• Toxicological Research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.117-124
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• 2000

The objective of this experiment is to investigate neurobehavioral and developmental effects of fumonisin B1 (FB1) after prenatal FB1 administration in rats. FB1 (0.8 or 1.6 mg/kg) was orally exposed to pregnant rats during gestational days 13 to 20, whereas the vehicle alone was administered to control group. Maternal and offspring body weights, physical landmarks of incisor eruption, eye opening, testes descending and vaginal opening, open field activity, running wheel activity, and complex maze performance were included as endpoints for developmental and neurobehavioral measurement. Maternal body weights were not signfficantly altered after FB1 exposure. Percentage of maternal weight gain difference between control and 1.6 mg/kg FBI groups was about 4%. Pre- and post-weanling weight of offsprings after prenatal exposure to FB1 was not signfficantly changed, suggesting that FB1 at 0.8 or 1.6 kg/kg doses may not cross the placenta. Significant gender difference in running wheel activity on postnatal days 57 to 63 and complex maze performance on postnatal days 75 to 78 was observed.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.501-505
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• 1997

The effects of some nutrients and culture conditions on the growth and the production of fumonisin B$_{1}$, (FB$_{1}$) from Fusarium moniliforme NRRL 13569 were investigated in liquid culture. Xylose and soytone yielded the highest mycelial growth as the C- and N-source, respectively. The highest level of FB$_{1}$, was obtained when yeast extract was used as the N-source but no FB$_{1}$, from NaNO$_{3}$. While Fe$^{+++}$ showed inhibition effect on FB$_{1}$, production, Zn$^{++}$ enhanced the FB$_{1}$, production as well as the mycelial growth. FB$_{1}$, was maximally produced when the initial pH value and the specific surface area of the medium was adjusted to 5 and 1.4 cm$^{2}$/ml, respectively. FB$_{1}$ formation reached the maximum value (210, 000 ng/ml) in 30 days and then decreased in Czapek medium substitued with 1% xylose and 0.3% yeast extract, and supplemented with 0.2% NH$_{4}$H$_{2}$PO$_{4}$ where the initial pH value and the specific surface area of the medium are optimally controlled.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Pathology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.7-14
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• 1999

We investigated the effect of a single intravenous dose of Fumonisin $B_1(FB_1$) of rat kidney on the time sequence. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were intravenouslyin jected with FB$_1$at 1.25 mg/kg and were euthanized at 12 hrs, 1, 2, 4, and 6 days after the injection. In $FB_1$ treated rats, serum BUN and creatinine were elevated from 12 hrs. Microscopically, the initial target site was tubules of inner stripe, with mild degenerative and necrotic changes at 12 hrs, but the tubules recovered on day 4. In outer stripe, there were only a few scattered necrotic cells on day 1. These changes became more obvious over the time passed and most severe on day 4. On day 6, regeneration occurred, manifest as hypertrophic, basophilic tubular cells. The dying cells were proved to necrotic cells instead of apoptotic cells by TUNEL. Ultrastructural changes were cytoplasmic vacuole, dilated endoplasmic reticulum, swollen mitochondria, ballooned microvilli of the tubular cell in the outer stripe. These results showed that the renal tubules of outer medulla were the target to $FB_1$-induced nephrotoxicity in the rat. However, initial target was mner stnpe of medulla.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.52-57
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• 2021

Fumonisin B1 (FB1) structurally resembles sphingolipids and interferes with their metabolism leading to sphingolipid dysregulation. We questioned if FB1 could exacerbate liver or kidney toxicities in glutathione peroxidase 1 (Gpx1) and catalase (Cat) knockout mice. While higher serum levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and sphinganine (Sa) were measured in Gpx1/Cat knockout mice (Gpx1/Cat KO) than wild type mice after 5 days of FB1 treatment, serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), sphingosine-1 phosphate (So-1-P), and sphinganine-1 phosphate (Sa-1-P) were found to be relatively low. Although Sa was highly elevated in Gpx1/Cat KO mice and wild mice, lower levels of So and Sa were found in both the kidney and liver tissues of Gpx/Cat KO mice than wild type mice after FB1 treatment. Paradoxically, FB1-induced cellular apoptosis and necrosis were hastened under oxidative stress in Gpx1/Cat KO mice.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Toocicology Conference
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• 1996.12a
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• pp.25-41
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• 1996

KWON, O. S. SCHMUED, L. C. and LSIKKER, W. JR. Neurotoxiciligy. objectives of this study were to test the hypothesis that fumonisin $B_1$ ($FB_1$) alters sphinganine (Sa) levels and myelin synthesis in the central nervous system of developing rats. $FB_1$ (subcutaneous, 0. 4 or 0. 8 mg/kg/day) from postnatal days (PND) 3 to PND 12 resulted in a significantly increased in the brain of rats given 0. 8 mg $FB_1$/kg/day. To confirm the effect of limited nutrition on changes in the Sa levels and myelinogenesis, rats given 0.8mg $FB_1$/kg/day or treated by limited nutrition (temporary removal from dam during postnatal period) were compared to those in saline controls. Sa levels and Sa/So ratios were compared to those in saline in the 0.8 $FB_1$-treated, 3'-phosphohydrolase (CNP) activities were decreased significantly in both nutritionally limited and $FB_1$-exposed rats. These data indicate that sphingolipid metabolism in the central nervous system of develiping rats is vulnerable to $FB_1$ exposure. The hypomyelination associated with $FB_1$-treatment may be mediated by limited nutrition.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 1996

Fumonisin B$_1$ is hepatotoxic in all species, but liver carcinogenic and nephrotoxic in rat. Our objective was to investigate the effects of multiple iv dose of FB$_1$. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected intravenously (iv) with FB$_1$ at 1 mg/kg singly (T1), or daily for 2 (T2) or 3 (T3). T1 rats did not show any cytotoxicity in both liver and kidney. However, the most dramatic change occurred in this group was mitotic figures in liver, which increased 5.5-fold to that of control. Hepatotoxic effects were shown in T3, based on histopathology and serum chemistry. A few scattered single cell deaths occurred primarily in the centrilobular area of the liver in T2. Similar but more lesions in liver and a small number of degenerating cells with hypereosinophilic cytoplasm in outer stripe of medulla of kideny were found in T3 rats. Serum chemical profiles included liver enzymes increased, in which cholesterol was very sensitive. This study suggests that multiple exposure of low dose FB$_1$ cause cytotoxic in the liver earlier time point than kideny. FB$_1$$ also stimulates mitosis in liver that may be associated with carcinogenesis.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.316-323
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• 2021

A total of 106 samples (nuts, nut products, oilseeds, oilseed products, seed for beverage products) were simultaneously analyzed with LC/MS/MS method. The tested mycotoxins were aflatoxin (B₁, B₂, G₁, G₂), ochratoxin A, fumonisin (B₁, B₂), and zearalenone. Mycotoxins were detected in 37 of 106 samples (35%), and two or more mycotoxins were simultaneously detected in 9 of 106 samples (8.5%). Aflatoxin, ochratoxin A, fumonisin and zearalenone were detected at the range of 0.08-1.45 ㎍/kg, 17.29 ㎍/kg, 1.16-14.89 ㎍/kg and 0.12-12.69 ㎍/kg, respectively. The results revealed that the most frequently detected mycotoxin was zearalenone (23%), followed by aflatoxin (13%), fumonisin (8%) and ochratoxin A (1%). Detection rates of nuts and oilseeds were 35% and 33%, respectively, and detection rates of their processed foods were 44% and 46%, respectively. The detection rate of mycotoxins was 10% higher in processed foods than in nuts and oilseeds. Mycotoxins are physicochemically stable and can persist during food processing and cooking, making management of mycotoxins in raw materials a concern of high importance.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.61-67
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• 1999

Geranyllinalool, a polyisoprenoid compound, was found to block the early biosynthetic pathway of sphingolipids in LLC-PKl cells. Sphinganine, an intermediate in sphingolipid biosynthetic pathway, was abruptly accumulated in LLC-PKl cells at $2{\;}{\mu}M$ of fumonisin B1(FB1), a specific inhibitor of sphinganine N-acyltransferase, for 24 hr. Geranyllinalool lowered the $B_1(FB_1)$, a specific inhibitor of sphinganine N-acyltransferase, for 24 hr. Geranyllinalool lowered th FB1 and $50{\;}\mu$M geranyllinalool. l-Cy-closerine, an inhibitor of serine-palmitoyl transferase, was used as a positive control to evaluate the inhibitory effect of geranyllinalool. These results suggest that geranyllinalool may inhibit the serine-palmitoyl transferase, the first enzyme in de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis, resulting in the altered regulation of sphingolipid metabolism.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.69.1-69.1
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• 2003

Fumonisins are a family of mycotoxins produced from Fusarium verticillioides. Most of fumonisin B1 (FB1) toxicities can be explained by its ability to alter sphingolipid metabolism by inhibiting ceramide synthase. At least, the elevation in dihydrosphingosine (DHS) mediates the earliest toxicity of FB1. Some tissues such as kidney and liver, may be most affected by FB1 because they shows high rates of de novo sphingolipid synthesis. Recent review on FB1 toxicity by A.H. Merrill Jr. et al. suggested the possible role of dihydrosphingosine 1-phosphate (dihydroS1P), which sometimes elevated in cell- or tissue specific manners. (omitted)

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.85-92
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• 2012

To elucidate the mycotoxin production of Penicillium, Aspergillus and Fusarium spp. isolated from round bale silage, TLC analysis of culture filtrates were conducted. Mycotoxin citrin and patulin were detected from culture filtrates of Penicillium paneum. Aflatoxin was detected from culture filtrates of Aspergillus flavus. Gliotoxin are known to produce by A. fumigatus was not detected. Mycotoxins produces by Fusarium spp., Fumonisin, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol was not detected in the culture filtrates of Fusarium proliferatum.