experiment, the damage ratio of tobacco seed lings in mulched plots(m) was reduced by 63% compared with that in non mulched ones(n). The altered environments did not affect the cutworm in mortality, which was confirmed by recovery ratio, location of larvae in soil, and developmental age. But the m/n value and damage ratio in plots of different mulching methods strongly suggest that the P.E. film itself prevent larvae from cutting the plants. Larval mortality was rapidly increased between the end of July and the end of August.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 2011

Bile salt hydrolase (BSH, EC 3.5.1.24) activity, which cleaves amide bond between carboxyl group (bile acid) and amino group (glycine or taurine), is commonly detected in gut-associated species of human and animal. During the screening of BSH active strains from the fecal samples of elderly human volunteers, strain CU30-2 was isolated on the basis of the highly active BSH producing activity. A bsh gene of the isolate was cloned into the pET22b expression vector and overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) Gold by induction with 1mM IPTG. The overexpressed BSH enzyme with 6x His-tag was purified with apparent homogeneity using a $Ni^+$-NTA agarose column and characterized. The BSH enzyme of E. faecalis CU30-2 exhibited approximately 50 times higher activity against glycol-conjugated bile salts than tauro-conjugated bile salts having the highest activity against glycocholic acid. Considering the prevalence of E. faecalis strains in the human GI tract and glycol-conjugates dominated bile acid composition of human bile, further study is needed to investigate the impact of the BSH activity exerted by E. faecalis strains to the host as well as to the BSH producing strains.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.283-290
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• 2012

The objective of this study was to compare the growth performance between Korean native layer chickens and imported layer chickens at early rearing stage. Total number of chicks analyzed in this study was 276 and feeding period was conducted from July 24, 2012 for 10 weeks. Five strains including 2 Korean native strains: A=Korean Native Black (Chungcheongbuk-do) and B=Korean Native Yellowish Brown (Gyeongsangbuk-do) and 3 imported layer strains: C=White Leghorn (Gyeongsangnam-do), D=White Leghorn (Seoul), and E=Ameraucanas (Gyeongsangbuk-do) were used to analyze the following traits such as fertility, hatchability, body weight at a different growing stage, average body weight gain, and feed conversion ratio. The fertilities and hatchabilities of strains were 93.88% and 95.65% in strain A, 81.75% and 86.24% in strain B, 82.25% and 88.15% in strain C, 79.25% and 90.85% in strain D, and 71.50% and 88.11% in strain E, respectively. A viability was excellent in strains A and E to be more than 98% and was low in strain D to be 86.67% at a whole week. The strain A had greater body weight during growing stages (p<0.05) than the other strains. The shank length of strain D of $56.69{\pm}3.27mm$ was the highest value at 10 weeks of age among strains (p<0.05). The phenotypic correlation coefficients of strains A and D between an average body weight gain and a shank length were 0.63 and 0.73 during 0~2 wk, 0.70 and 0.55 during 2~4 wk, 0.55 and 0.54 during 4~6 wk, 0.50 and 0.24 during 6~8 wk, and 0.46 and 0.29 during 8~10 wk, respectively. The Korean native hens may have potential abilities to be used as an excellent seed stock for poultry industry.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.31-46
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• 2014

Objectives Forsythiae Fructus treatment has been used for inflammatory and allergic diseases in Korean Medicine. Nevertheless, the mechanism of action and the cellular targets are not understood well. The pathogenesis of allergic diseases are associated with Th2 cytokines such as IL-13, MIP-$1{\alpha}$, IL-13, IL-5, GM-CSF, IL-4, TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-6, which are secreted by the mast cells. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Forsythiae Fructus extracts (FF) on Th2 cytokines expression and signal transduction in MC/9 mast cells. Methods In the study, MC/9 mast cells were stimulated with DNP-IgE for 24 hours and then treated separately with CsA $10{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ and varying doses of FF for one hour. MC/9 mast cells stimulated with DNP-IgE was the control group, a treatment with CsA was the positive control group and a treatment with varying doses FF was the experimental groups. The mRNA levels of IL-13, IL-5, GM-CSF, IL-4, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6 were analyzed with Real-time PCR. The levels of IL-13, MIP-$1{\alpha}$ were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays(ELISA). NFAT, AP-1 and NF-${\kappa}B$ p65 were examined by Western blot analysis. Results 1. FF were observed to suppress the mRNA expression of IL-13, IL-5, GM-CSF, IL-4, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6 in comparison to DNP-IgE control group. 2. FF also has inhibited the IL-13, MIP-$1{\alpha}$ production significantly in comparison to DNP-IgE control group. 3. Western blot analysis of transduction factors involving Th2 cytokines expression has revealed a prominent decrease of the mast cell specific transduction factors including NFAT-1, NFAT-2, c-Jun, and NF-${\kappa}B$ p65 but c-Fos. Conclusions In conclusion, the anti-allergenic activities of FF may be strongly related to the regulation of transcription factors NFAT-1, NFAT-2, c-Jun, and NF-${\kappa}B$ p65 causing inhibition of Th2 cytokines in mast cells.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.1675-1681
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• 2007

The pseudodisaccharide salbostatin, which consists of valienamine linked to 2-amino-1,5-anhydro-2-deoxyglucitol, is a strong trehalase inhibitor. From our Streptomyces albus ATCC 21838 genomic library, we identified thirty-two ORFs in a 37-kb gene cluster. Twenty-one genes are supposed to be a complete set of modules responsible for the salbostatin biosynthesis. Through sequence analysis of the gene cluster, some of the upstream gene products (SalB, SalC, SalD, SalE, and SalF) revealed functional resemblance with trehalose biosynthetic enzymes. On the basis of this rationale, we isolated the five genes (salB, salC, salD, salE, and salF) from the S. albus ATCC 21838 and cloned them into the expression vector pWHM3. We demonstrated the noticeable expression and accumulation of trehalose, using only the five upstream biosynthetic gene cluster of salbostatin, in the transformed Streptomyces lividans TK24. Finally, 490 mg/l trehalose was produced by fermentation of the transformant with sucrosedepleted R2YE media.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.84-92
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• 2010

Antibacterial compound from Bacillus subtilis MJP1 was purified using C18 Sep-Pak cartridge, ion exchange chromatography, and gel filtration chromatography. The purified antibacterial compound showed antibacterial activity against Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis. The purified antibacterial compound was found to be stable at $100^{\circ}C$ for 5 min and in the pH range of 3.0~9.0, but it was unstable at pH 10.0. It was inactivated by proteinase K and pronase E, and heat treatment at $121^{\circ}C$ for 15 min, but it was stable with lipase and $\alpha$-amylase treatment, which indicated its proteineous nature. Ultra performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry analysis were used to identify the purified antibacterial compound and confirmed the existence of two peptides (3356.54 Da, 3400.5244 Da).