• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.126-135
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• 2001

Quinacrine (QU), a phospholipase-A2 (PLA-2) inhibitor has been used clinically as a chemotherapeutic adjuvant. To understand the mechanisms leading to its chemotherapeutic effect, we have investigated QU-induced apoptotic signaling pathways in human cervical squamous carcinoma HeLa cells. In this study, we found that QU induced cytochrome c-dependent apoptotic signaling. The release of pro-apoptotic cytochrome c was QU concentration- and time-dependent, and preceded activation of caspase-9 and -3. Flow cytometric FACScan analysis using fluorescence intensities of $DiOC_6$/ demonstrated that QU-induced cytochrome c release was independent of mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT), since the concentrations of QU that induced cytochrome c release did not alter mitochondrial membrane potential (${\blacktriangle}{\Psi}_m$). Moreover, kinetic analysis of caspase activities showed that cytochrome c release led to the activation of caspase-9 and downstream death effector caspase-3, Caspase-3 inhibitor (Ac-DEVD-CHO) partially blocked QU-induced apoptosis, suggesting the importance of caspase-3 in this apoptotic signaling mechanism. Supplementation with arachidonic acid (AA) sustained caspase-3 activation induced by QU. Using inhibitors against cellular arachidonate metabolism of lipooxygenase (Nordihydroxyguaiaretic Acid, NDGA) and cyclooxygenase (5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraynoic Acid, ETYA) demonstrated that QU-induced apoptotic signaling may be dependent on its role as a PLA-2 inhibitor. Interestingly, NDCA attenuated QU-induced cytochrome c release, caspase activity as well as apoptotic cell death. The blockade of cytochrome c release by NDCA was much more effective than that attained with cyclosporin A (CsA), a MPT inhibitor. ETYA was not effective in blocking cytochrome c release, except under very high concentrations. Caspase inhibitor z-VAD blocked the release of cytochrome c suggesting that this signaling event is caspase dependent, and caspase-8 activation may be upstream of the mitochondrial events. In summary, we report that QU induced cytochrome c-dependent apoptotic signaling cascade, which may be dependent on its role as a PLA-2 inhibitor. This apoptotic mechanism induced by QU may contribute to its known chemotherapeutic effects.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.142-156
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• 2020

This study surveyed Gyeongan Stream, a tributary of the Han River Drainage System, from April to October 2017 to investigate the characteristics of fish communities. The survey collected 40 species of 11 families from 48 survey stations using kick nets and cast nets. The dominant and subdominant species were Zacco platypus (48.0%) and Rhynchocypris oxycephalus (17.7%), respectively. The next most abundant species were Pungtungia herzi (6.8%), Z. koreanus (5.0%), Carassius auratus (4.3%), Squalidus gracilis majimae (2.7%), and Rhodeus notatus (2.5%). Among the fish collected, 14 species (35.0%) were Korean endemic species, and the exotic species were Micropterus salmoides, Lepomis macrochirus, and Cyprinus carpio (Israeli type). The land-locked species were Plecoglossus altivelis, Rhinogobius brunneus, and Cottus koreanus, while the species sensitive to climate change was C. koreanus. The community analysis showed that the dominance was higher at the uppermost stream station, whereas diversity and abundance tended to be lower at the upstream station and higher toward the downstream station. The community structure was largely divided into rivers (uppermost stream, upstream, and middle-lower stream) and lake. The river health was mostly good (23 stations, 47.9%) and fair (15 stations, 31.3%). Comparison with past surveys showed that 12 species identified in the past surveys did not appear in this survey; nine species appeared for the first time in this survey; and the ecosystem disturbance species - M. salmoides and L. macrochirus - tended to spread more widely gradually.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.38 no.7
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• pp.473-478
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• 2001

Ferroelectric P $b_{0.99}$［(Z $r_{0}$ 6S $n_{0.4}$)/0.9/ $Ti_{0.1}$］0.98/N $b_{0.02}$ $O_3$(PNZST) thin films were deposited by a RF magnetron sputtering on L $a_{0.5}$S $r_{0.5}$Co $O_3$(LSCO)/Pt/Ti/ $SiO_2$/Si substrate using a PNZST target with excess PbO of 10 mole%. The crystallinity and electrical properties of the thin films annealed at various temperature and time were investigated. The thin films deposited at the substrate temperature of 500 $^{\circ}C$ and the power of 80 W were crystallized to a perovskite phase after rapid thermal annealing(RTA). The thin films annealed at 650 $^{\circ}C$ for 10 seconds in air exhibited the good crystal structures. The remanent polarization and coercive field of the PNZST capacitor were about 20 $\mu$C/$\textrm{cm}^2$ and 50 kV/cm, respectively. The reduction of the polarization after 2.2$\times$10$^{9}$ switching cycles was less than 10 %..10 %......

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.66-80
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• 2020

Purpose: This study aims to examine the effects of nursing interventions based on the Extended Theory of Planned Behavior (ETPB) regarding self-efficacy for exercise (SEE), physical activity (PA), physical function (PF), and quality of life (QOL) in patients with lung cancer who have undergone pulmonary resection. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted between July 2015 and June 2018 in two university-affiliated hospitals. The intervention included pre-operative patient education, goal setting (action and coping planning), and feedback (behavior intention and perceived behavioral control). The intervention group (IG) (n=51) received nursing interventions from the day before surgery to 12 months after lung resection, while the comparison group (CG) (n=36) received usual care. SEE, PA, PF (dyspnea, functional status, and 6-minute walking distance [6MWD]), and QOL were measured before surgery and at one, three, six, and 12 months after surgery. Data were analyzed using the χ² test, Fisher's exact test, Mann-Whitney U test, t-test, and generalized estimation equations (GEE). Results: There were significant differences between the two groups regarding SEE (χ²=13.53, p=.009), PA (χ²=9.51, p=.049), functional status (χ²=10.55, p=.032), and 6MWD (χ²=15.62, p=.004). Although there were no time or group effects, the QOL mental component (Z=-2.78, p=.005) of the IG was higher than that of the CG one month after surgery. Interventions did not affect dyspnea or the QOL physical component. Conclusion: The intervention of this study was effective in improving SEE, PA, functional status, and 6MWD of lung cancer patients after lung resection. Further extended investigations that utilize ETPB are warranted to confirm these results.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.460-474
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of various low-viscosity resin systems used as rebonding agents to prevent microleakage at the margins of class I composite resin restorations. Seventy sound human premolars were selected for experiment. Class I cavities were prepared and each cavity was conditioned with a 37% phosphoric acid for 15 sec, rinsed with water for 15 sec, and dried with compressed air. Bonding agent(Scotchbond Multipurpose, 3M Co.) was applied and a hybrid composite resin (Z-100, 3M Co.) was placed using an incremental technic. The excess cured composite resin was carefully removed with Sof-Lex discs(3M Co.) to expose the original margins of the cavity. The following seven groups were established : group 1 was not rebonded and used as control group ; group 2 was rebonded with a Scotchbond Multipurpose(3M Co.) and finished ; group 3 was rebonded with a Fortify(BISCO) and finished ; group 4 was rebonded with a Concise white sealant(3M Co.) and finished ; group 5 was rebonded with a Concise white sealant(3M Co.) and not finished ; group 6 was rebonded with a P&F sealant(BISCO) and finished; group 7 was rebonded with a P&F sealant(BISCO) and not finished. The specimens were then subjected to 500 thermocycles between 5 & 65 with a 10 see dwell time and immersed in 2% methylene blue dye solution for 24 hours and sectioned with low-speed diamond cutter into two part under water condition. The extent of microleakage at rebonded margins was evaluated microscopically and scored for dye penetration according to the following scale : 0=no dye penetration ; 1=dye penetration to half-way along axial wall between enamel surface and DEJ ; 2=dye penetration beyond halfway along axial wall between enamel surface and DEJ ; 3=dye penetration to the full depth of DEJ or beyond DEJ. Selected samples were prepared for SEM observation to determine the depth of penetration of the rebonding agent into the marginal interface. The obtained results were as follows: 1. In the group 2 and 3, which is rebonded with a Scotchbond Multipupose and Fortify, dye penetration score were decreased significantly than that of group 1 (P<0.05), but group 4 and 6 were not statistically different from group 1(P>0.05). 2. There were significant differences between group 4, 6 and group 5, 7 when compared by dye penetration score (P<0.05). 3. In the SEM observation, Scotchbond Multipurpose and Fortify were penetrated within $30-40{\mu}m$ depth of the outermost surface. However, both sealants were failed to penetrate into the debonded interface.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.11
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• pp.123-130
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• 1969

Five varieties of sweetpotatoes recommended in Korea were investigated with respect to the storing capacity, resin content and the possibility of developing sweetpotato chips as a new processed food item. The results are summarized as follows: 1) Two varieties, Suwon No. 147 and Chun-Mi were more resistant to chilling injury and soft-rot decay than other varieties. 2) The contents of resinous and polyphenolic substances were quite different depending upon the variety. 3) Sweetpotato chips of different color were made from different varieties and rapeseed oil was found to be the best as frying oil. 4) Best conditions to prepare sweetpotato chips with fresh color and proper texture were to dip slices of 1-2 mm thickness in 0.25% sodium bisulfite solution at $40^{\circ}C$ for 30-40 minutes and to subject to deep frying in an oil bath at $150-160^{\circ}C$ for 2.5 to 3.5 minutes. 5) Polyethylene-cellophane film as packing material of sweetpotato chips was the film in the moisture proof and film-impact tests.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.170-177
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• 2019

In this paper, three theories for improving the stability of quadruped robot are presented. First, the Minimum-Jerk Trajectory is used to optimize the leg trajectory. Second, we compare the newly proposed sine wave and the conventional LSM in this paper based on the Jerk value. Third, we calculate the optimum stride of the sway through repetitive robot simulation using ADAMS-MATLAB cosimulation. Through the above process, the improvement of the robot walking is compared with the existing theory. First, the average gradient of the point where the leg trajectory changes rapidly was reduced from at least 1.2 to 2.9 by using the Minimum-Jerk targetory for the movement of the body and the end of the leg during the first walk, thereby increasing the walking stability. Second, the average Jerk was reduced by 0.019 on the Z-axis, 0.457 on the X-axis, and 0.02, 3D on the Y-axis by 0.479 using the Sin wave type sways presented in this paper, rather than the LSM(Longitude Stability Margin) method. Third, the length of the optimal stride for walking at least the Jerk value was derived from the above analysis, and the 20cm width length was the most stable.

• Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.735-750
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• 2018

BACKGROUND: The major challenge of tissue engineering is to develop constructions with suitable properties which would mimic the natural extracellular matrix to induce the proliferation and differentiation of cells. Poly(${\varepsilon}$-caprolactone)-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(${\varepsilon}$-caprolactone) (PCL-PEG-PCL, PCEC), chitosan (CS), nano-silica ($n-SiO_2$) and nano-hydroxyapatite (n-HA) are biomaterials successfully applied for the preparation of 3D structures appropriate for tissue engineering. METHODS: We evaluated the effect of n-HA and $n-SiO_2$ incorporated PCEC-CS nanofibers on physical properties and osteogenic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, thermogravimetric analysis, contact angle and mechanical test were applied to evaluate the physicochemical properties of nanofibers. Cell adhesion and proliferation of hDPSCs and their osteoblastic differentiation on nanofibers were assessed using MTT assay, DAPI staining, alizarin red S staining, and QRT-PCR assay. RESULTS: All the samples demonstrated bead-less morphologies with an average diameter in the range of 190-260 nm. The mechanical test studies showed that scaffolds incorporated with n-HA had a higher tensile strength than ones incorporated with $n-SiO_2$. While the hydrophilicity of $n-SiO_2$ incorporated PCEC-CS nanofibers was higher than that of samples enriched with n-HA. Cell adhesion and proliferation studies showed that n-HA incorporated nanofibers were slightly superior to $n-SiO_2$ incorporated ones. Alizarin red S staining and QRT-PCR analysis confirmed the osteogenic differentiation of hDPSCs on PCEC-CS nanofibers incorporated with n-HA and $n-SiO_2$. CONCLUSION: Compared to other groups, PCEC-CS nanofibers incorporated with 15 wt% n-HA were able to support more cell adhesion and differentiation, thus are better candidates for bone tissue engineering applications.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.54 no.11
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• pp.4102-4110
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• 2022

Aiming at high-power and long-pulse operation up to 1000 s, some improvements have been made for both 2.45 GHz and 4.6 GHz lower hybrid (LH) systems during the recent 5 years. At first, the guard limiters of the LH antennas with graphite tiles were upgraded to tungsten, the most promising material for plasma facing components in nuclear fusion devices. These new guard limiters can operate at a peak power density of 12.9 MW/m². Strong hot spots were usually observed on the old graphite limiters when 4.6 GHz system operated with power >2.0 MW [B. N. Wan et al., Nucl. Fusion 57 (2017) 102019], leading to a reduction of the maximum power capability. With the new limiters, 4.6 GHz LH system, the main current drive (CD) and electron heating tool for EAST, can be operated with power >2.5 MW routinely. Long-pulse operation up to 100 s with 4.6 GHz LH power of 2.4 MW was achieved in 2021 and the maximal temperature on the guard limiters measured by an infrared (IR) camera was about 540 ℃, much below the permissible value of tungsten material (~1200 ℃). A discharge with a duration of 1056 s was achieved and the 4.6 GHz LH energy injected into the plasma was up to 1.05 GJ. Secondly, the fully-active-multijunction (FAM) launcher of 2.45 GHz system was upgraded to a passive-active-multijunction (PAM), for which the density of optimum coupling was relatively low (below the cut-off value). Good coupling with reflection coefficient ~3% has been achieved with plasma-antenna distance up to 11 cm for the new PAM. Finally, in order to eliminate the effect of ion cyclotron range of frequencies (ICRF) wave on 4.6 GHz LH wave coupling, the location of the ICRF launcher was changed to a port that is located 157.5° toroidally from the 4.6 GHz LH system and is not magnetically connected.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.235-246
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• 2023

Yellowball (Citrus hybrid cv. Yellowball ) is a new citrus hybrid between Haruka (C. tamurana × natsudaidai ) and Kiyomi (C. unshiu × sinensis) and is known to possess strong antioxidant activity. However, detailed information on the antioxidant components of its peel has not yet been reported. This study evaluated the antioxidant activity of the peel and identified the antioxidant components by fractionating a methanolic extract of Yellowball peels using liquid-liquid extraction with n-hexane, ethyl ether (ether), ethyl acetate (EA), butanol, and water. The phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of the n-hexane, ether, and EA fractions were higher than those of the other fractions, and these fractions were further separated by semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Four antioxidant peaks, EA1, EA2, EA3, and He1, were isolated and analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time- of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF MS). Sinapoyl glucoside and hesperidin were identified in EA2 and EA3, respectively, and a polymethoxylated flavone (PMF) complex (5-hydroxy-3,6,7,8,3',4'-hexamethoxyflavone, natsudaidain, tetrameth- oxyflavone, and tangeretin) was identified in He1. A compound in EA1 with m/z 223.0246 [M-H] could not be identified and was named unknown2. The antioxidant activity of unknown2 (IC₅₀=69.17 ㎍/mL) was similar to that of Trolox, which was noted as a major antioxidant in Yellowball peel. Further studies on the antioxidant capacity of Yellowball peel are required; however, these results provide a foundation for using Yellowball peel as an antioxidant.