• 제목/요약/키워드: $TiCl_3$

검색결과 442건 처리시간 0.029초

적층가공 방식으로 제조된 CP-Ti의 캐비테이션 중 부식에 대한 전기화학적 접근 (Electrochemical Approach on the Corrosion During the Cavitation of Additive Manufactured Commercially Pure Titanium)

  • 김기태;장현영;김영식
    • Corrosion Science and Technology
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    • 제17권6호
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    • pp.310-316
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    • 2018
  • The effect of passive film on corrosion of metals and alloys in a static corrosive environment has been studied by many researchers and is well known, however few studies have been conducted on the electrochemical measurement of metals and alloys during cavitation corrosion conditions, and there are no test standards for electrochemical measurements 'During cavitation' conditions. This study used commercially additive manufactured(AM) pure titanium in tests of anodic polarization, corrosion potential measurements, AC impedance measurements, and repassivation. Tests were performed in 3.5% NaCl solution under three conditions, 'No cavitation', 'After cavitation', and 'During cavitation' condition. When cavitation corrosion occurred, the passive current density was greatly increased, the corrosion potential largely lowered, and the passive film revealed a small polarization resistance. The current fluctuation by the passivation and repassivation phenomena was measured first, and this behavior was repeatedly generated at a very high speed. The electrochemical corrosion mechanism that occurred during cavitation corrosion was based on result of the electrochemical properties 'No cavitation', 'After cavitation', and 'During cavitation' conditions.

Synthesis and Characterization of Thiophene-Based Copolymers Containing Urethane and Alkyl Functional Side Chains for Hybrid Bulk Heterojunction Photovoltaic Cell Applications

  • Im, Min-Joung;Kim, Chul-Hyun;Song, Myung-Kwan;Park, Jin-Su;Lee, Jae-Wook;Gal, Yeong-Soon;Lee, Jun-Hee;Jin, Sung-Ho
    • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • 제32권2호
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    • pp.559-565
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    • 2011
  • The following noble series of statistical copolymers, poly[(2-(3-thienyl)ethanol n-butoxycarbonylmethylurethane)-co-3-hexylthiophene] (PURET-co-P3HT), were synthesized by the chemical dehydrogenation method using anhydrous $FeCl_3$. The structure and electro-optical properties of these copolymers were characterized using $^1H$-NMR, UV-visible spectroscopy, elemental analysis, GPC, DSC, TGA, photoluminescence (PL), and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The statistical copolymers, PURET-co-P3HT (1:0, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3), were soluble in common organic solvents and easily spin coated onto indium-tin oxide (ITO) coated glass substrates. Hybrid bulk heterojunction photovoltaic cells with an ITO/G-PEDOT/PURET-co-P3HT:PCBM:Ag nanowires/$TiO_x$/Al configuration were fabricated, and the photovoltaic cells using PURET-co-P3HT (1:2) showed the best photovoltaic performance compared with those using PURET-co-P3HT (1:0, 2:1, 1:1, 1:3). The optimal hybrid bulk heterojunction photovoltaic cell exhibits a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 1.58% ($V_{oc}$ = 0.82 V, $J_{sc}$ = 5.58, FF = 0.35) with PURET-co-P3HT (1:2) measured by using an AM 1.5 G irradiation (100 mW/$cm^2$) on an Oriel Xenon solar simulator (Oriel 300 W).

Increased Gene Expression in Cultured BEAS-2B Cells Treated with Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

  • Park, Eun-Jung;Park, Kwang-Sik
    • Toxicological Research
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    • 제25권4호
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    • pp.195-201
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    • 2009
  • Recent publications showed that metal nanoparticles which are made from $TiO_2,\;CeO_2,\;Al_2O_3,\;CuCl_2,\;AgNO_3$ and $ZnO_2$ induced oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory effects in cultured cells and the responses seemed to be common toxic pathway of metal nanoparticles to the ultimate toxicity in animals as well as cellular level. In this study, we compared the gene expression induced by two different types of metal oxide nanoparticles, titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TNP) and cerium dioxide nanoparticles (CNP) using microarray analysis. About 50 genes including interleukin 6, interleukin 1, platelet-derived growth factor $\beta$, and leukemia inhibitory factor were induced in cultured BEAS2B cells treated with TNP 40 ppm. When we compared the induction levels of genes in TNP-treated cells to those in CNP-treated cells, the induction levels were very correlated in various gene categories (r=0.645). This may suggest a possible common toxic mechanism of metal oxide nanoparticles.

Low Temperature Growth of High-Quality Carbon Nanotubes by Local Surface Joule Heating without Heating Damage to Substrate

  • Heo, Sung-Taek;Lee, Dong-Gu
    • Carbon letters
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    • 제10권3호
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    • pp.230-233
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    • 2009
  • In this study, a low temperature growth of high-quality carbon nanotubes on glass substrate using a local surface heating without heating damage to substrate was tried and characterized. The local joule heating was induced to only Ni/Ti metal film on glass substrate by applying voltage to the film. It was estimated that local surface joule heating method could heat the metal surface locally up to around $1200^{\circ}C$ by voltage control. We could successfully obtain high-quality carbon nanotubes grown at $300^{\circ}C$ by applying 125 V for joule heating as same as carbon nanotubes grown at $900^{\circ}C$.

PZT(53/47) 박막의 식각 및 전기적 특성에 관한 연구 (A study on the Etching and electrical Properties of PZT Thin Films)

  • 김경태;이성갑;이영희;김창일
    • 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국전기전자재료학회 2000년도 하계학술대회 논문집
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    • pp.39-42
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    • 2000
  • The effect of excess Pb contents on the etching of PZT thin films and their electrical properties has been investigated. Ferroelectric PZT(53/47) thin films were prepared by the metal alkoxide-based Sol-Gel method, in which they were spin-coating on P7Ti/Si02/Si substrate using the PZT(53/47) stock solutions with various excess Pb contents. Etching of PZT film was performed using planar inductively coupled Ar/Cl$_2$/BCl$_3$ plasma. The etch rate of PZT film was 2450 $\AA$/min at Ar(20)/BCl$_3$(80) gas mixing ratio and substrate temperature of 8$0^{\circ}C$.

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Comparison of alkaline phosphatase activity of MC3T3-E1 cells cultured on different Ti surfaces: modified sandblasted with large grit and acid-etched (MSLA), laser-treated, and laser and acid-treated Ti surfaces

  • Li, Lin-Jie;Kim, So-Nam;Cho, Sung-Am
    • The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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    • 제8권3호
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    • pp.235-240
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    • 2016
  • PURPOSE. In this study, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of implant surface treatment on cell differentiation of osteoblast cells. For this purpose, three surfaces were compared: (1) a modified SLA (MSLA: sand-blasted with large grit, acid-etched, and immersed in 0.9% NaCl), (2) a laser treatment (LT: laser treatment) titanium surface and (3) a laser and acid-treated (LAT: laser treatment, acid-etched) titanium surface. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The MSLA surfaces were considered as the control group, and LT and LAT surfaces as test groups. Alkaline phosphatase expression (ALP) was used to quantify osteoblastic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cell. Surface roughness was evaluated by a contact profilometer (URFPAK-SV; Mitutoyo, Kawasaki, Japan) and characterized by two parameters: mean roughness (Ra) and maximum peak-to-valley height (Rt). RESULTS. Scanning electron microscope revealed that MSLA (control group) surface was not as rough as LT, LAT surface (test groups). Alkaline phosphatase expression, the measure of osteoblastic differentiation, and total ALP expression by surface-adherent cells were found to be highest at 21 days for all three surfaces tested (P<.05). Furthermore, ALP expression levels of MSLA and LAT surfaces were significantly higher than expression levels of LT surface-adherent cells at 7, 14, and 21 days, respectively (P<.05). However, ALP expression levels between MSLA and LAT surface were equal at 7, 14, and 21 days (P>.05). CONCLUSION. This study suggested that MSLA and LAT surfaces exhibited more favorable environment for osteoblast differentiation when compared with LT surface, the results that are important for implant surface modification studies.

Chemical Properties of Indoor Individual Particles Collected at the Daily Behavior Spaces of a Factory Worker

  • Ma, Chang-Jin;Kang, Gong-Unn;Sakai, Takuro
    • Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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    • 제11권2호
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    • pp.122-130
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    • 2017
  • The main purpose of the study was to clarify the properties of individual particles collected at each behavior space of a factory worker. The samplings of size-segregated ($PM_{2.1-1.1}$ and $PM_{4.7-3.3}$) indoor particles were conducted at three different behavior spaces of a factory worker who is engaged in an auto parts manufacturing plant (i.e., his home, his work place in factory, and his favorite restaurant). Elemental specification (i.e., relative elemental content and distribution in and/or on individual particles) was performed by a micro-PIXE system. Every element detected from the coarse particulate matters of home was classified into three groups, i.e., a group of high net-counts (Na, Al, and Si), a group of intermediate net-counts (Mg, S, Cl, K, and Ca), and a group of minor trace elements (P, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb). The results of EF for $PM_{4.7-3.3}$ in home indicated that several heavy metals were generated from the sources within the house itself. An exceptional feature shown in the individual particles in workplace is that Cr, Mn, and Co were clearly detected in both fine and coarse particles. Cluster analysis suggested that the individual coarse particles ($PM_{4.7-3.3}$) collected at the indoor of factory were chemically heterogeneous and they modified with sea-salt, mineral, and artificially derived elements. The principal components in individual coarse particles collected at restaurant were sea-salt and mineral without mixing with harmful trace elements like chromium and manganese. Compared to the indoor fine particles of home and restaurant, many elements, especially, Cl, Na, Cr, Mn, Pb, and Zn showed overwhelmingly high net-counts in those of factory.

폴리메틸렌 가지로 연결된 이핵 아릴옥시 티타늄 화합물을 이용한 스티렌의 신디오탁틱 중합 (Syndiotactic Polymerization of Styrene Catalyzed by Dinuclear (Cyclopentadienyl) (Aryloxy) Titanium(IV) Complexes with Polymethylene Bridge)

  • 금돈호;정우성;김경식;노석균;이동호;류원석
    • 폴리머
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    • 제30권1호
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    • pp.64-69
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    • 2006
  • 길이가 다른 폴리메틸렌 가지로 연결되고 chloride 대신 aryloxy 기가 치환된 dinuclear half-titanocene $[(\eta^5-cyclopentadienyl)(aryloxy)TiCl_2]_2[(CH_2)_n]$ (n=3, n=6, n=0)를 합성하고 이들의 중합특성을 조사하였다. Chloride 대신 치환된 aryloxy기는 2,6-diisopropylphenoxy를 사용하였다. 합성된 3 종류의 dinuclear half-titanocene은 $^1H\;NMR,\;^{13}C\;NMR$, 원소분석, 그리고 질량분석을 통해 구조와 조성을 규명하였다 3가지 화합물의 중합특성을 비교 조사하기 위해 조촉매(MMAO) 존재 하에서 스티렌의 중합실험을 수행하였으며, 그 결과 (i) 합성된 3 가지 촉매들은 모두 스티렌 중합으로부터 SPS(syndiotactic polystyrene)를 제조하는데 성공적인 촉매였고, (ii) 3화합물 중에서 다리리간드의 길이가 가장 긴 화합물 6이 가장 높은 활성을 나타내었으나 가장 낮은 분자량의 SPS를 생성하였으며, (iii) aryloxy로 치환된 촉매가 치환되기 전의 chloride화합물에 비해 더 높은 활성을 보이는 치환체의 효과가 관찰되었다 이 결과들은 dinuclear half-titanocene에 있어서의 촉매 특성은 다리리간드의 종류와 함께 티타늄에 결합된 음이온의 특성도 촉매의 중합특성에 중요한 영향을 미치는 것임을 보여주는 것이다.

GPU를 이용한 기타의 음 합성을 위한 효과적인 병렬 구현 (An Effective Parallel Implementation of Sound Synthesis of Guitar using GPU)

  • 강성모;김종면
    • 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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    • 제18권8호
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    • pp.1-8
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    • 2013
  • 본 논문에서는GPU 환경에서 기타의 음합성을 위한 물리적 모델링의 효율적인 병렬구현 방법을 제안한다. 물리적 모델링을 이용하여 기타의 개방현(E2, A2, D3, G4, B3, E4)들의 기본음을 합성하기 위해 각 개방현 음 합성을 위한 적절한 필터 계수를 사용하였고, 지연 라인의 길이를 조절하였다. 또한 물리적 모델링 알고리즘을 분석한 결과 지연 라인의 길이만큼 병렬성을 갖는 것을 확인하였다. 따라서 각 개방현의 기타 음을 합성하기 위해 지연 라인의 길이만큼CUDA 코어를 할당한 후 최적의 성능을 보이도록 알고리즘을 병렬 구현하였다. 모의실험결과, GPU를 이용하여 합성한 기타 음과 원음과의 스펙트럼이 매우 유사하였고, GPU는 기존 고성능 TI DSP보다 68배, CPU보다 3배의 성능 향상을 보였다. 또한, 본 논문에서는 물리적 모델링 알고리즘을 멀티 GPU시스템에서도 구현하고 성능을 분석하였다.

In vitro evaluation of resistance to sliding in self-ligating and conventional bracket systems during dental alignment

  • Cordasco, Giancarlo;Giudice, Antonino Lo;Militi, Angela;Nucera, Riccardo;Triolo, Giuseppe;Matarese, Giovanni
    • 대한치과교정학회지
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    • 제42권4호
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    • pp.218-224
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    • 2012
  • Objective: To investigate the resistance to sliding (RS) in self-ligating and conventional ligation bracket systems at 5 different second-order bracket angulations by using low-stiffness alignment wires in a 3-bracket experimental model and to verify the performance of the main RS components in both systems when these wires are used. Methods: Interactive self-ligating brackets with closed and open slides were used for the self-ligating (SL) and conventional ligation (CL) groups, respectively; elastomeric ligatures (1 mm inner diameter) were used in the latter system. The alignment wire used was 0.014 inch heat-activated NiTi (austenitic finish temperature set at $36^{\circ}C$ by the manufacturer). A custom-made testing machine was used to measure frictional resistance. Tests were repeated 5 times at every angulation simulated. All data were analyzed statistically. Results: The RS increased significantly with increasing angulation in both SL and CL groups (p < 0.0001). However, the RS values were significantly higher at every angulation (p < 0.0001) in the CL group. Conclusions: Despite the relevance of the binding phenomenon, ligation forces predominantly affect the RS when lowstiffness alignment wires are used.