• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.75-87
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• 1996

연구배경: 폐암은 우리나라 남자들의 악성종양중에서 2번째로 많으며, 수술요법이 가장 좋은 치료이나 대부분의 환자들이 진단당시 수술을 받을 수 없을 정도로 진행되어서 방사선치료(RT)나 항암치료를 동반한 RT를 받게되는데, 방사선-폐렴 및 폐섬유증의 발생이 제일 중요한 부작용이다. 방사선-폐렴은 대개 치료부위에 국한되어 발생하나 때로는 반대쪽에서까지 생기기도하며, Gibson 등은 RT후 양쪽폐에서 BAL액내 세포수 및 임파구가 증가한다고 보고하였다. 방사선-폐렴이 RT의 가장 중요한 제한요소이기 때문에 이의 발생을 조기에 진단하는 것이 환자의 예후에 매우 중요한 영향을 미친다. 이에 연구자들은 염증반응을 야기하는데 중요한 역할을 한다고 알려진 접착분자(ICAM-1, CD18)들이 방사선-폐렴의 발생에도 작용을 하는지, 만일 한다면 이를 방사선-폐렴의 진단 및 예측인자로 사용할 수 있을 가를 살펴보고, 또 방사선-폐렴이 양측성으로 오는 가를 보기위하여 본 연구를 시행하였다. 대상: 조직학적으로 확인된 폐암으로 RT를 받을 환자 29예를 대상으로 하였는데 RT 전에는 16예에서, RT후 1~2개월에는 18예에서 BAL및 혈중 sICAM 농도를 측정하였다. 5예에서는 RT전 및 후에 BAL을 시행하였다. 결과: 7예에서 임상적으로 유의한 방사선-폐렴이 발생하였다. 전 환자군에서 보면, BAL 액내 총 세포수가 $20.2{\pm}10.2{\times}10^6\;cells/L$에서 $35.3{\pm}21.6{\times}10^6\;cells/L$(p=0.0344)로 증가하였으며, 임파구도 $5.3{\pm}4.2%$에서 $39.6{\pm}23.4%$로 유의하게 증가하였다(p=0.0001). 이러한 변화는 RT를 받은 쪽 뿐 아니라 받지 않은 쪽에서도 같이 일어났으며, 방사선-폐렴이 생긴 환자와 생기지 않은 환자 사이에서도 차이가 없었다. 혈중 sICAM농도와 BAL애내 농도는 RT전후로 유의한 차이가 없었으나(혈청: $378{\pm}148$, $411{\pm}150\;ng/ml$, BALF: $20.2{\pm}12.2$, $45.1{\pm}34.8\;ng/ml$) 방사선-폐렴이 발생한 환자들에서는 방사선-폐렴이 생기지 않은 환자에 비해 sICAM 유의하게 증가되었다(혈청: $505{\pm}164$ vs $345{\pm}102\;ng/ml$, p=0.0253, BALF: $67.9{\pm}36.3$ vs $25.2{\pm}17.9\;ng/ml$, p=0.0112). 또한 폐포대식세포(AM)에서의 ICAM-1 발현도도 RT후에 증가하는 추세를 보였으나 통계적 유의성은 없었는데(RMFI: from $1.28{\pm}0.479$ to $1.63{\pm}0.539$, p=0.0605), 방사선-폐렴이 생긴 환자들에서($2.10{\pm}0.390$) 방사선-폐렴이 생기지 않은 환자에 비해($1.28{\pm}0.31$, p=0.0002) 유의하게 높았다. 이상의 BAL 결과로 미루어 RT후에 대부분의 환자들에서 양측성으로 subclinical alveolitis가 발생한 확인하였다. 그러나 임상적인 방사선-폐렴은 훨씬 드물게 발생하고, AM의 ICAM발현도 및 혈중 sICAM농도는 이러한 임상적인 방사선-폐렴발생의 좋은 지표가 될 수 있다고 사료된다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.865-875
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• 2016

In this study, mass concentrations and chemical compositions of $PM_{2.5}$, including water-soluble ions and elements were determined at the 1,100 m-highland of Mt. Hallasan in Jeju Island across four seasons from August 2013 to August 2014. The average mass concentration of $PM_{2.5}$ was $12.5{\pm}8.41{\mu}g/m^3$ with 45.8% of the contribution from eight water-soluble ionic species. Three ionic species ($SO{_4}^{2-}$, $NH{_4}^+$, and $NO{_3}^-$) comprised 96.2% of the total concentration of ions contained in $PM_{2.5}$ and were the dominant ions, accounting for 43.5% of the $PM_{2.5}$ mass at Mt. Hallasan. On the basis of the mass concentration level, seasonal variation, enrichment factor, and relationship among elements, we can presume that Mg, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Co, Sr, Ba, Nd, and Dy originated mainly from crust or soil and that V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb were significantly enriched in $PM_{2.5}$ owing to the effects of the anthropogenic emissions. These results and the local distribution of emission sources and topographic characteristics near this sampling site suggest that the compositions of $PM_{2.5}$ collected at the 1100 m-highland of Mt. Hallasan were largely influenced by inflow from outside of Jeju Island.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1998

This study was carried out to investigate the distribution of PAHs in atmosphere and soil, and their relationship, accumulation tendency in soil, and its contain burden ratio (%) the PM$_{10}$ and soil were sampled adjacent to a roadside and analysed by HPLC from August 25th 1996 to September 22nd 1996 in Seoul and Kunggido area. The main results are summarized below 1. The concentration of PM$_{10}$ in the ambient air was showed in order of industrial region ($142.70\pm 21.77 \mu g/m^3$), commercial region ($136.51\pm 31.62 \mu g/m^3$), residential region ($110.12\pm 14.98 \mu g/m^3$), greenbelt region ($77.44\pm 12.12 \mu g/m^3$), respectively. 2. Distribution of PAHs concentration level in PM$_{10}$ and soil was showed in order of industrial region, commercial region, residential region, greenbelt region, respectively in all components. 3. The contain burden ratio (%) in PM$_{10}$ was attested that BbF was the highest contain burden component (21.7-32%) and An was the lowest contain burden component (0.35-1.95%) in all region. 4. The contain burden ratio (%) in soil was attested that Pb (20.5%) was the highest and An (0.8%) was the lowest contain burden component in industrial region and BbF (21.9%) and An (0.45%) were the same tendency in commercial region and Py (21.6%) and BkF (3.5%) were in residential region, Py (29%) and An (2.6%) were in greenbelt region. 5. The relationship between concentration of PAHs in PM$_{10}$ and soil was attested that the component of BbF (r=0.514) was very highly correlated, and there were significant in Fl and BaA in soil between industrial region and commercial region (P<0.05).

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.61-96
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• 1965

Observations were made on the blood picture of total 196 heads of healthy Korean cattles, including 98 males and 98 females in the purpose of determination of hematological values and its sex difference, and seasonal variations during one year period from December 1963 to November 1964. The blood sampling were scheduled by random in four different seasons and the sample size of both sex included in each season were designated to be same size. The ranges, averages or mean values of the erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, total white blood cell count and differential count were determined in this studies and their respective standard deviation, standard error of means, sex defferences and seasonal variations were as follows; 1. The erythrocyte count of male showed a range of $5.0{\times}10^6/c.mm$ to $8.75{\times}10^6/c.mm$ with a mean of $6.5{\pm}0.096{\times}10^6/c.mm$. Female showed a range of $5.0{\times}10^6/c.mm$ to $8.30{\times}10^6/c.mm$, with a mean of 6. $131{\pm}0.078{\times}10^6/c.mm$. There was a highly significant sex difference and seasomal variation was not found to be significant. 2. The hemoglobin value of male showed a range of 9.0g/100cc. to 14.5g/100cc. with a mean of $11.074{\pm}0.143g/100cc$. Female showed a range of 9.0g/100cc to 13.0g/100cc. with a mean of $10.745{\pm}0.034g/100cc$. There was a highly significant sex difference and seasonal variation was not found to be significant. 3. The hematocrit value of male showed a range of 28% to 45% and with a mean of $34.867{\pm}0.468%$. Female showed a range of 28% to 42% with a mean of $32.888{\pm}0.322%$. There was a highly significant sex difference and seasonal variation was not found to be significant. 4. The mean corpuscular hemoglobin of male showed a range of 14.4rr. to 19.6rr. with a mean of $17.1{\pm}0.112rr$. Female showed a range of 14.7rr. to 19.5rr. with a mean of $17.6{\pm}0.113rr$. 5. The mean corpusular volume of male showed a range of $42.5{\mu}^3$ to $62.2{\mu}^3$ with a mean of $53.9{\pm}0.419{\mu}^3$, Female showed a range of $44.2{\mu}^3$ to $60.0{\mu}^3$ with a mean of $53.8{\pm}0.375{\mu}^3$. 6. The mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration of male showed a range of 28.1 % to 34.9% with a mean of $31.4{\pm}0.161%$. Female showed a range of 28.0% to 34.9% with a mean of $30.9{\pm}0.169%$. 7. The total leucocyte count of male showed a range of 4,000/c.mm to 13,100/c.mm. with a mean of $9,338{\pm}218.23/c.mm$. Female showed a range of 4,000/c.mm. to 14,000/c.mm. with a mean of $9,338{\pm}235.90/c.mm$. Six difference was not found to be significant and there was a highly significant seasonal variation. 8. The differential count of male, the means of neutrophil, stab, segmented cell, Iymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil and basophil were $31.173{\pm}0.570%$, 0.3%. $30.867{\pm}0.564%$, $55.112{\pm}0.603%$, $3.745{\pm}0.082%$, $9.867{\pm}0.422%$ and 0.14% rspectively. Female showed means of $31.010{\pm}0.572%$, 0.2%, $30.806{\pm}0.569%$, $53.929{\pm}0.634%$, $4.082{\pm}0.109%$, $10.908{\pm}0.503%$ and 0.12% respectively. There were significant sex differences in monocyte and highly significant sex difference in eosinophil, and seasonal variation were found to be highly significant in neutrophil, monocyte and eosinophil. 9. Hematological comparison made between cattles infested with so called "small type piroplasma" and non-infested group. The result of investigation showed no significant difference upon the red blood cell, hemoglobin and hematocrit values between lighty infested group and non-infested group. 10. Age distribution of test group in this study ranged from 2 years to 6 years in both sex and their average age were $4.45{\pm}0.114$(male) and $4.50{\pm}0.116$(female). There found to be no significant sex difference and seasonal variations in the age of test group.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제20권11호
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• pp.1662-1666
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• 2010

수서생물에 있어서 생장이나 기타 생물학적 특성들은 수온의 영향을 받는다. 본 연구는 긴꼬리투구새우의 생장에 미치는 수온의 영향을 알아보기 위하여 수행되었다. 수온에 따른 생장률실험에서 긴꼬리투구새우는 상대적으로 높은 온도에서 생장률이 빠른 것으로 나타났다. 침수 후 14일이 경과하면 갑각길이는 $20^{\circ}C$에서 5.7(${\pm}2.1$) mm, $28^{\circ}C$에서 7.5(${\pm}0.5$) mm로 나타났다. 그리고 21일이 경과하면 $20^{\circ}C$에서 6.9(${\pm}2.8$) mm, $28^{\circ}C$에서 7.8(${\pm}2.0$) mm로 나타났다. 또한 침수 후 14일경까지는 빠르게 생장하는 것으로 나타났으나, 이후에는 생장이 둔화되는 것으로 나타났다. 수심(80 mm, 190 mm)에 따른 생장률실험에서 침수 후 19일이 경과하였을 때 평균 갑각길이는 수심 80 mm에서 9.3(${\pm}2.1$) mm, 수심 190 mm에서 9.5(${\pm}1.3$) mm로 나타나 수심의 차이에 의한 영향은 적은 것으로 확인되었다. 갑각길이에 따른 생체량의 분석 결과 길이가 5 mm일 때 건중량은 1.1(${\pm}0.3$) mg, 10 mm일 때 18.0(${\pm}3.7$) mg, 16 mm일 때 26.0(${\pm}0.0$) mg, 20 mm일 때 52.3(${\pm}4.0$) mg으로 나타났다. 생산력과 관련하여 갑각길이가 증가하면 알의 개수도 급격하게 증가하였는데, 갑각길이가 7.0 mm인 개체의 경우 20(${\pm}0.0$)개이고, 갑각길이가 17.0 mm인 개체의 경우 560(${\pm}0.0$)개의 알을 가지고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 결과적으로 온도는 생장과 생산력의 척도인 갑각길이와 알의 수에 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었다.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.211-219
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• 2012

암피실린 (ampicillin, AM) 을 넙치 (평균체중 300g, $20{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$) 에 1일 1회 경구 (10, 20, 40mg/kg), 근육주사(5, 10, 20mg/kg), 약욕 (10, 20, 40ppm; 1시간) 한 다음, 경시적 (1시간~360시간) 으로 혈장 내 AM의 잔류량을 HPLC로써 분석하였다. 10, 20 및 40mg/kg로 경구 투여한 경우, 최대혈중농도가 모두 10시간째 각각 $3.62{\pm}0.97$, $5.20{\pm}0.70$ 및 $11.18{\pm}0.87{\mu}g/ml$로 나타났으며, 이들은 각각 144, 360 및 360시간째 검출되지 않았다. 5, 10 및 20mg/kg의 농도로 근육주사한 경우, 최대 혈중농도가 모두 5시간째 $6.92{\pm}1.29$, $9.89{\pm}2.22$ 및 $19.85{\pm}2.97{\mu}g/ml$를 나타내었으며, 이들은 각각 216, 264 및 264시간째 혈중에서 검출되지 않았다. 10, 20 및 40ppm의 농도로 약욕한 경우, 최대혈중농도가 모두 3시간째 $4.39{\pm}1.10$, $9.57{\pm}1.51$ 및 $11.61{\pm}1.92{\mu}g/ml$로 나타났으며, 이들은 각각 264, 264 및 360시간째 혈중에서 검출되지 않았다. 이로써 경구, 주사 및 약욕 투약에 의한 넙치 혈액 중 분포와 배설정도는 투약량에 의존적 경향이라는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.416-420
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• 2009

An experiment of one-year duration was conducted on sixteen adult male German Angora rabbits under sub-temperate Himalayan conditions, to assess the effect of seasons on their body weight, wool production and quality, plane of nutrition and the digestibilities of nutrients. The daily meteorological attribute viz. minimum and maximum temperature; relative humidity and rainfall were recorded during winter (October to March), summer (April to June) and rainy (July to September) seasons. Biological parameters viz. body weight at the time of shearing, wool yield of individual rabbit, quality attributes of wool, fortnightly dry matter intake, chemical composition of feed and fodder and digestibilities of nutrients were recorded. Average minimum and maximum ambient temperature during winter, summer and rainy seasons were 4.6${\pm}$1.9 and 21.4${\pm}$2.8; 13.6${\pm}$2 and 30.3${\pm}$2; and 20.0${\pm}$1.4 and $31.0{\pm}1.8^{\circ}C$, respectively. The average relative humidity and total rainfall during winter, summer and rainy season were 69.5${\pm}$2.9% and 74.7${\pm}$21.8 mm; 58.6${\pm}$2.2% and 38.1${\pm}$18.1 mm; and 69${\pm}$4.2% and 104.0${\pm}$43.7 mm, respectively. The body weight of rabbits increased during all seasons, however, the maximum average daily weight gain of 3.47${\pm}$0.1 g was observed during the rainy season. The wool yield differed significantly (p$\leq$0.05) among different seasons with highest (140.4${\pm}$10 g) and lowest (108.5${\pm}$6.9 g) during winter and summer, respectively. The wool yield during the rainy season was 123.3${\pm}$5.2 g. The wool quality attributes revealed non-significant differences for staple length, fiber diameter, medulation percent, percent pure fibers and percent guard hairs. Plane of nutrition revealed significant (p$\leq$0.05) differences for concentrate intake. The concentrate intake was highest during winter (124.4${\pm}$2.6 g) followed by summer (86.8${\pm}$8.9 g) and rainy (80.7${\pm}$11.8 g) seasons. The reverse trend was observed in roughage intake with significantly (p${\leq}$0.05) lower intake during winter and highest during summer months. As a result total dry matter intake during different seasons was similar. Significant differences (p${\leq}$0.05) were observed for digestibilities of crude protein, crude fiber, ether extract, acid detergent fiber and cellulose. Digestibility of crude protein was highest during winter whereas the digestibilities of crude fiber, ether extract, acid detergent fiber and cellulose remained higher during the rainy season. During the winter season, the dry matter used for producing 100 g of wool was substantially lower than during other seasons and was concluded to be the best season for production of Angora wool under subtemperate Himalayan conditions.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.5-10
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• 1980

Numerous investigators have pointed out that the force of the tongue against the teeth within the dental arches is normally compensated for by the action of the musculature of the cheeks and lips, and that the tongue at rest occupies a large part of the oral cavity. The purpose of this study was to estimate the maximum areas of the tongue movement by measuring the inner area of the dental arches of both the maxilla and the mandible. This study was based on the study models of 30 children and 128 adults who had clinically good occlusion. There were 15 male and 15 female children whose ages ranged from four years to seven years and 82 male and 46 female adults whose ages ranged from fifteen years to fifty four years. The obtained results were as follows : 1. The mean of the maximum areas within the primary dental arches of both the maxilla and the mandible were $7.06\pm0.8\textrm{cm}^2, 5.49\pm0.77\textrm{cm}^2$ in male children and $6.82\pm0.98\textrm{cm}^2, 5.28\pm0.80\textrm{cm}^2$ in female children respectively. 2. The mean of the maximum areas within the permanent dental arches of both the maxilla and mandible were $17.01\pm2.38\textrm{cm}^2, 13.57\pm1.57\textrm{cm}^2$ in male and $16.75\pm2.08\textrm{cm}^2, 13.36\pm1.01\textrm{cm}^2$ in female respectively.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.29-40
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• 1971

For the measurement on the fat content if University Students, an intensive examination was conducted on a total of 3,030 students(male 2,577, female 453), from 16 to 25 years of age. The subjects were all students who had passed the written entrance examination for Seoul National University. Total Body Fat amount was measurement by skin-fold thickness with a skin-fold caliper(Manufactured by Cambridge Scientific Industrial Inc. U.S.A.) at four sites of the body, and it was calculated by Kim's and Lee's regression equation. As a result of this survey, the following conclusions were obtained; 1. Physical Measurements: i) The average of body height by anthropometric was male $167.95{\pm}4.85cm$ and female $156.03{\pm}4.56cm$. ii) The average body weight by anthropometric was male $56.42{\pm}5.65kg$ and female $51.29{\pm}5.34kg$. iii) The average of chest-girth by anthropometric was male $89.95{\pm}5.33cm$ and female $81.36{\pm}4.89cm$. iv) The average of sitting-height by anthropometric was male $91.23{\pm}4.98cm$ and female $86.18{\pm}4.15cm$. v) The average of arm circumference by anthropometric was male $23.76{\pm}2.17cm$ and female $22.39{\pm}1.79cm$. In all cases the male measurements were higher than the female. 2. The mean skin-fold thickness measured with a large skin-fold caliper was; At the sub-scapular: male $11.54{\pm}4.84mm$ and female $14.07{\pm}4.49mm$, Abdominal: male $10.36{\pm}7.09mm$ and female $14.95{\pm}5.47mm$, Lumbar; male $12.55{\pm}6.44mm$ and female $17.02{\pm}6.57mm$, Upper arm: male $6.28{\pm}3.71mm$ and female $11.62{\pm}3.99mm$, Total average: male $10.18{\pm}5.52mm$ and female $14.41{\pm}5.13mm$, in all cases the female measurements were higher than the male. 3. Data on body fat amounts according to body fat weight regression equation were: in male: Fat weight=10.56kg, Fat free weight=45.86kg, Fat weight/Total body mass(%)=18.71%, (Body fat amount %), Fat weight/Fat free weight(%)=23.02%, Fat free weight/Total body mass(%)=81.29%. in female: Fat weight=12.23kg, Fat free weight=39.06kg, Fat weight/Total body mass(%)=23.85%, Fat weight/Fat free weight(%)=31.31%, Fat free weight/Total body mass(%)=76.15%. The females value was higher than the males.

• 한국입자에어로졸학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.37-44
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• 2019

본 연구에서는 국내에서 가장 일반적인 유형의 주택으로서 3인 가구가 거주하는 공급면적 $117.69m^2$의 일반형 아파트를 측정 주택으로 선정하여 실증 측정을 진행하였다. 황사 발생이 포함된 3일 측정기간 동안 미세먼지 변화 특성을 관찰하여 분석하였다. 관측된 미세먼지($PM_{10}$)를 상대적으로 큰 먼지($PM_{10-2.5}$)와 초미세먼지($PM_{2.5}$)로 나누어 대기와 실내의 먼지의 농도변화를 분석하였다. 연구 결과로 재실자의 활동이 없는 외출이나 취침 기간에는 주택의 침기 특성을 확인할 수 있었다. 미세먼지 중 상대적으로 큰 $PM_{10-2.5}$ 크기 입자는 외기의 풍속이 5 m/s까지 증가하여 침기량이 증가해도 대기 농도 대비 실내 농도비가 7% 이하인 반면, $PM_{2.5}$의 경우 외기 속도가 5 m/s까지 증가하면 50% 이상으로 증가하였다. 황사가 심한 대기 상태에도 본 연구의 측정 주택의 경우 실내 $PM_{10-2.5}$는 시평균$15{\mu}g/m^3$로 대기 농도의 5% 수준으로 일상 조건과 비슷했다. 재실자의 활동이 있는 경우에는 미세먼지 중 초미세먼지를 제외한 상대적으로 큰 먼지는 자연환기와 실내 사람의 움직임과 같은 행동 영향이 지배적이었다. 실내 $PM_{10-2.5}$ 농도는 대기 농도가 낮은 경우에는 대기 농도의 약 50%를 차지하는 경우도 있었다. 재실자의 활동 중, 초미세먼지의 발생이 클 것으로 예상되는 굽기나 튀기기가 포함된 조리나 실내 흡연이 없었기 때문에, 재실자가 없는 경우와 마찬가지로 초미세먼지는 실내 농도가 실외 농도의 추이에 따라 함께 변동하는 양상을 보였다. 외부공기가 침기에 의해 창틈, 문틈으로 유입되는 과정에서 초미세먼지는 약 30~40% 정도가 제거되고 실내로 많은 비율이 유입되기 때문에 실외 초미세먼지의 실내에 대한 영향이 컸다. 본 연구의 분석 데이터는 측정이 이루어진 대표 주택에 해당하는 것으로, 새로 지어진 기밀 성능이 높은 신축 아파트나 침기가 상대적으로 클 것으로 예상되는 오래된 단독주택에서는 다른 특성이 나타날 것으로 예상되므로, 이에 대한 추가적인 연구가 필요하다고 생각된다.