• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.301-308
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• 2007

Purpose: This study was performed to compare and evaluate the effect of recipient site depths and diameters of the drills on the primary stability of implant in pig's ribs. Materials and methods: An intact pig's rib larger than 8 mm in width and 20 mm in height; RBM(resorbable blasting media) surface blasted ${\phi}3.75mm$ and 8.0 mm long USII Osstem Implants (Osstem Co., Korea) were used. To measure the primary stability, $Periotest^{(R)}$ (Simens AG, Germany) and $Osstell^{TM}$ (Model 6 Resonance Frequency Analyser: Integration Diagnostics Ltd., Sweden) were used. They were divided into 6 groups according to its recipient site formation method: D3H3, D3H5, D3H7, D3.3H3, D3.3H5, D3.3H7. Each group had, as indicated, 10 implants placed, and total 60 implants were used. The mean value was obtained by 4-time measurements each on mesial, distal, buccal, and lingual side perpendicular to the long axis of the implant using $Periotest^{(R)}$ and $Osstell^{TM}$. For statistical analysis one-way ANOVA was used to compare the mean value of each group, and the correlation between placement depths and the primary stability, and that of measuring instruments was analyzed using SPSS 12.0. Results: The primary stability of the implants increased as the placement depths increased (p<0.05), and showed a proportional relationship (p<0.01). The primary stability increased when the diameter of the recipient site was smaller than that of the implant but with no statistical significance. There was a strong correlation between $Osstell^{TM}$ and $Periotest^{(R)}$ (p<0.01). Conclusion: These results suggest that increasing the placement depth of implants enhances the primary stability of implant.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.625-632
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• 2001

Statement of Problem. Objective and quantitative measurement of implant stability is very important from implant installation to long-lasting maintenance period thereafter. Purpose of study. This study was to evaluate and compare two ISQ and PTVs on the implant stability measurements according to the increased effective implant length. Materials and methods. Twenty self-tapping fixtures were installed in the bovine scapula and in 10 of those for group I, ISQ and PTVs were obtained in the vertical/horizontal directions according to the increased effective implant length using $Osstell^{TM}$ and $Periotest^{(R)}$. After stability measurement, removal torques were measured between the after installation and after thread exposure group. Results. ISQ and PTVs showed decreased and increased values according to the increased abutment length. Apart from PTVs, ISQ values were shown higher in horizontal direction to the long axis of bone in both the after installation and the after thread exposure groups. Removal torque values were shown higher in after installation group. Conclusion. From the results of this study, implant stability measurement using resonance frequency analysis was more sensitive and discriminative than PTVs measurement.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.300-307
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• 2011

연구 목적: 본 연구에서는 난소절제술을 시행한 백서의 골결손부에 골이식을 시행하고 소형 임플란트를 제작하여 식립한 후 PostGraft$^{TM}$를 투여하여 임플란트의 골유착 및 안정성에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 연구 재료 및 방법: 난소절제술을 시행한 백서 48 마리의 골결손부에 Biocera$^{TM}$를 사용하여 골이식을 시행하고 소형 임플란트를 제작하여 식립한 후 PostGraft$^{TM}$를 투여한 군 24마리와 투여하지 않은 대조군 24마리를 식립 2, 4, 6주 후 Periotest$^{(R)}$를 이용한 임플란트 안정성, 골밀도, 골-임플란트 접촉률 측정 및 조직학적 검사 등을 통하여 비교 분석하였다. 결과: Periotest$^{(R)}$ 측정 결과 시간이 지남에 따라 실험군과 대조군에서 모두 측정값이 감소하였고 실험군에서 더 낮은 값을 나타내었으나 각 군 간에 유의한 차이는 관찰되지 않았다. 골밀도 값은 골다공증으로 인해, 시간이 경과함에 따라 실험군과 대조군에서 모두 감소하였고 실험군에서 더 적은 감소량을 보였으나 각 군 간에 유의한 차이는 관찰되지 않았다. 골-임플란트 접촉률 측정 결과 시간이 경과함에 따라 실험군과 대조군 모두 증가하였고 실험군에서 더 높은 값을 보였으나 2주와 4주에서는 각 군 간에 유의한 차이가 없었고 6주에서는 각 군 간에 유의한 차이가 관찰되었다(P<.05). 조직학적 검사 결과 시간이 경과함에 따라 실험군과 대조군 모두 골반응이 증가하였으며 실험군에서 더 활발한 골형성이 이루어졌다. 결론: PostGraft$^{TM}$의 경구 투여가 난소절제술을 시행한 백서의 경골에 식립한 임플란트의 골유착과 골형성을 향상시키는 효과가 있을 수 있다.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.112-116
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• 2012

Purpose: This study attempts to compare the stability of hydroxy-apatite coating implant with that of sandblasted, large-grit and acid-etched surface implant at an early state of installation. Methods: 35 implants were installed in 18 patients, who had visited hospital for implant installation. The early stability at operation, 6 weeks and 12 weeks after operation using Osstell$^{TM}$ mentor (Integration Diagnostics, Savedalen, Sweden) and Periotest$^{(R)}$ (Siemens AG, Benssheim, Germany) were measured, and subsequently analyzed statistically. Results: OsstellTM mentor value of hydroxy-apatite coated implant (HAPTITE) was measured as $70.14{\pm}9.07$ at the stage of installation, $76.98{\pm}5.25$ at 6 weeks and $80.28{\pm}4.23$ at 12 weeks after installation. A statistically significant increase in measurement value was observed after 6 weeks and 12 weeks than when implants were placed. In case of IMPLANTIUM (DENTIUM Co. Ltd., Seoul, Korea), the measurement value was $74.68{\pm}7.42$ at installation, $79.03{\pm}4.39$ at 6 weeks and $80.59{\pm}3.59$ at 12 weeks after installation. In addition, a statistically significant increase in the value was observed when comparative analysis of the value at after installation and 12 weeks after installation was carried out. However, no significant difference between HAPTITE and IMPLANTIUM was observed. The average measurement value of periotest$^{(R)}$ was $-1.94{\pm}3.90$ at installation of HAPTITE, $-4.03{\pm}1.48$ at 6 weeks and $-5.00{\pm}1.71$ at 12 weeks after installation. Moreover, whilst comparing the value at after installation and 12 weeks after installation, statistically significant decrease in the value was observed. In case of IMPLANTIUM, the average measurement value was measured as $-4.25{\pm}1.76$ at installation, $-4.76{\pm}0.97$ at 6 weeks and $-5.18{\pm}0.91$ at 12 weeks after installation and no statistically significant difference was observed. Furthermore, no statistically significant difference was observed between HAPTITE and IMPLANTIUM. Conclusion: In this study, both the implants demonstrated favorable early stability at the time of measurement using Osstell$^{TM}$ mentor and Periotest$^{(R)}$. Moreover, based on the observed results, both HAPTITE and IMPLANTIUM are considered as potent to exhibit clinically stable and prognostic results.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.223-236
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• 2007

This study was attempted to evaluate home-manufactured implants by placing $Stage-1^{(R)}$ Implant (Lifecore, Co., USA) whose surface is treated with REM that has already been varified clinically,$Chaorum^{(R)}$ Implant(Chaorum Co., Korea) whose surface treatment is same as that of Stage-1 Implant and $Atlas^{(R)}$ Implant(Cewellmedi Co., Korea) whose surface is treated with anodic oxidation immediately after the teeth of experimental animals were extracted to compare histological findings among them. Stage-l Implant(diameter: 3.5mm, length: IOmm), Chaorum Implant(diameter: 3.3mm, length: 8.5mm) and Cowell medi Implant(diameter: 4.0mm, length: 8.0mm) were placed into the mandible premolars of 2 adult beagle dogs immediately after their teeth were extracted, and then histological findings were analyzed at 6 weeks. After those implants were inserted directly after their teeth were extracted, the results of periotest were recorded, radiography was done, the subjects went through thorough control for 6 weeks, and then comparison among periotest, radiography and histological finding was made. After comparison of those findings, the values of periotest were satisfactory and bone healing was relatively satisfactory on radiography at 6 weeks. For osseointegration with the bone tissue, Stage-1 was 45.3%, Chaorum 55.3%, and Cowellmedi 52.5%, which was a satisfactory result. Although implant surgery immediately after teeth were extracted involves difficulties among recent implant surgeries, it is being frequently used in that it may reduce surgery hours, the frequency of surgery, and bone loss for patients. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the technological levels of home-manufactured implants that have been remarkably developed in recent years and in conclusion, those implants showed nearly similar result.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.128-134
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• 2010

연구목적: 본 연구에서는 건강기능식품인 $PostPlant^{TM}$ Calcium을 임플란트 식립 환자에게 투여하고, 투여하지 않은 군과 비교하여 그 유효성과 안정성을 평가하여 투여 후 골밀도의 변화 및 골유착 기간의 단축 여부를 평가하고자 하였다. 연구 재료 및 방법 임플란트 식립 후에Post$PostPlant^{TM}$ Calcium을 투여한 실험군은 18명의 환자를 대상으로 25개의 임플란트를 식립하였고, 투여하지 않은 대조군에서는 7명의 환자에게 9개의 임플란트를 식립하여 관찰하였다. 일차수술 후, 이차수술 후, 6개월 후에 $Osstell^{TM}$ Mentor, $Periotest^{(R)}$를 이용하여 임플란트 안정성을 비교 분석하였고, 일차수술후, 1, 3, 6개월 후에 방사선 사진 촬영을 시행하여 임플란트 주위 골밀도를 측정하여 비교 분석하였다. 결과:1. $Osstell^{TM}$ Mentor의해 측정된 ISQ 값은 측정 결과 시간이 경과함에 따라 실험군, 대조군 모두 수치가 높아지는 경향을 보였다. 실험군의 측정값이 대조군에 비해 더 높은 수치를 보였으며, 식립 6개월 후에 실험군과 대조군 간에 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 관찰되었다 (P< .05); 2. $Periotest^{(R)}$ 측정 결과 시간이 경과함에 따라 실험군, 대조군 모두 수치가 낮아지는 경향을 보였으며, 실험군이 대조군에 비해 더 낮은 수치를 나타내었으나 각 군간에 통계적인 유의성은 없었다. 3. 골밀도 측정 결과 시간이 경과함에 따라 실험군, 대조군 모두 골밀도 수치가 증가하는 경향을 보였으며, 실험군이 대조군에 비해 더 높은 수치를 나타내었으나 각 군간에 통계적인 유의성은 없었다. 결론:임상적으로 임플란트 식립 후 환자가 $PostPlant^{TM}$ Calcium을 장기간 복용하는 것이 임플란트 안정성을 높이고, 골유착을 성공적으로 이루는데 도움을 줄 수 있다고 사료된다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.182-206
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• 2003

Statement of problem : Successful osseointegration of endosseous threaded implants is dependent on many factors. These may include the surface characteristics and gross geometry of implants, the quality and quantity of bone where implants are placed, and the magnitude and direction of stress in functional occlusion. Therefore clinical quantitative measurement of primary stability at placement and functional state of implant may play a role in prediction of possible clinical symptoms and the renovation of implant geometry, types and surface characteristic according to each patients conditions. Ultimately, it may increase success rate of implants. Purpose : Many available non-invasive techniques used for the clinical measurement of implant stability and osseointegration include percussion, radiography, the $Periotest^{(R)}$, Dental Fine $Tester^{(R)}$ and so on. There is, however, relatively little research undertaken to standardize quantitative measurement of stability of implant and osseointegration due to the various clinical applications performed by each individual operator. Therefore, in order to develop non-invasive experimental method to measure stability of implant quantitatively, the resonance frequency analyzer to measure the natural frequency of specific substance was developed in the procedure of this study. Material & method : To test the stability of the resonance frequency analyzer developed in this study, following methods and materials were used : 1) In-vitro study: the implant was placed in both epoxy resin of which physical properties are similar to the bone stiffness of human and fresh cow rib bone specimen. Then the resonance frequency values of them were measured and analyzed. In an attempt to test the reliability of the data gathered with the resonance frequency analyzer, comparative analysis with the data from the Periotest was conducted. 2) In-vivo study: the implants were inserted into the tibiae of 10 New Zealand rabbits and the resonance frequency value of them with connected abutments at healing time are measured immediately after insertion and gauged every 4 weeks for 16 weeks. Results : Results from these studies were such as follows : The same length implants placed in Hot Melt showed the repetitive resonance frequency values. As the length of abutment increased, the resonance frequency value changed significantly (p<0.01). As the thickness of transducer increased in order of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mm, the resonance frequency value significantly increased (p<0.05). The implants placed in PL-2 and epoxy resin with different exposure degree resulted in the increase of resonance frequency value as the exposure degree of implants and the length of abutment decreased. In comparative experiment based on physical properties, as the thickness of transducer increased, the resonance frequency value increased significantly(p<0.01). As the stiffness of substances where implants were placed increased, and the effective length of implants decreased, the resonance frequencies value increased significantly (p<0.05). In the experiment with cow rib bone specimen, the increase of the length of abutment resulted in significant difference between the results from resonance frequency analyzer and the $Periotest^{(R)}$. There was no difference with significant meaning in the comparison based on the direction of measurement between the resonance frequency value and the $Periotest^{(R)}$ value (p<0.05). In-vivo experiment resulted in repetitive patternes of resonance frequency. As the time elapsed, the resonance frequency value increased significantly with the exception of 4th and 8th week (p<0.05). Conclusion : The development of resonance frequency analyzer is an attempt to standardize the quantitative measurement of stability of implant and osseointegration and compensate for the reliability of data from other non-invasive measuring devices It is considered that further research is needed to improve the efficiency of clinical application of resonance frequency analyzer. In addition, further investigation is warranted on the standardized quantitative analysis of the stability of implant.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.34-39
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• 2010

본 연구는 교정치료 종료 후 치아동요도의 종단적 계측을 통해 치아 주위조직의 안정화가 언제 나타나는지 살펴봄으로써 교정치료 후 유지장치 장착기간 설정에 도움이 되고자 시행되었다. 고정식 교정장치로 치료가 종료된 20명의 환자를 대상으로 교정장치 제거 직후 그리고 2년까지 3개월 간격으로 Periotest를 이용하여 상악 양측 중절치부터 제1대구치까지 치아동요도를 계측하고 교정치료 후 시간 경과에 따른 동요도 감소 양상을 비교 분석한 결과, 처음 6개월은 급한 양상으로, 다음 6개월은 보다 완만한 양상으로 감소하였고, 이후는 계속 감소하는 양상을 보였으나 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 이상의 결과는 교정치료 후 치아 주위조직의 안정화는 1년이 지나서야 어느 정도 이루어짐을 그리고 처음 6개월은 매우 불안정함을 나타내는 것으로, 교정장치 제거 후 유지장치가 치료 후 1년간은 필요함을, 특히 처음 6개월 동안은 매우 중요함을 시사하였다.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.47-55
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• 2009

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM. A few of studies which compared and continuously measured the stability of various surface treated implants in the same individual had been performed. PURPOSE. We aim to find the clinical significance of surface treatments by observing the differences in the stabilization stages of implant stability. MATERIAL AND METHODS. Eight different surface topographies of dental implants were especially designed for the present study. Machined surface implants were used as a control group. 4 nano-treated surface implants(20 nm $TiO_2$ coating surface, heat-treated 80 nm $TiO_2$ coating surface, CaP coating surface, heat treated CaP coating surface) and 3 micro-treated surface implants [resorbable blast media(RBM) surface, sandblast and acid-etched(SAE) surface, anodized RBM surface] were used as experiment groups. All 24 implants were placed in 3 adult dogs. $Periotest^{(R)}$ & ISQ values measured for 8 weeks and all animals were sacrificed at 8 weeks after surgery. Then the histological analyses were done. RESULTS. In PTV, all implants were stabilized except 1 failed implants. In ISQ values, The lowest stability was observed at different times for each individual. The ISQ values were showed increased tendency after 5 weeks in every groups. After 4 to 5 weeks, the values were stabilized. There was no statistical correlation between the ISQ values and PTV. In the histological findings, the bone formation was observed to be adequate in general and no differences among the 8 surface treated implants. CONCLUSIONS. In this study, the difference in the stability of the implants was determined not by the differences in the surface treatment but by the individual specificity.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.331-344
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to investigate the change of tooth mobility and bite force according to periodontal disease severity. Tooth mobility and biting force due to change of viscoelastic property of periodontium were influenced by inflammation of periodontal tissue. 30 patients participated in this study, the periodontal disease severity is evaluated with SBI and attachment loss. SBI and attachment loss were examined by periodontal probe. Tooth mobility was tested two times to each tooth using periotest (Siemens Co, Germany) and bite force was evaluated with MPM-3000 (Nihon Kohden Co, Japan). Statistical analysis was applied to correlation ($r^2$) and regression analysis. The obtained results were as follows : 1. As the attachment loss increased, tooth mobility increased with significance, and they had highly positive correlation ($r^2=0.68$) on entire dentition. 2. As the SBI increased, tooth mobility increased with significance, and they had positive correlation ($r^2=0.37$) on entire dentition. 3. As the attachment loss increased, bite force decreased with significance, and they had highly negative correlation ($r^2=0.42$) on maxillary anterior dentition but low negative correlation ($r^2=0.20$) on the other portion of dentition. 4. As the SBI increased, bite force decreased with significance, and they had highly negative correlation ($r^2=0.31$) on maxillary anterior dentition but low negative correlation ($r^2=0.16$) on the other portion of dentition. 5. As tooth mobility increased, bite force decreased with significance, and they had highly negative correlation ($r^2=0.32$) on maxillary anterior dentition but low negative correlation ($r^2=0.16$) on the other portion of dentition.