• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.601-614
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• 2013

The commercial charcoal kiln was projected the largest source of biomass burning sector in Korea. Commercial charcoal kiln was operated to emit air pollutants into the air without any air pollution prevention equipment. The object of this field survey was to understand characteristics of air pollutants concentration and emission factors and to provide preliminary data for effective processor from oak charcoal manufacturing process. As result of field survey, TSP, $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ concentration from charcoal kiln were 400~37,000 $mg/m^3$. These values were over the 100 $mg/m^3$ in TSP, this value was effluent quality standard of Clean Air Conservation Act. The average concentration of CO, $SO_2$ and TVOC were 2~5%. 0~110 ppm and 820~10,000 ppm respectively. The emission factors were 42.4 g-PM/kg-oak in TSP, 40.3 g-PM/kg-oak in $PM_{10}$, 38.2 g-PM/kg-oak in $PM_{2.5}$, 182.5 g-CO/kg-oak, 1.0 g-NO/kg-oak, $SO_2$ 0.2 g-$SO_2/kg$-oak and 104.4 g-TVOC/kg-oak. The part of commercial charcoal kiln had air pollution prevention equipment but it was difficult to work properly. Much wood tar excreted in exhaust emissions from oak charcoal manufacturing process. This wood tar was cause of many troubles sticking in the air pollutant prevention equipment. For handling particulate matters and gaseous air pollutants from oak charcoal manufacturing process in biomass burning, air pollutant prevention equipment design and management needs preprocessor for removal wood tar.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.306-312
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• 2010

This field study was performed to evaluate the efficiency of a plasma ion-operated air cleaner in temporal reduction of airborne pollutants emitted from a pig housing facility. In the case of gaseous pollutants, the plasma ion air cleaner was not effective in reducing levels of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen dioxide, or sulfur dioxide (p>0.05). In the case of particulate pollutants, however, the air cleaner was effective in reducing levels of particulate matter ($PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_1$) by 79(${\pm}6.1$) and 78(${\pm}3.0$)%, respectively. Unlike the case of these fine particle fractions, the reduction of total suspended particles (TSP) and $PM_{10}$ following treatment was almost negligible. In the case of biological pollutants, the mean reduction efficiencies for airborne bacteria and fungi were relatively low at 22(${\pm}6.6$) and 25(${\pm}8.7$)%, respectively. Taken together, these results indicate that in terms of air pollutants released from this pig housing facility, the plasma ion air cleaner was primarily effective in reducing levels of $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_1$.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.19-26
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• 2003

무창형 이유자돈사의 분진의 특성을 조사하고 자돈사에서의 사이클론 집진기의 집진효율을 분석하기 위하여 18일령의 자돈사에 먼지제거기를 설치한 후 조사하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. TSP의 경우 아침 09:00~10:00 사이에 분진농도가 5,322$\mu g/m^3$으로 1차 피크를 형성했고 오후 19:00~12:00에 6,763$\mu g/m^3$로 2차 피크를 이루었으나 먼지제거기 가동시 08:00에 3,299$\mu g/m^3$, 18:30에 3,473$\mu g/m^3$으로 분진농도가 감소했다. 2. 분진 제거효율은 TSP의 대조구 3,614$\mu g/m^3$, 시험구 2,229.5$\mu g/m^3$로 38.3%의 분진제거효율을 보였으며, PM 10과 PM2.5는 각각 32.5%, 21.8%의 분진 제거효율이 있었다. 3. 숫자를 기준으로 한 분진의 크기별 분포는 시험구의 경우 0.745~1.08$\mu\textrm{m}$의 분진이 총 분진수의 53.5%를 차지하였고 대조구의 경우 0.985~1.19$\mu\textrm{m}$의 분진의 총 분진수의 58.1%를 차지했다. 4. 분진의 용적을 기준으로 하였을 경우 시험구에서는 23.4$\mu\textrm{m}$ 크기의 분진이 4.7%로 가장 높은 비율을 차지하였으며 대조구는 37.29$\mu\textrm{m}$ 크기의 분진이 5.1%로 가장 높았다. 5. 시험사료의 단백질 함량은 22%인데 비하여 분진은 25.9~32.7%로 높았으며 분진중의 중금속 함량도 사료에 비하여 높은 경향이었다.

• 한국대기환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국대기환경학회 2003년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.285-286
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• 2003

다단임팩터(cascade impactor)는 대기환경 연구에 있어 입자상물질의 물리ㆍ화학적 분석에 유용하게 사용되고 있는 입자상물질 포집장치이다. 본 연구그룹에서는 분리입경이 각각 10.07, 4.92, 2.49, 1.02, 0.7$\mu\textrm{m}$인 5단 다단임팩터를 이미 개발하여 성능평가를 수행하였으며, 그 연구결과를 발표하였다(Kwon et al., 2003). 또한 개발된 임팩터를 2002년 4월 8일 부터 29일까지 제주도 고산지역에서 실시된 ACE-Asia 측정 기간동안 설치 운영하여 대기 중 에어로졸 샘플링을 하였다(Park et al., 2003). 본 연구에서는 다단임팩터 사용자의 불편을 최소화하고, 장치의 상용화가 가능하도록 최적 설계에 주안점을 두었다. (중략)

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.538-544
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• 2014

A traditional fireplace has been used, but not much, for heating and cooking in rural area, Korea. Traditional fireplace as one type of biomass burnings is also emitting various air pollutants. Air pollutants emission from traditional fireplace was estimated in this study. There are two types of traditional fireplace, one for combined heating and cooking, the other one for cooking only. Types of fuels mostly used in traditional fireplace were wood, agricultural residue, solid waste. Activity levels such as fuel types, amount of fuel loading, and temporal variation were investigated by field survey over Korea. Estimated annual emissions from traditional fireplace were CO 6,335.0, NOx 555.0, SOx 9.6, VOC 1,771.7, TSP 181.4, $PM_{10}$ 119.9, $PM_{2.5}$ 96.2, $NH_3$ 1.4 ton/yr respectively. When emissions compared with the national emission inventory (CAPSS: Clean Air Policy Support System) of 2010 year, CO and $PM_{10}$ occupy 0.8% and 0.1% of total national emission, respectively.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.103-107
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• 2013

Objectives: The principal purpose of this study is to statistically compare dust levels among farmers with and without feeding in a nursery pig building. Methods: Total dust and respirable dust were measured by personal sampling method, and TSP and PM10 were monitored by the direct recording method in the pig building. Results: IIn the personal samples, mean exposure levels of total and respirable dust were higher among the farmers who conducted feeding compared to farmers who did not. A significant difference between farmers with feeding and farmers without feeding was found in total dust concentration(p<0.05), whereas there was no significant difference in respirable dust concentrations. In real-time monitoring of dust based on area sampling, the highest levels of total and respirable dust were detected in the feeding time periods; $4.33{\pm}2.57mg/m^3$ for TSP and $2.53{\pm}1.02mg/m^3$ for PM10, respectively. During time periods without feeding, the levels of total and respirable dust ranged from 1 to $2mg/m^3$ and from 0.5 to $1.5mg/m^3$, respectively. Conclusions: In terms of association of feeding work and air sampling location, the mean concentrations of total and respirable dust were highest in area sampling with feeding and lowest in personal sampling without feeding. However, a significant difference among groups investigated according to air sampling condition was found in total dust.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제62권6호
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• pp.33-42
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• 2020

Emission factors for ammonia and particulate matters (PMs) from livestock buildings are of increasing importance in view of the environmental protection. While the existing emission factors were determined based on the emission inventory of other countries, in situ measurement of emission factors is required to construct an accurate emission inventory for Korea. This study is to report measurements of ammonia and PMs emissions from mechanically-ventilated pig houses, which are common types of pig barns in Korea. Ventilation rates and concentrations of ammonia and PMs were measured at the ventilation outlets of a weaner unit, a growing pig unit and a fattening pig unit to calculated the emission factors. The PMs emission was characterized with different aerodynamic diameters (PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and total suspended particulates (TSP)). The measured ammonia emission factors for weaners, growing pigs and fattening pigs were 0.225, 0.869 and 1.679 kg animal^-1 yr^-1, respectively, showing linear increase with pigs' age. The PMs emission factors for three growing stages were 0.023, 0.237 and 0.241 kg animal^-1 yr^-1, respectively for TSP, 0.017, 0.072 and 0.223 kg animal^-1 yr^-1, respectively for PM₁₀, and 0.011, 0.016 and 0.151 kg animal^-1 yr^-1, respectively for PM_2.5. PMs emissions were increased with pigs' age due to increasing feed supply and animal movement. The measured emission factors were smaller than those of the existing emission inventory indicating that the existing ones overestimate the emissions from pig buildings and also suggesting that long-term in situ monitoring at various livestock buildings is required to construct the accurate emission inventory.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.73-82
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• 2012

This study was aimed to thoroughly estimate the characteristics of indoor particulate matter (PM) collected on subway platforms by the cooperative approach of semi-bulk and single particle analyses. The size-resolved PM and its number concentration were measured on the platform in a heavily traveled subway station in Fukuoka, Japan. Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) and micro-PIXE techniques were applied to the chemical analyses of semi-bulk and single particle, respectively. There was the close resemblance of timely fluctuation between PM number concentration and train service on the third basement floor (B3F) platform compared to the second basement floor (B2F) and its maximum level was marked in rush hour. Higher number counts in large particles ($>1{\mu}m$) and lower number counts in fine particles ($<1{\mu}m$) were shown on the platform compared to an above ground. PM2.5 accounted for 58.2% and 38.2 % of TSP on B3F and on B2F, respectively. The elements that were ranked at high concentration in size-resolved semi-bulk PM were Fe, Si, Ca, S, and Na. The major elements tending to have more elevated levels on B3F than B2F were Fe (4.4 times), Ca (17.3 times), and Si (46.4 times). Although concentrations were very low, Cr ($11.9ng\;m^{-3}$ on B3F, $2.4ng\;m^{-3}$ on B2F), Mn ($3.4ng\;m^{-3}$ on B3F, $0.9ng\;m^{-3}$ on B2F), and Pb ($0.6ng\;m^{-3}$ on B3F, $1.6ng\;m^{-3}$ on B2F) were detected from PM2.5. Individual PM was nearly all enriched in Fe with Si and Ca. Classifying and source profiling of the individual particles by elemental maps and particle morphology were tried and particles were presumably divided into four groups (i.e., train/rail friction, train-rail sparking, ballast/abrasive, and cement).

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.179-186
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• 2005

Particulate materials (PM) less than 10 ${\mu}m$ in diameter are of special interest in air pollution because they are respirable and responsible for the increasing mortality rate of lung cancer and cardiovascular diseases. These particles are often referred to as $PM_{10}$ and they are divided into a coarse fraction and a fine fraction which is also often referred to as $PM_{25}$. In this study, we monitored the TSP, $PM_{10},\;PM_{2.5}$ concentration of ambient air collected in northern part of Seoul in early spring and measured the concentration of heavy metals; Cr, Mn, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb. All the heavy metals were found in the collected particles and the concentrations were variable in the $PM_{10},\;and\;PM_{2.5}$ respectively. The detected concentration ranges were Cr: $ND\~2,889ng/m^3,\;Mn:2.4\~257.9ng/m^3,\;Zn:ND\~353.7ng/m^3,\; As:ND\~22.3ng/m^3,\;Cd:0.1\~2.9ng/m^3,\;and\;Pb:ND\~392.2ng/m^3$ in fine particles. Heavy metal toxicity of the particles were also tested in $H_9C_2$ cell line derived from rat cardiomyocytes. As for the results of health risk assessment calculated by unit risk of IRIS, heavy metals in ambient air of Seoul metropolitan area were found to be responsible for the increase of total excess cancer risk. Among them, chromium (hexavalent) was found to be the most risky in fine particles of ambient air collected in the northern part of Seoul in early spring.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.30-37
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• 2016

Objectives: This study was performed to measure and evaluate the concentration, size distribution and fugitive emission of particulate matter from process operations at foundries. Methods: Particle matter was collected from three foundries, and samples were also collected from a background site for calculating the fugitive emission concentration of the foundries. For the collection of the samples, a Nanosampler cascade impactor was used. Results: The concentration of TSP in the samples collected from the three foundries was $0.675{\sim}1.222mg/m^3$, $PM_{10}$ was $0.525{\sim}1.018mg/m^3$ and $PM_{2.5}$ was $0.192{\sim}0.615mg/m^3$. The mass size distribution was bimodal or monomodal with maximum peak at two stage(size $2.5{\sim}10{\mu}m$). The mass median aerodynamic diameter(MMAD) was $1.80{\sim}3.98{\mu}m$. The fugitive emission concentration of TSP varies in the range of 0.65 to $1.21mg/m^3$, which exceeds the emission standard of fugitive dust($0.5mg/m^3$). Conclusions: Particle concentration and size is an important industrial hygiene factor to protect foundry workers. Furthermore, the presence of high emission of particulate pollutants has a significant negative impact on the ambient air of the study area. Therefore, it is important to improve both the process and prevention facility in oder to reduce particulate pollutants in foundries.