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사용자 제작 콘텐츠의 활성화 요인에 대한 정성적 연구: 구비문학 이론을 중심으로 (A Qualitative Study on Facilitating Factors of User-Created Contents: Based on Theories of Folklore)

  • 정승기;이기호;이인성;김진우
    • Asia pacific journal of information systems
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    • 제19권2호
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    • pp.43-72
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    • 2009
  • Recently, user-created content (UCC) have emerged as popular medium of on-line participation among users. The Internet environment has been constantly evolving, attracting active participation and information sharing among common users. This tendency is a significant deviation from the earlier Internet use as an one-way information channel through which users passively received information or contents from contents providers. Thanks to UCCs online users can now more freely generate and exchange contents; therefore, identifying the critical factors that affect content-generating activities has increasingly become an important issue. This paper proposes a set of critical factors for stimulating contents generation and sharing activities by Internet users. These factors were derived from the theories of folklores such as tales and songs. Based on some shared traits of folklores and UCC content, we found four critical elements which should be heeded in constructing UCC contents, which are: context of culture, context of situation, skill of generator, and response of audience. In addition, we selected three major UCC websites: a specialized contents portal, a general internet portal, and an official contents service site, They have different use environments, user interfaces, and service policies, To identify critical factors for generating, sharing and transferring UCC, we traced user activities, interactions and flows of content in the three UCC websites. Moreover, we conducted extensive interviews with users and operators as well as policy makers in each site. Based on qualitative and quantitative analyses of the data, this research identifies nine critical factors that facilitate contents generation and sharing activities among users. In the context of culture, we suggest voluntary community norms, proactive use of copyrights, strong user relationships, and a fair monetary reward system as critical elements in facilitating the process of contents generation and sharing activities. Norms which were established by users themselves regulate user behavior and influence content format. Strong relationships of users stimulate content generation activities by enhancing collaborative content generation. Particularly, users generate contents through collaboration with others, based on their enhanced relationship and specialized skills. They send and receive contents by leaving messages on website or blogs, using instant messenger or SMS. It is an interesting and important phenomenon, because the quality of contents can be constantly improved and revised, depending on the specialized abilities of those engaged in a particular content. In this process, the reward system is an essential driving factor. Yet, monetary reward should be considered only after some fair criterion is established. In terms of the context of the situation, the quality of contents uploading system was proposed to have strong influence on the content generating activities. Among other influential factors on contents generation activities are generators' specialized skills and involvement of the users were proposed. In addition, the audience response, especially effective development of shared interests as well as feedback, was suggested to have significant influence on contents generation activities. Content generators usually reflect the shared interest of others. Shared interest is a distinct characteristic of UCC and observed in all the three websites, in which common interest is formed by the "threads" embedded with content. Through such threads of information and contents users discuss and share ideas while continuously extending and updating shared contents in the process. Evidently, UCC is a new paradigm representing the next generation of the Internet. In order to fully utilize this innovative paradigm, we need to understand how users take advantage of this medium in generating contents, and what affects their content generation activities. Based on these findings, UCC service providers should design their websites as common playground where users freely interact and share their common interests. As such this paper makes an important first step to gaining better understand about this new communication paradigm created by UCC.

심장질환의 진단을 위해 의뢰된 환아들에 대한 자료 분석 (Statistical Analysis of Patients Referred to Pediatric Cardiology Clinic for Diagnosis of Heart Disease)

  • 최광해;이영환
    • Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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    • 제17권1호
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    • pp.49-54
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    • 2000
  • 소아의 심장질환을 진단하는데 필수적인 진단도구로 자리를 잡아가고 있는 심초유파 검사는 신속한 확진과 그 방법의 비침습성으로 인하여, 소아 심장 클리닉에 심장질환 검사에 대한 의뢰가 증가되고 있는 실정이다. 그러나 심장질환이 의심되어 소아 심장 클리닉에 진단을 위하여 의뢰된 환아들에 대한 자료의 분석이 거의 없는 상태이므로, 심장질환의 진단을 위해 의뢰된 환아들의 특생에 대한 기초자료로 활용하고자 이들에 대한 자료를 비교 분석하였다. 대상 및 방법으로는 1998년 10월 1일부터 1999년 7월 10일까지 심장 질환이 의심되어 소아 심장 클리닉에 심장 검사를 위하여 의뢰되어 심초음파 검사를 시행한 428명을 대상으로 하였다. 이들 환아들의 자세한 병력, 흉부 방사선 검사, 심전도 검사의 결과와 필요한 경우에 추가 시행한 운동 부하 심전도, 24시간 심전도 및 심혈관조영술의 결과를 병력지를 이용한 후향적 조사룰 하였다. 의뢰 당시 환아의 성별 및 연령별 분포는 남아가 261례(61.0%), 여아가 167례(39.0%)로 남녀 비는 1.6:1이였으며, 1세 미만이 268례로 의뢰된 전체 환아 중 62.6%를 차지하였다. 의뢰된 이유로는 심잡음이 248례(57.9%)로 가장 많았으며 그 다음이 발열이 52례(12.1%), 심전도 이상이 43례(10.0%), 청색층이 33례(7.7%) 등의 순이었다. 의뢰 당시 의심된 심장질환 중 선천성 심장질환이 의심되어 의뢰된 경우는 302례(70.6%)였으며, 후천성 심장질환이 의심된 경우는 76례(17.8%), 부정맥이 의심되어 의뢰된 경우는 50례(11.6%) 로 나타나, 선천성 심장질환이 의심되어 의뢰된 경우가 가장 많았다. 의뢰 당시 의심되는 심장 질환별 임상적 양상 비교에서 선천성 심장질환이 의심된 경우는 심잡음이 248례(57.9%)로 가장 많았으며, 후천성 심장 질환이 의심된 경우는 발열이 52례(12.1%), 부정맥으로 의뢰된 경우는 심전도 검사의 이상 소견이 43례(10.0%)로 가장 많았다. 최종 진단 결과 선천성 심장병이 212례로 49,5%이었으며, 후천성 심장병이 59례로 13.9% 이었고, 부정맥이 13례로 3.0%를 차지하였고, 정상인 경우도 144례로 33.6%나 되었다. 결론적으로 신생아기에는 선천성 심장질환이 많았고, 유아기 이후에는 후천성 심장질환과 부정맥이 증가하는 추세를 보였다. 그러나 심초음파검사를 위해 의뢰된 환아 중 144례 (33.6%)가 심초음파검사에서 정상 소견을 나타내었으므로, 심음 청진에 대한 확신보다는 심초음파검사에 대한 의존도가 지나치게 높은 것으로 나타났다. 따라서, 선천성 심장질환의 감별을 위한 올바른 심음 청진에 대한 훈련이 다시 한번 강조되어야 할 것으로 사료된다.

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Relationships among CEO Image, Corporate Image and Employment Brand Value in Fashion Industry

  • Ko, Eun-Ju;Taylor, Charles R.;Wagner, Udo;Ji, Hyun-Ah
    • 마케팅과학연구
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    • 제18권4호
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    • pp.307-331
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    • 2008
  • The CEO and the Corporate Image is considered very important in the aspect of marketing. The fact that CEO image itself influences the company or value of the product directly and indirectly has been verified through many cases. Recently, the differentiation of products and services between companies became difficult because the disparity in technique between companies retrenched. As a result, the rate of people who decide to purchase or invest their money based on the corporate image or reputation has been increased. Also in the knowledge society like today, the talented employees are the company's customer and the company's necessity for managing those brains of marketing perspective on how to satisfy and attract the customers is being embossed. The Fashion industry is one of the most value-added industry and in those value-added businesses, the most important factor is the human resources' knowledge power. However the study of the relationships among the CEO image, the corporate image and employment brand value in fashion industry has not been carried out yet. This research considers that dynamic relationship exists among the CEO image, corporate image and employment brand value that affects a company's main goal of pursuing benefits and intends to investigate the relationships of the three concepts. The specific purposes of this study were, 1) to analyze the impact of CEO image on a corporate image, 2) to analyze the impact of corporate image on employment brand value, 3) to analyze the impact of CEO image on employment brand value, 4) to analyze whether corporate image plays a mediating role in the relationship between CEO image and employment brand value or not. A survey design with a structured questionnaire was employed for this research. A convenience sample of 398 subjects was selected from two groups, which are university students majoring in fashion and practitioners working in fashion industry. For the data analysis, descriptive statistic (i.e., frequency, percentage), factor analysis, and multiple regression analysis were used by utilizing SPSS 12.0 for Windows program. The results for this research are as follows, first, the study of the impact of CEO image (i.e., Managerial Competence, Reliability/Leadership, Personal Attractiveness) on corporate image (i.e., Product Image, Corporate Social Responsibility Image, Corporate Cultural Image) brought conclusion that the CEO image generally affected the corporate image in fashion industry. Managerial Competence and Reliability/Leadership affected Product Image, Corporate Social Responsibility Image and Corporate Cultural Image. However, while CEO's Personal Attractiveness affected Product Image and Corporate Social Responsibility Image, it did not affect Corporate Cultural Image. Second, the study of the impact of corporate image on employment brand value brought conclusion that corporate image (i.e., Product Image, Corporate Social Responsibility Image, Corporate Cultural Image) affected employment brand value. Corporate Cultural Image affected employment brand value the most and then the Corporate Social Responsibility Image and Product Image. Third, the study of the impact of CEO image on employment brand value brought conclusion that CEO image (i.e., Managerial Competence, Reliability/Leadership, Personal Attractiveness) affected the employment brand value. CEO's Reliability/Leadership affected the employment brand value the most and then CEO's Personal Attractiveness and CEO's Managerial Competence. Forth, the study examined whether corporate image plays a mediating role in relationship of CEO image and employment brand value and concluded that it does. Corporate image played a full mediating role between CEO's Managerial Competence and employment brand value while it played a partial mediating role between CEO's Reliability/Leadership and CEO's Personal Attractiveness. This study is meaningful in a sense that it examines the relationship among the CEO image, corporate image and employment brand value which has not been carried out yet in fashion industry. It will ultimately contribute to the success of a fashion company by providing useful information of establishing strategies for managing proper the CEO and the corporate image to the fashion company and operating the talented employees.

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Cone-beam CT를 이용한 안면비대칭자에서 이부편위에 따른 치성보상의 양상분석 (Correlation between menton deviation and dental compensation in facial asymmetry using cone-beam CT)

  • 박수병;박정희;정연화;조봉혜;김용일
    • 대한치과교정학회지
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    • 제39권5호
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    • pp.300-309
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    • 2009
  • 본 연구는 Cone-beam CT의 MPR이미지상에서 하악골 평면에 대한 하악 제1대구치와 견치의 편위측과 비편위측의 높이와 각도차이 그리고 FH 평면에 대한 상악 제1대구치와 견치의 편위측과 비편위측의 높이와 각도차이를 계측함으로써 안면비대칭자에서 이부편위에 따른 편위측과 비편위측의 제1대구치와 견치의 높이와 협설측 경사도를 CBCT를 이용하여 분석하고 그 관련성을 알아보는 데 있다. 연구대상은 하악골의 이부편위를 동반한 안면비대칭 환자 50명(여자 29명, 남자 21명, 평균나이 24세 4개월)으로 하였다. 대조군으로 평균나이 25세 7개월인 20명(남자 11명, 여자 9명)을 분석하였다. 결과는 이부편위에 대해 FH 평면에 대한 상악 제1대구치의 편위측과 비편위측의 길이 및 각도 차이(편위측 - 비편위측)는 대조군에 대해 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 존재하였다 (p < 0.01). 비대칭군에서 상악 제1대구치 각도는 편위측이 비편위측보다 평균 $8.62\;{\pm}\;5.95^{\circ}$ 컸다 (p < 0.01). 상악 견치의 경우에도 편위측과 비편위측의 각도차이가 평균 $4.48\;{\pm}\;5.05^{\circ}$로 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 존재하였다 (p < 0.01). 하악골 평면에 대한 하악 제1대구치의 수직 길이와 각도는 편위측과 비편위측에서 통계적으로 유의할 만한 차이가 존재하였다 (p < 0.01). 각도의 차이는 평균 $-11.92\;{\pm}\;5.79^{\circ}$로 나타났다. 이부편위에 대한 상하악 제1대구치와 견치의 수직거리 및 각도의 Pearson 상관분석 및 회귀분석 결과, FH 평면에 대한 상악 제1대구치의 편위측과 비편위측의 각도차이(${\Delta\angle}UM6$-FH plane (dev.-ndev.))는 통계적으로 유의한 양의 상관관계를 나타내었고, 하악골 평면에 대한 하악 제1대구치의 편위측과 비편위측의 각도차이(${\Delta\angle}LM6$-Mn plane (dev.-ndev.))는 통계적으로 유의한 음의 상관관계를 나타내었다. 이상의 결과에서 이부편위를 동반한 하악골 비대칭이 존재하는 경우, 이부가 편위되는 방향으로 상하악 제1대구치의 치아장축의 각도가 변화되는 것으로 나타났다.

호스피스케어에 대한 평가 연구 - 세브란스호스피스 중심으로 (A Study to Determine the Effectsiveness of Severance Hospice Home Care Program)

  • 왕매련;조원정;김조자;이원희;유지수
    • 대한간호
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    • 제29권4호
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    • pp.51-72
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    • 1990
  • The purpose of this study was to determine whether Severance Hospice Home Care Pro gram was able to meet its objectives. This was done in order to show in detail the effects of hospice home care on the quality of life of terminally ill patients and to provide rationale for setting up more hospice home care programs in korea. The results of the study were as follows: The subjects of the study were 100 terminally ill patients who hnd died 'while in the hospice program and 64 family members who were registered with Severance Hospice Home Care Program between march 1988 and Feb. 1990. The nursing needs of these terminally ill patients were assessed by the nursing records of these patients. The need for pain control(82%) was the highest nursing need so far as the physical aspects were concerned. This was followed by poor appetite(37%), 8 dyspnea(34%), nausea and vomiting(30%) in that order of frequency. In reqard to spiritual needs, the need for religious' support was also high at 72%. Their main psychological symptoms were anxiety and fear(34% ). Burn-out was a major problem for 44% of the family members. The psychological process experiencel by the terminal ill patients was compared to the dying process, described by Kiibler Ross. In comparison of the five stages outlined by kubler Ross with the dying process of the subjects it was found that the subjects not only experienced the five stages but also experienced denial and doubt-fulness or denial with acceptance or acceptance with the expectation of a miracle. But rather than acceptance of the dying process, giving up was a frequent end point of the psychological process, of the subjects. However, when the combination of states was observed, most of the patients reached the state of acceptance in the dying process. It was difficult to identify a definite pattern of change in the psychological process of the subjects. Also it was difficult to identify the factors that influenced the psychological process. The symptoms of the terminally j]] subjects just before dying, that is, 3-4 days before dying included apparent signs of dying. These were a reduction of intake(77%), reduction of the amount of urination(63%), increase in sleeping time (64%) and acceptance of dying by patients and their families who had been unaccepting be before that time(66%). The primary care givers(family member's) degree of satisfaction with the care given to the patient by the hospice was 88.7%. The results of this study show that Severance Hospice Home Care Program had a positie effeet on the quality of life of the terminally ill patients and their family members as they faced the death of the patient. It can be seen from this study that there is an urgent need to extend hospice programs - in order to provide quality of care for terminally ill patient and their families. Based upon the reesults of this study several suggestions are presente as follows: 1) A follow up study should be carried out to identify the dying process as it is unique to Korea. 2) A comparison should be made of other hospice care programs. 3) A comparison study should- be made with subjects who do not receive any hospice care as compared to those who do by use of an experimental and control group methodology. 4) There is a need to determine a scientific method to adequeto measure the interventions carried out to meet the hospice patients nursing care needs. 5) A study should be made using quality research methodology to evaluate effects of hospiec care from the patients, their family members and the nurrse's perspective.

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임상용 MR에서 pH 측정을 위한 동물 실험용 $^1H-^{31}P$ RF 코일 개발 (Development of $^1H-^{31}P$ Animal RF Coil for pH Measurement Using a Clinical MR Scanner)

  • 김은주;김대홍;이상우;허단;이영한;서진석
    • Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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    • 제18권1호
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    • pp.52-58
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    • 2014
  • 목적: 임상용 MRI에서 마우스 종양의 pH 측정을 위한 $^1H-^{31}P$ RF 코일 시스템을 개발하고 팬텀을 이용하여 pH 값의 정확도를 시험하고자 한다. 대상과 방법: 마우스 종양 연구를 위한 표면형 $^1H$$^{31}P$ radio frequency (RF) 코일을 개발하였다. 두 코일을 서로 수직이 되도록 설치하여 두 코일간의 상호인덕턴스를 0으로 하였다. 다양한 pH 값을 가진 팬텀으로부터 $^{31}P$ MR 스펙트럼을 얻어 Henderson-Hasselbalch equation을 이용하여 pH를 구하였다. $^{31}P$ 스펙트럼으로부터 얻은 pH값은 pH meter를 사용하여 직접 구한 pH값과 비교한다. 결과: $^1H-^{31}P$ RF 코일 상호간 coil coupling (S12)은 각각 -73.0, -62.3 dB로 충분히 분리 되었다. 균일한 팬텀으로부터 얻은 $^1H$ 영상의 signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)는 약 300 이상이며, in vivo 고해상도 마우스 영상을 얻을 수 있었다. $^1H$ 신호가 분리된 $^{31}P$ MR 스펙트럼으로부터 얻은 pH값은 pH meter로 직접 측정하여 얻은 값과 약 97% 상관관계를 가졌다. 결론: 본 연구에서 개발한 임상 MRI 장비용 $^1H-^{31}P$ RF 코일 시스템으로부터 정확한 pH를 구할 수 있었다. 본 코일 시스템은 31P 이외의 다른 핵 MRS 혹은 MRI에 적용 가능할 것으로 기대된다.

곡지, 족삼리 침자극이 뇌활성화에 미치는 영향에 대한 뇌기능적 자기공명영상을 이용한 연구 (Functional MRI Study of Changes in Brain Activity by Manual Acupuncture at LI11 or ST36)

  • 조승연;장건호;박성욱;정우상;문상관;고창남;조기호;김영석;배형섭;박정미
    • 대한한의학회지
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    • 제31권1호
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    • pp.81-92
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    • 2010
  • Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess bra in activation and difference by LI11 or ST36 acupuncture stimulation using functional MRI (fMRI). Methods: A total of 10 healthy right-handed volunteers were studied. LI11 acupuncture and ST36 acupuncture stimulations were applied in order on the left. The block design paradigm of RARARA was used for the task, with R representing rest and A representing stimulation, and each period lasted 30 seconds. fMRI data were analyzed using SPM2. Results: The left LI11 acupuncture stimulation activated both sides of the inferior parietal lobule, the left side of the extra-nuclear, culmen and inferior semi-lunar lobules. On the right side, the nodule and midbrain regions were activated by the left LI11 acupuncture stimulation. The left ST36 acupuncture stimulation activated the right side of the superior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, superior parietal lobule, inferior semi-lunar lobule and pyramis. On the left side, the sub-gyral, middle temporal gyrus, fusiform gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, extra-nuclear, cingulate gyrus and fastigium regions were activated by the left ST36 acupuncture stimulation. Besides, both sides of the paracentral lobule, inferior parietal lobule, culmen, cerebellar tonsil and midbrain regions were activated. Conclusions: In conclusion, brain signal activation patterns according to acupoints were observed to differ, and ST36 acupuncture stimulation activated more regions than LI11. It is supposed that LI11 and ST36 acupuncture stimulations have an influence on motor function and sensory aphasia, and these stimulations thus represent potential for ocular motor dysfunction, discriminative touch or position sense disorder. Moreover, ST36 acupuncture stimulation activated the cingulate gyrus of the limbic system, so it seems to have an influence over autonomic functions.

학령기 정상아동에서 '전산화 신경인지기능검사'의 타당도 및 신뢰도 분석 (The Validity and Reliability of 'Computerized Neurocognitive Function Test' in the Elementary School Child)

  • 이종범;김진성;서완석;신현진;배대석;이혜린
    • 정신신체의학
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    • 제11권2호
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    • pp.97-117
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    • 2003
  • 연구목적: 학령기 정상아동에 있어서 전산화 신경인지기능검사의 타당도 및 신뢰도를 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법: 2002년 6월부터 2003년 1월까지 평균 범위 이상의 지능을 유지하고 있고, 배제기준(ru1e out criteria)을 통과한 학년별 남녀 각각 10명씩, 120명의 정상아동에게 K-ABC, K-PIC 및 전산화 신경인지기능검사를 실시하였다. 그리고 이들 중 무작위로 선발된 30명에게 검사-재검사 신뢰도(reliability)를 알아보기 위해 4주뒤 전산화 신경인지기능검사를 재실시하였다. 결 과: 타당도 검증을 위한 상관분석 결과, 4가지 연속수행검사는 성인을 대상으로 한 연구와 동일하였으며, 기억력 검사에서도 단기기억의 순방향과 역방향 검사의 차이를 보이면서 선행연구와 동일하였다. 고위인지기능검사들에서는 각기 다른 측정 목적을 가지고 있는 검사들로 구성되어 있음을 시사하였다. 12개 검사 43개의 변수에 대해 요인분석을 실시한 결과, 10개의 요인이 도출되었으며, 전체 설병변량은 75.5%였다. 도출된 요인은 '주의력 유지, 정보처리속도, 경계력, 언어학습, 주의의 배분 및 개념형성, 사고의 유연성, 개념형성, 시각기억능력, 단기기억, 선택적 주의력' 순이었다. 해석적 준거(criteria)를 마련하기 위한 K-ABC와의 상관분석에서, K-ABC의 하위척도와 선택적인 관련성이 있음을 확인하였다. 신뢰도 검증에서, 연습효과를 반영하는 결과들이 발견되었으며, 특히 고위인지기능검사에서 현저하였다. 하지만, 각 검사 군의 반분신뢰도와 내적 일치도는 유의하게 높았다. 결 론: 아동기 정상아동의 전산화 신경인지기능 수행은 성인과는 다른 발달적 특성을 반영하고 있음을 발견할 수 있었으며, 신경심리학적 배경을 가진 표준화된 지능검사와의 관계를 알아봄으로써 해석적 준거 마련을 위한 기본적인 정보를 얻을 수 있었다.

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젖소분뇨로부터 최대 바이오가스 생산과 유기물 제거효율을 달성하기 위한 반건식 간헐주입 연속혼합 혐기성반응조의 최적 수리학적 체류시간 도출을 위한 연구 (Assessment of Optimum Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) for Maximum Biogas Production and Total Volatile Solid (TVS) Removal Efficiency of Semi-Continuously Fed and Mixed Reactor (SCFMR) Fed with Dairy Cow Manure)

  • 강호;김선우;정지현;안희권;정광화
    • 대한환경공학회지
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    • 제37권12호
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    • pp.696-704
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    • 2015
  • 본 논문은 톱밥 깔개 젖소분뇨 TS 13%를 반건식 간헐주입 연속혼합 반응조(Semi-Continuously Fed and Mixed Reactor, SCFMR)에 주입하여 신재생에너지인 바이오가스의 생산성과 TVS 제거효율을 비교 평가하여 최적 운전조건을 도출하고자 하였으며, 그 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 톱밥 깔개 젖소분뇨 주입 TS 13%의 반건식 SCFMR의 운전결과 HRT 25일(OLR $4.40{\sim}4.50kg\;VS/m^3-day$)에서 최대 바이오가스 발생량 1.44 v/v-d와 $CH_4$ 발생량 1.12 v/v-d를 달성하였으며, 이 때 TVS 제거효율은 바이오가스 발생량 기준 37%이었다. 이는 톱밥 깔개 젖소분뇨 1일 100 kg 주입 시 $3.60m^3$의 바이오가스를 생산하는 결과이다. 높은 유기물 부하율인 OLR $4.45kg\;VS/m^3-day$(HRT 25일)에서 SCFMR의 운전이 안정적인 이유는 주입시료인 톱밥 깔개 젖소분뇨가 갖고 있는 높은 Alkalinity 농도 때문이다. 그 결과 반응조의 Alkalinity는 14,500~15,600 mg/L as $CaCO_3$ 범위이었으며, 반응조의 안정성을 평가하는 V/A 비는 평균 0.11, P/A 비는 평균 0.43을 유지하였다.

Biological Functions of N- and O-linked Oligosaccharides of Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin and Lutropin/Chorionic Gonadotropin Receptor

  • Min, K.S.
    • 한국가축번식학회지
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    • 제24권4호
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    • pp.357-364
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    • 2000
  • Members of the glycoprotein family, which includes CG, LH, FSH and TSH, comprise two noncovalently linked $\alpha$- and $\beta$-subunits. Equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG), known as PMSG, has a number of interesting and unique characteristics since it appears to be a single molecule that possesses both LH- and FSH-like activities in other species than the horse. This dual activity of eCG in heterologous species is of fundamental interest to the study of the structure-function relationships of gonadotropins and their receptors. CG and LH $\beta$ genes are different in primates. In horse, however, a single gene encodes both eCG and eLH $\beta$ -subunits. The subunit mRNA levels seem to be independently regulated and their imbalance may account for differences in the quantities of $\alpha$ - and $\beta$-subunits in the placenta and pituitary. The dual activities of eCG could be separated by removal of the N-linked oligosaccharide on the $\alpha$-subunit Asn 56 or CTP-associated O-linked oligosaccharides. The tethered-eCG was efficiently secreted and showed similar LH-like activity to the dimeric eCG. Interestingly, the FSH-like activity of the tethered-eCG was increased markedly in comparison with the native and wild type eCG. These results also suggest that this molecular can implay particular models of FSH-like activity not LH-like activity in the eCG/indicate that the constructs of tethered molecule will be useful in the study of mutants that affect subunit association and/or secretion. A single-chain analog can also be constructed to include additional hormone-specific bioactive generating potentially efficacious compounds that have only FSH-like activity. The LH/CG receptor (LH/CGR), a membrane glycoprotein that is present on testicular Leydig cells and ovarian theca, granulosa, luteal, and interstitial cells, plays a pivotal role in the regulation of gonadal development and function in males as well as in nonpregnant and pregnant females. The LH/CGR is a member of the family of G protein-coupled receptors and its structure is predicted to of a large extracellular domain connected to a bundle of seven membrane-spanning a-helices. The LH/CGR phosphorylation can be induced with a phorbol ester, but not with a calcium ionophore. The truncated form of LHR also was down-regulated normally in response to hCG stimulation. In contrast, the cell lines expressing LHR-t631 or LHR-628, the two phosphorylation-negative receptor mutant, showed a delay in the early phase of hCG-induced desensitization, a complete loss of PMA-induced desensitization, and an increase in the rate of hCG-induced receptor down-regulation. These results clearly show that residues 632~653 in the C-terminal tail of the LHR are involved in PMA-induced desensitization, hCG-induced desensitization, and hCG-induced down-regulation. Recently, constitutively activating mutations of the receptor have been identified that are associated with familial male-precocious puberty. Cells expressing LHR-D556Y bind hCG with normal affinity, exhibit a 25-fold increase in basal cAMP and respond to hCG with a normal increase in cAMP accumulation. This mutation enhances the internalization of the free and agoinst-occupied receptors ~2- and ~17- fold, respectively. We conclude that the state of activation of the LHR can modulate its basal and/or agonist-stimulated internalization. Since the internalization of hCG is involved in the termination of hCG actions, we suggest that the lack of responsiveness detected in cells expressing LHR-L435R is due to the fast rate of internalization of the bound hCG. This statement is supported by the finding that hCG responsiveness is restored when the cells are lysed and signal transduction is measured in a subcellular fraction (membranes) that cannot internalize the bound hormone.

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