• Proceedings of the KAIS Fall Conference
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• 2000.10a
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• pp.255-258
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• 2000

본 연구는 육성돈에 있어 인분해효소인 phytase의 첨가가 환경친화성사료개발을 위한 기초자료로 사용하기 위해 영양소 이용률을 측정하였다. 대조구는 옥수수-대두박의 육성돈 사료이고, 처리구는 대조구 사료에 Phytase의 첨가 수준을 500 unit 및 1,000 unit을 첨가한 구로 3×3 Latin Square 방법으로 실시하였다. 건물과 질소에 대한 소화율에서는 각 처리구간에 유의적인 차이가 없었다(P>0.05). 회분, 칼슘 및 인의 소화율의 경우 phytase 첨가구가 대조구에 비해 높은 수준을 보였다(P<0.05). 돼지가 섭취한 인의 양은 phytase 첨가구가 대조구에 비해 증가하였다. 또한 인의 흡수량에서 phytase 첨가구가 대조구에 비해 높았다(P<0.05) 분과 뇨의 총 인 배설량은 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 칼슘의 섭취량은 처리구가 대조구에 비해 높았다. 칼슘의 분 배설량은 각 처리구간에 별 다른 차이를 보이지 않았으나(P>0.05), 뇨의 배설량은 처리구가 대조구보다 적은 양이 배설되었다. 소화된 아미노산 중 cystine, isoleucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine은 처리구가 대조구에 비해 소화율이 현저히 증가된 것을 알 수 있었다(P<0.05). Asparagine, threonine, serine, methionine, leucine의 경우 phytase를 500 unit 첨가한 구가 높은 소화율을 나타내었다(P<0.05). 한편 lysine, histidine, arginine 등의 다른 아미노산은 처리구가 대조구보다 약간의 소화율 증가를 보였으나 통계적 유의차는 나타나지 않았다(P>0.05). 결론적으로 인분해효소 phytase를 사료내 첨가하므로서 분중 영양소를 줄일 수 있는 환경친화성 사료를 개발 가능하다고 사료된다. 체결홈이 형성된 체결부를 갖는 안경집과 이것에 결합되는 체결구가 마련되어 개폐되는 커버가 형성된 케이스로 구성된다.로 금형설계 및 제작기간을 단축하고자 한다.ere demonstrated in rats after i.c.v., intraperitoneally and orally administration, respectively. The antiepileptical effects by the combination of compounds from ginseng; were compared with the iuluence of Rg1, Rb1, Rc and with the well known antiepileptical drugs such as carbamazepine, valproic acid. The base for the research is obtained by using the WAG/Rij strain (Luijtelaar, Coenen, Kuznetcova), an excellent genetic model for human generalized absence epilepsy. The improving action of gensinosides was effectively demonstrated on the model of electrical kindling of amygdala of WAG/Rij rats with genetically determined absences, and the influences of ginsenosides on the slow wave discharges have also been being investigated. The different characteristics of a kindling process exerted in the sex-dif

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.9
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• pp.3994-4000
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• 2011

The principal objective of this study was to evaluate the quality characteristics of black ginseng mook prepared with different 5 levels(0, 1, 2, 3, and 4%) of black ginseng extract. We conducted the pH, sugar content, Hunter's color values, the mechanical characteristics and a sensory evaluation analysis of black ginseng mook. The more black ginseng extract was increased, the sugar contents of black ginseng mook were significantly increased. We noted that the luminance and Hunter's b values of black ginseng mook samples were decreased the more black ginseng extract was increased, but in Hunter's a values was reverse. With regard to the mechanical properties of the black ginseng mook samples, the more black ginseng extract was increased, the score of hardness, gumminess and chewiness were significantly decreased, but adhesiveness was increased. In color, taste, flavor and overall quality, the score of 3% black ginseng mook was significantly higher than those of the all.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.508-516
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• 2019

Background: Ginsenosides are not only the principal bioactive components but also the important indexes to the quality assessment of Panax ginseng Meyer. Their contents in cultivated ginseng vary with the growth environment and age. The present study aimed at evaluating the significant difference between 36 cultivated ginseng of different cultivation areas and ages based on the simultaneously determined contents of 14 ginsenosides. Methods: A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (MS) method was developed and used in the multiple reaction-monitoring (MRM) mode (HPLC-MRM/MS) for the quantitative analysis of ginsenosides. Multivariate statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and partial least squares-discriminant analysis, was applied to discriminate ginseng samples of various cultivation areas and ages and to discover the differentially accumulated ginsenoside markers. Results: The developed HPLC-MRM/MS method was validated to be precise, accurate, stable, sensitive, and repeatable for the simultaneous determination of 14 ginsenosides. It was found that the 3- and 5-yr-old ginseng samples were differentiated distinctly by all means of multivariate statistical analysis, whereas the 4-yr-old samples exhibited similarity to either 3- or 5-yr-old samples in the contents of ginsenosides. Among the 14 detected ginsenosides, Rg1, Rb1, Rb2, Rc, 20(S)-Rf, 20(S)-Rh1, and Rb3 were identified as potential markers for the differentiation of cultivation ages. In addition, the 5-yr-old samples were able to be classified in cultivation area based on the contents of ginsenosides, whereas the 3- and 4-yr-old samples showed little differences in cultivation area. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the HPLC-MRM/MS method combined with multivariate statistical analysis provides deep insight into the accumulation characteristics of ginsenosides and could be used to differentiate ginseng that are cultivated in different areas and ages.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.126-135
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• 2019

Background: The ginseng ginsenosides, which have various physiological activities, are known to be more abundant in the leaves than in the roots, and the consumers' interest in ginseng sprout as a functional vegetable has been increasing. Methods and Results: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of growth period on growth properties, active ingredients and rheology of ginseng sprouts cultivated in a non-heated greenhouse equipped with a shade net for 60 days, starting from the end of May to the middle of July. The chlorophyll content of the leaves decreased, but their length and width increased with increasing cultivation days. In particular, growth increased significantly until 40 days, but only slightly after 50 days. The stem length did not increase greatly from the 20 th to the 30 th day of cultivation, but increased significantly from the 30 th to the 40 th day, and then further increased gradually. The weight of the leaves, stems, and roots increased slightly, but not change significantly. After 40 days of cultivation, the total ginsenoside content increased by 1.07 times in the leaves and decreased by 0.80 times in the roots with increasing cultivation days. The leaf contents of ginsenosides $Rg_1$, Re, $Rb_1$, Rc, $F_3$ and $F_4$ increased with increasing cultivation days. The rheological properties of ginseng sprout showed the greatest influence on stem hardening with increasing cultivation days. Conclusions: Therefore, based on the growth characteristics, active ingredients and physical properties, 40 days after sowing was considered to be an appropriate harvesting time for ginseng sprouts.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.332-340
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• 2013

In this study, gamma rays were used to irradiate embryogenic calli induced from cotyledon explants of Panax ginseng Meyer. After the embryogenic calli were irradiated, they were transferred to adventitious roots using an induction medium; next, mutated adventitious root (MAR) lines with a high frequency of adventitious root formations were selected. Two MAR lines (MAR 5-2 and MAR 5-9) from the calli treated with 50 Gy of gamma rays were cultured on an $NH_4NO_3$-free Murashige and Skoog medium with indole-3-butyric acid 3 mg/L. The expression of genes related to ginsenoside biosynthesis was analyzed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction with RNA prepared from native ginseng (NG), non-irradiated adventitious root (NAR) and 2 MAR lines. The expression of the squalene epoxidase and dammarenediol synthase genes was increased in the MAR 5-2 line, whereas the phytosterol synthase was increased in the MAR 5-9 line. The content and pattern of major ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, and Rg1) were analyzed in the NG, NAR, and 2 MAR lines (MAR 5-2 and MAR 5-9) using TLC and HPLC. In the TLC analysis, the ginsenoside patterns in the NG, NAR, and 2 MAR lines were similar; in contrast, the MAR 5-9 line showed strong bands of primary ginsenosides. In the HPLC analysis, compared with the NG, one new type of ginsenoside was observed in the NAR and 2 MAR lines, and another new type of ginsenoside was observed in the 2 MAR lines irradiated with gamma rays. The ginsenoside content of the MAR 5-9 line was significantly greater in comparison to the NG.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.102-107
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• 1997

Ginseng root, as a folk medicine, has been used in far eastern countries for thousands of years. Ginseng extract has been shown to have a variety of effects on the activity of the central nervous system, promoting stimulation as well as inhibition of the cortical activity. A survey of the relevant literatures has indicated that the putative anxiolytic activity of red ginseng has not been scientifically investigated. Therefore, the present study was designed to assess anxiolytic effect of gingseng total saponins(GTS). The putative anxiolytic effects of several fractions of GTS were investigated in mice using an elevated plus maze paradigm. Single dose administration of TS Fr.-I showed anxiolytic action in mice. Anxiolytic effect induced by TS Fr.-I was similar to that induced by diazepam. TS Fr.-II, TS Fr.-III and TS Fr.-IV did not show the anxiolytic action compared with that of TS Fr.-I. It was suggested that regulation of GABAergic neurotransmission may be important in the action of GTS. The Interaction of GTS fractions with benzodiazepine receptor was performed using rat cortical membranes. GTS inhibited the binding of [3H] Ro 15-1788 on the benzodiazepine receptor. Among from TS fractions, the binding activity of GTS in the TS Fr.-IV was highest, which did not show the anxiolytic activity. From these results, we conclude that GTS has anxiolytic action, and this is not related to benzodiazepine receptor binding activity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.8
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• pp.1153-1161
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• 2016

For prevention of moisture adsorption, the fermented red ginseng extract spherical granules were coated by using hydrophobic fractions. The hydrophobic parts were extracted from red ginseng such as the perfect soluble part in 90% ethanol (PSE) and non-soluble part in hot water (NSHW). The optimum operating conditions for making fermented red ginseng extract spherical granules coated with PSE were a feeding rate (FR) of 0.49 mL/min, atomization air pressure (AP) of 2.14 bar, and product temperature (PT) of $48.96^{\circ}C$., whereas conditions for granules coated with NSHW were a FR of 0.61 mL/min, AP of 2.75 bar, and PT of $46.30^{\circ}C$. The solubility of coated fermented red ginseng extract spherical granule was lower than that of not coated. The fermented red ginseng extract spherical granules coated with NSHW showed more preventative effects for moisture adsorption than those coated with PSE, although there were no differences in solubility and fluidity. In the sensory evaluation, granules coated with hydrophobic fractions extracted from red ginseng were shown to be bitterer and less soluble than those not coated spherical granules. In conclusion, fermented red ginseng extract spherical granules coated with hydrophobic extracts from red ginseng showed a preventative effect against moisture.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.99-120
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• 2012

Objectives : The oriental medicine Jangwonhwan, a boiled extract of 12 medicinal herbs/mushrooms, has been prescribed to patients with cognitive dysfunction, as originally described in the Korean medical text, DonguiBogam(amnesia chapter). Recently, a modified formula of Jangwonhwan (LMK02-Jangwonhwan) consisting of seven medicinal plants/mushrooms, was shown to reduce the ${\beta}$-amyloid deposition in the brain of Tg-APPswe/PS1dE9 mouse model for Alzheimer's disease. The toxicity of LMK02-Jangwonhwan was investigated in SD rats, by a daily oral administration for 13 weeks and NOAEL(No observed adverse effect dose), a definite toxic dose and target organ, as well. Methods : Quality control of the tablet form of LMK02-Jangwonhwan was established by estimating the indicative components, Ginsenoside Rg3 of Red Ginseng and Decursin of Angelicagigas Nakai. The toxicity of LMK02-Jangwonhwan was investigated in 6 week old, specific pathogen free (SPF), Sprageu-Dawley rats by oral administration. Each test group consisted of 10 male and 10 female rats. The groups received doses of 500, 1,000 or 2,000 mg/kg/day of test substance for 13 weeks. The clinical signs, death rate, body weight, food consumption, ophthalmic examination, urinalysis, hematological and serum biochemistry, organ weight and pathological changes were examined and compared with those of the control group. Results : The 13-week repeated oral treatment doses didn't result in any specific symptoms or death. There were no significant changes in the rat's weight and food consumption. Further, ophthalmic examination, urinalysis, hematological, serum biochemistry test and organ weight revealed no significant differences. Conclusions : The no-observed-adverse-effect level(NOAEL) of LMK02 for male and female Sprague-Dawley rats was determined as 2,000mg/kg/day and the target organ wasn't confirmed. Because no significant adverse effects were observed, the target organ could not be determined.

• Proceedings of the KAIS Fall Conference
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• 2000.10a
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• pp.226-229
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• 2000

일반적으로 안경집은 일회적으로 사용하고 버리는 것이라 생각하는 사람이 많다. 안경집을 주로 생산하고 있는 대동사출금형과의 공동 노력으로 다기능성 안경집을 개발한 것을 소개한다. 일상적인 고정관념을 버리면 편리하고 기능성이 높은 제품을 만들 수 있다는 신념으로 개발한 결과 어린이나 젊은이들이 졸아할 문방구 겸용 안경집을 개발할 수 있었다. 완구는 소비자가 일상적으로 많이 접촉하기 때문에 곰팡이나 세균이 서식하지 않도록 항균 세라믹을 이용하여 항균처리하였다. 또한 상온에서 인체에 이로운 원적외선이 방출될 수 있도록 고안하였다. 단순한 색상의 무료함을 줄이기 위하여 어린이나 젊은이들이 좋아하는 상용화된 캐릭터를 사용하여 제품의 다양화를 꾀하였고, 4개의 조각으로 만들어 어린이들이나 젊은이들이 조립할 수 있도록 하여 흥미를 더할 수 있도록 하였다. 또한 소비자들이 선호하는 색을 알아보기 위하여 기존의 안경집을 활용하여 색상성호도 조사를 실시하였다. 젊은층은 자극적이고 화려한 색깔을 선호하는 한편 기성세대는 무난한 색깔을 선호하였다. 또한 콘택트 렌즈를 착용하는 경우에도 안경을 사용하는 경우가 많다. 이 경우 콘택트 렌즈와 안경을 따로 가지고 다녀야 하는 불편이 있다. 이에 착안하여 안경과 콘택트 렌즈를 겸용으로 사용하는 소비자를 위하여 안경과 콘택트 렌즈를 동시에 담을 수 있는 안경집을 개발(실용신안 출원번호:8928)하였다. 이 고안은 콘택트 렌즈를 안경집에 보관하기 위한 것으로 콘택트렌즈가 식염수에 잠겨 보관된 렌즈캡을 안경집내에 별도로 삽입되는 케이스에 수납하도록 구성하여 안경과 함께 콘택트 렌즈를 보관해 휴대하는 안경집 보관용 콘택트 렌즈 케이스에 관한 것으로 이것의 특징은 뚜껑이 열리고 닫히도록 구성된 안경집에 있어서 뚜껑 안쪽에 거울이 마련되고 뚜껑이 연결되는 선단부 안쪽에 끼움홈과 체결홈이 형성된 체결부를 갖는 안경집과 이것에 결합되는 체결구가 마련되어 개폐되는 커버가 형성된 케이스로 구성된다.로 금형설계 및 제작기간을 단축하고자 한다.ere demonstrated in rats after i.c.v., intraperitoneally and orally administration, respectively. The antiepileptical effects by the combination of compounds from ginseng; were compared with the iuluence of Rg1, Rb1, Rc and with the well known antiepileptical drugs such as carbamazepine, valproic acid. The base for the research is obtained by using the WAG/Rij strain (Luijtelaar, Coenen, Kuznetcova), an excellent genetic model for human generalized absence epilepsy. The improving action of gensinosides was effectively demonstrated on the model of electrical kindling of amygdala of WAG/Rij rats with genetically determined absences, and the influences of ginsenosides on the slow wave discharges have also been being investigated. The different characteristics of a kindling process exerted in the sex-different region of the amygdala and demonstrated that the level of sex steroids and content of neurosteroids in amygdaloid tissue ca

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.263-271
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• 2019

In this study, we examined the immunostimulating characteristics of a hot water extract (RCW) and crude polysaccharides (RCP) of red cabbage. RCW and RCP did not show any cytotoxicity in B16BL6 cells and macrophages. Although the sugar compositions of RCW and RCP were similar, the uronic acid content of RCP was higher than that of RCW RCP significantly increased the production of various cytokines and NO, whereas RCW did not affect the production of cytokines and NO. In an ex vivo assay of natural killer (NK) cell activity, intravenous (i.v.) administration of RCP significantly augmented NK cytotoxicity against Yac-1 tumor cells at 3 days after RCP treatment. In an experimental lung metastasis model using B16BL6 melanoma cells, i.v. administration of RCP at a dose of $1,000{\mu}g$ per mouse significantly inhibited 47.3% of lung metastasis. These results suggest that crude polysaccharide isolated from red cabbage is a promising food ingredient for the prevention of tumor metastasis.