• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.209-214
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• 2017

Background: Both ginsenoside Re and B-complex vitamins are widely used as nutritional supplements. They are often taken together so as to fully utilize their antifatigue and refreshing effects, respectively. Whether actually a drug-nutrient interaction exists between ginsenoside Re and B-complex vitamins is still unknown. The objective of this study was to simultaneously investigate the effect of B-complex vitamins on the antifatigue activity and bioavailability of ginsenoside Re after their oral administration. The study results will provide valuable theoretical guidance for the combined utilization of ginseng and B-complex vitamins. Methods: Ginsenoside Re with or without B-complex vitamins was orally administered to mice to evaluate its antifatigue effects and to rats to evaluate its bioavailability. The antifatigue activity was evaluated by the weight-loaded swimming test and biochemical parameters, including hepatic glycogen, plasma urea nitrogen, and blood lactic acid. The concentration of ginsenoside Re in plasma was determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Results: No antifatigue effect of ginsenoside Re was noted when ginsenoside Re in combination with B-complex vitamins was orally administered to mice. B-complex vitamins caused to a reduction in the bioavailability of ginsenoside Re with the area under the concentration-time curve from zero to infinity markedly decreasing from $11,830.85{\pm}2,366.47h{\cdot}ng/mL$ to $890.55{\pm}372.94h{\cdot}ng/mL$. Conclusion: The results suggested that there were pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug-nutrient interactions between ginsenoside Re and B-complex vitamins. B-complex vitamins can significantly weaken the antifatigue effect and decrease the bioavailability of ginsenoside Re when simultaneously administered orally.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.123-138
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify the real condition of urinary incontinence(UI), interstitial cystitis(IC), atrophic viginitis(AV) for elderly women and analyze the cognition of traditional korean medicine(TKM) for them. Methods: We utilized questionnaire from May to June, 2010. Questionnaires were taken from 125 women using senior welfare center and nursing home, aged over 65 up to 92. The data were analyzed by $X^2$-test using SPSS/PC ver 18.0 program. Results: The prevalences of UI, IC and AV symptoms were 50.4%, 40.8%, 56%, respectively. The average I-QoL score for UI was $82.62{\pm}21.16$, and the average ICSI score for IC was $8.16{\pm}2.50$. After adjustment for each of the variables considered in this study, alcohol was associated with UI and age, BMI(body mass index) were associated with IC. Most of respondents have no experience(94.4%) or don't know (79.2%) about TKM for UI, IC and AV. 44 women(37.3%) indicated that they weren't willing to use TKM for UI, IC and AV. Reasons for not taking TKM were because of 'no knowledge of TKM(34.1%)' and 'more accustomed to western treatment(34.1%)'. Conclusion: Although the prevalence of UI, IC, AV for elderly women was high, the actual percentage of treatment for these diseases was low, furthermore, patients were not aware of TKM and had very few experiences of TKM for these diseases. The development and increased promotion about TKM program for elderly women's urogenital diseases is needed.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.249-261
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 강원도 원주 지역에서 발굴된 귀래2리 1호 가마터와 2호 가마터에서 출토된 백자의 제작 기술 및 사용 원료의 특징을 살펴보고 출토 백자 원료의 연관성을 도출하고자 하였다. X-선 형광분석기(XRF)와 X-선 회절분석(XRD), 열팽창계수 측정(Dilatometer), 유도결합 플라즈마 질량 분석법(ICP-MS) 및 유도결합 플라스마 방출 분광법(ICP-AES)을 이용하여 대상 시편에 대해서 각각 화학 조성과 결정상, 소성온도, 미량원소 및 희토류원소 등을 분석하였다. 귀래2리 가마터 출토 백자는 착색 산화물과 융제의 함유량이 높은 특징을 나타낸다. 소성온도는 시편마다 차이가 있지만 대부분 $1200^{\circ}C$ 이하에서 소성 되었으며 일부 시편은 $1000^{\circ}C{\pm}20^{\circ}C$에서 저온 소성되었고 귀래2리 1호 가마터 출토 백자 중 일부는 $1200^{\circ}C$ 이상 고온에서 소성되었다. 분석 대상 백자의 태토를 XRD 분석한 결과 모두 quartz와 mullite가 검출 되었으며 quartz와 mullite의 검출 비율은 모두 비슷하다. 출토된 백자 태토의 제겔식을 이용한 분석 결과 대상 백자 모두 같은 영역에서 군집하여 태토 원료와 제작 기법의 유사성을 확인할 수 있다. 또한 희토류 원소 분석 결과를 통하여 분석 대상 백자는 지질학적 성인이 동일한 모암으로 제작했음을 알 수 있다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제78권4호
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• pp.315-320
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• 2015

Background: The efficacy of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) therapy can be measured based on the rate of treatment response, based on the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) criteria or progression-free survival (PFS). However, there are some patients harboring sensitive EGFR mutations who responded poorly to EGFR-TKI therapy. In addition, there is variability in the PFS after EGFR-TKI treatment. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of the medical records of 85 patients with non-small cell lung cancer, who had achieved a stable disease or better response at the first evaluation of treatment response, after receiving a 2-month course of gefitinib. We calculated the tumor shrinkage rate (TSR) by measuring the longest and perpendicular diameter of the main mass on computed tomography before, and 2 months after, gefitinib therapy. Results: There was a significant positive correlation between the TSR and PFS (R=0.373, p=0.010). In addition, a simple linear regression analysis showed that the TSR might be an indicator for the PFS ($B{\pm}standard$ error, $244.54{\pm}66.79$; p=0.001). On univariate analysis, the sex, histologic type, smoking history and the number of prior chemotherapy regimens, were significant prognostic factors. On multivariate regression analysis, both the TSR (${\beta}$=0.257, p=0.029) and adenocarcinoma (${\beta}$=0.323, p=0.005) were independent prognostic factors for PFS. Conclusion: Our results showed that the TSR might be an early prognostic indicator for PFS in patients receiving EGFRTKI therapy.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.651-661
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• 2008

The mother's obesity-related stress and it's association with obesity, food intake, and physical activity in both mothers and their children were determined. Based on self-reports from 470 mothers, obesity stress of mothers were scored by using a five-point Likert scale; only low and high stress scores were used in this study. The perceptions of mothers' weights and their children's weights, mothers' Body Mass Indices (BMI), and preschoolers' Weight-Length Indices (WLI)(%) were also determined. The obesity stress of mothers was significantly associated with the mothers' BMI (high stress: $23.5{\pm}2.4$ vs. low stress: $19.6{\pm}1.7$, p<0.05), but not with their children's obesity. Mothers with a high obesity stress reported a higher percentage of family history of obesity (62.1% vs. 38.3%, p<0.001) than mothers with low obesity stress. Compared to mothers with low obesity stress, mothers with high stress had lower correct-perceptions about their weights (p<0.05) but higher correct-perceptions for their children's weights. Almost 54.5% of mothers with high stress reported watching television 2 or more extra hours per day, compared with 32.2% of mothers with low stress (p<0.05). More children of mothers with high stress had long hours of daily TV viewing than children of mothers with low stress (36.0% vs. 15.3%, $X^2=10.491$, p<0.05). Mothers with high stress reported lower intake of protein-rich foods (p=0.01) and vegetables (p=0.039), but a higher intake of snacks (p=0.009), compared to mothers with low stress. More children of mothers with high stress reported eating high fat snacks or high sugar snacks everyday, but this was not statistically significant. In conclusion, high obesity stress in mothers were greatly associated with their BMI and their inactive life style, including long TV viewing hours per day and unbalanced food intakes, which can lead their children becoming inactive and obese. Special attention is recommended for overstressed mothers and their children, especially those who enjoy long hours of TV viewing.

• 한국진공학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.225-232
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• 2011

다결정 실리콘 태양전지 표면의 광흡수율을 극대화시키기 위하여 플라즈마기반의 reactive ion etching (RIE) 공정을 적용하였으며 maskless 표면 texturing조건을 최적화하여 310~1,100 nm 파장대역의 평균 표면반사율을 $4{\pm}1%$ 내외로 감소시킬 수 있는 grass-like 한 블랙실리콘을 제조할 수 있었다. Saw damage를 가진 $15.6{\times}15.6\;cm^2$ bare 웨이퍼에서부터 중요 공정단계별로 처리된 시료들의 평균반사율, 표면형상, 소수운반자 수명 등의 위치분포를 측정하여 최종 제작된 태양전지의 광전변환효율과 외부양자효율 등과 비교 검토하여 고효율 다결정 실리콘 태양전지 양산에 필요한 표면 texturing 조건들을 연구하였다. 평균 반사율을 4% 이하로 감소시키는 texturing 공정조건에서 웨이퍼 중앙에서 가장자리로 갈 수록 표면구조의 깊이 2배 반치폭 3배의 불균일성이 발생하였으며 이에 따라 입사광자의 다중반사확률이 높아져 평균반사율이 1% 정도 낮아지는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 비반사막이 코팅된 시료에서 측정된 소수운반자수명분포도 중앙에서 가장자리로 갈수록 약 40% 이상 더 긴 수명을 갖는 것으로 밝혀져 표면구조의 크기에 따른 사이즈효과가 발생하는 것으로 판단된다. 제조된 태양전지의 위치에 따른 광전변환효율도 낮은 반사율과 더 긴 소수운반자수명을 갖는 가장자리에서 2% 가량 높은 광전변환효율을 보였으며, 380~1,100nm 파장대역의 외부양자효율 측정결과도 이를 뒷받침하고 있다. 균일한 에미터 층 형성 및 ARC 증착에 있어서 구조적으로 가장자리 부분의 구조가 유리한 것으로 예상되며, 동시에 표면 구조의 사이즈 효과 때문에 표면 재결합확률이 중앙보다 가장자리에서 더 감소되어 더 높은 광전변환효율을 보이는 것으로 해석된다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.256-261
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• 1991

본 실험은 동해 주문진 해안에 생육하는 12가지의 식용 해조류에서 새로운 천연 항산화물질을 분리하고자 여러 용매로 추출, column chromatography로 분리, 정제하고 항산화 활성측정(AOM법, DPPH법), UV-spectrophotometer 측정, HPLC, GC/MS 분석 등의 실험을 실시한 결과 12가지의 식용 해조류를 hot-methanol로 추출하여 AOM법으로 활성측정한 결과 김>미역, BHT>다시마>넓미역>지누아리>서실 눈으로 활성을 보였으며 나머지 해조류는 활성을 나타내지 않았다. 또한 클로로포름 추출액과 메탄올 추출 혼합액을 석유 에테르, 에테르, 클로로포름, 메탄올, 물 등의 용매로 순차적으로 추출, 색소제거, 농축하여 DPPH법으로 항산화 활성을 측정한 결과 aqueous-methanol 가용분획에서 강한 항산화 활성을 나타내었고, 다른 추출분획에서는 활성을 나타내지 않았으며, 이 때 김>미역>다시마>BHA>파래>Tocopherol>넓미역>BHT의 순으로 활성을 보였다. 특히 김, 미역, 다시마, 파래는 같은 양에서 BHA, BHT보다 높거나 대등한 수준의 항산화 활성을 보여 주었다. 활성물질의 회수율은 1.82%였다. 이들이 극성 용매에서 분리된 분획에서 강한 항산화 활성을 나타내므로 극성을 띤 물질로 보여진다. 또한 이들 활성분획 각각을 silica gel column chromatography로 분리 정제하여 DPPH법으로 항산화 활성을 측정한 결과 메탄올 분획에서 분리된 물질에서 강한 항산화 활성을 나타내었다. 이와 같이 분리 정제된 항산화성 물질의 UV 흡수특성을 측정한 결과 BHA나 BHT의 흡수파장 보다 단파장인 $235{\pm}5\;nm,\;270{\pm}5\;nm$에서 극대흡수(${\lambda}_{max}$)의 이동을 보였는데, 이는 활성물질 분자에 전기음성도가 비교적 큰 분자가 치환되어 있음을 알 수 있었다. HPLC분석에서는 다시마, 미역, 파래의 경우 retention time이 8.5분, 10분인 극성물질이 분리되었고, 김에서는 25분인 대체로 비극성에 가까운 물질이 분리되었다. 이것이 BHA, BHT와 거의 같은 RT에서 분리되는 것으로 보아 유사한 화학적 성질을 가진 물질로 해석 되어진다. 분리된 항산화성 물질의 분자량은 GC/MS 분석으로 얻은 mass spectrum을 해석한 결과 181, 238의 두 가지 물질로 비교적 작은 안정한 항산화성 물질로 사료되어 진다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제51권5호
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• pp.447-451
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• 2019

건조한 생강을 아임계수 추출 기술을 이용하여 6-gingerol, 6-shogaol을 추출하고 유효성분의 추출 효율과 영향을 비교 분석하였다. 추출 결과, 건조를 할 경우, 건조 조건에 따라 6-shogaol이 증가하기도 했으나 극한 조건으로 건조하여 생강의 수분함량이 매우 낮아질 경우, 오히려 생강 조직 사이의 공간이 감소하고 그로 인한 추출 용매의 mass transfer가 낮아져 6-gingerol과 6-shogaol 함량은 모두 감소하였다. 또한 비교적 높은 온도인 60, $80^{\circ}C$에서 4시간의 건조를 시킬 경우, 6-shogaol은 열분해가 되었다. 결과적으로 생강의 $60^{\circ}C$, 2시간이 가장 적절한 건조 조건이었다. 특히, 생강의 건조 조건과 유효성분의 추출 경향은 높은 상관관계를 나타내었다. 이는 오직 물만을 사용하여 유효성분을 추출하는 친환경적이며 안전하고 독성이 없는 아임계수 추출 방법이 최적화된 생강 시료의 건조 조건에서 6-shogaol의 유효성분을 선택적으로 추출할 수 있는 잠재성과 우수성을 확인한 결과이며, 다양한 식물에서 유효성분을 추출하거나 가공하는 식품 산업에 응용하여 사용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.491-501
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• 2018

Objectives: The aims of this study were to compare concentrations and the correspondence of human blood cadmium by using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), which are representative methods of heavy metal analysis. Methods: We randomly selected 79 people who agreed to participate in the research project. After confirming the linearity of the calibration curves for GF-AAS and ICP-MS, the concentrations of cadmium in a quality control standard material and blood samples were measured, and the correlation and the degree of agreement were compared. Results: The detection limit of ICP-MS (IDL: $0.000{\mu}g/L$, MDL: $0.06{\mu}g/L$) was lower than that of GF-AAS (IDL: $0.085{\mu}g/L$, MDL: $0.327{\mu}g/L$). The coefficient of variation of the quality control standard material showed stable values for both ICP-MS (clinchek-1: 5.35%, clinchek-2: 6.22%) and GF-AAS (clinchek-1: 7.92%, clinchek-2: 5.22%). Recovery was relatively high for both ICP-MS (clinchek-1: 95.1%, clinchek-2: 92.8%) and GF-AAS (clinchek-1: 91.4%, clinchek-2: 98.8%), with more than 90%. The geometric mean, median, and percentile of blood samples were all similar. The agreement of the two instruments compared with the bias of the analytical values found that about 81% of the analytical values were within ${\pm}30%$ of the deviation from the ideal reference line (y=0). As a result of the agreement limit, the value included in the confidence interval was about 94%, which shows high agreement. Conclusion: In this study, we confirmed there was no significant difference in concentrations of a quality control standard material and blood samples. Since ICP-MS showed lower concentrations than GF-AAS at concentrations below the method detection limit of GF-AAS, it is expected that more precise results will be obtained by analyzing blood cadmium with ICP-MS.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.818-829
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• 2013

The collection of rainwater samples was made at Jeju area during 2009~2010, and the major ionic species were analyzed. In the comparison of ion balance, conductivity, and acid fraction for the validation of analytical data, the correlation coefficients showed a good linear relationship within the range of 0.966~0.990. The volume-weighted mean pH and electric conductivity were 4.9 and $17.8{\mu}S/cm$, respectively, at the Jeju area. The volume-weighted mean concentrations of ionic species in rainwater were in the order of $Cl^-$ > $Na^+$ > $nss-SO_4{^{2-}}$ > $NH_4{^+}$ > $NO_3{^-}$ > $Mg^{2+}$ > $H^+$ > $nss-Ca^{2+}$ > $HCOO^-$ > $K^+$ > $PO_4{^{3-}}$ > $CH_3COO^-$ > $NO_2{^-}$ > $F^-$ > $HCO_3{^-}$ > $CH_3SO_3{^-}$. The ionic strength of rainwater was $0.26{\pm}0.21$ mM during the study period. The composition ratios of ionic species were such as 50.1% for the marine sources ($Na^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Cl^-$), 30.9% for the anthropogenic sources ($NH_4{^+}$, $nss-SO_4{^{2-}}$, $NO_3{^-}$), and 4.7% for the soil source ($nss-Ca^{2+}$), and 3.1% for organic acids ($HCOO^-$, $CH_3COO^-$). From the seasonal comparison, the concentrations of $NO_3{^-}$, $nss-Ca^{2+}$, and $nss-SO_4{^{2-}}$ increased in winter and spring seasons, indicating a reasonable possibility of long range transport from Asia continent. Especially, the acidifying contributions by major inorganic acids ($nss-SO_4{^{2-}}$ and $NO_3{^-}$) and organic acids ($HCOO^-$ and $CH_3COO^-$) were 87.6% and 12.4%, respectively. In comparison by sectional inflow pathway of air mass during the rainy sampling days, the concentrations of $nss-SO_4{^{2-}}$ and $NO_3{^-}$ were relatively high when the air mass was moved from the China continent into Jeju area.