• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.75-79
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• 1980

The effect of the additive on the dielectric property of $TiO_2$ containing 0-2.5wt %. $Sb_2O_3$ was investigated as a function of frequency from $5{\times}10^4$ to $6.3{\times}10^7$ cps and temperature from 25 to 375$^{\circ}C$. The dielectric constant increased with increasing $Sb_2O_3$ concentration from 0.25 to 0.5wt.% It is due to space charge polarization caused by increasing anion vacanices. The dielectric constant decreased for further increase in $Sb_2O_3$ concentration. It can be explained by increasing grain size effect rather than space charge polarization.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.987-993
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• 2003

We fabricated thick film monopole antennas using Mo-doped BiNbO$_4$ ceramics and investigated their electrical properties as a function of the Mo-doping concentration. Compared with undoped BiNbO$_4$ ceramics, 10 at.% Mo-doping improved microwave dielectric properties of ceramics by increased sintered density as well as decreased space charge density. Further increase in the Mo-doping concentration caused formation of Bi$_2$MoO$_{6}$ phases, resulting in deterioration of the microwave characteristics. The gain and bandwidth of the ceramic monopole antenna were also greatly affected by the Mo-doping concentration. When Mo-doping concentration was 10 at.%, highest gain of -0.7dBi with lowest bandwidth of 30% at 2.3GHz was obtained.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.248-253
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• 1987

Boron diffusion into silicon through poly\ulcorneri-SiO2 was carried out for the diffusion with low concentration using CVD-BN. The result of direct boron diffusion from BN into silicon and that of boron diffusion through SiO2 from BN into silicon was compared with the result of boron diffusion through poly-Si-SiO2 from BN into silicon. In the case of boron diffusion through poly Si-SiO2, the low concentration diffusion was obtained, that is the boron surface concentration in silicon Cs=10**16 Cm**-3, and the glassy compounds were not seen.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.495-506
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• 1996

Monodispersed colloidaly yttria(Y2O3) can be used in a variety of applications such as phosphors. IR transparent materials and fine ceramics. For preparing monodispersed yttria homogeneous precipitation has been regarded as a fovorable method that is monodispersed yttria can be obtained through calcining monodispersed colloidal compound of yttrium (eg:Y(OH)CO3.nH2O)which can be prepared by homogeneous precipitation with urea. It is however still required to find out the quantitative effects of important variables of precipitation such as concentration of yttrium and urea reaction temperature and initial pH of reactant even though homogeneous precipitation of Y3+ with urea has been studied extensively. Among the effects of these variables we investiga-ted 1) the effect of yttrium concentration on the shape and size of precipitate and the reation rate 2) range of yttrium concentration required to make monodispersed colloidal particles 3) the reason for limited concentra-tion range of yttrium and 4) the effect of ultrasonic radiation on the limited concentration.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.11-21
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• 2004

Crystallization of CaC $O_3$ from the solutions of various degrees of supersaturation was carried out by a spontaneous precipitation method. The solution was kept at $25^{\circ}C$ and pH 6.9∼8.8. The solution compositions were varied in two ways: (1) The total carbonate, [C $O_3$]$_{Τ}$, to total calcium. [Ca]$_{Τ}$, ratios vary as ; [C $O_3$]$_{Τ}$/[Ca]$_{Τ}$ >1. [C $O_3$]$_{Τ}$/[Ca]$_{Τ}$=1, and [C $O_3$]$_{Τ}$/[Ca]$_{Τ}$<1. (2) The total calcium concentration, [Ca]$_{Τ}$, held at 0.02 mo1/d $m^3$, 0.2 mo1/d $m^3$, and 0.4 mo1/d $m^3$. We found that the CaC $O_3$ phase crystallized from the solutions of [C $O_3$]$_{Τ}$/[Ca]$_{Τ}$ $\geq$ 1 was mostly calcite with less than 1% of vaterite, while the CaC $O_3$ crystals precipitated from low carbonate concentration toward calcium concentration, [C $O_3$]$_{Τ}$/[Ca]$_{Τ}$ < 1, were dominated by vaterite crystals. It appears that the polymorph of CaC $O_3$ precipitate was mainly controlled not by the calcium concentration but by the carbonate concentration during the spontaneous precipitation. Also, we found that the surface roughness of vaterite increased with decreasing carbonate concentration from 0.8 or 0.5 of [C $O_3$]$_{Τ}$/[Ca]$_{Τ}$ ratios and the surface area of vaterite increased from 5.64∼7.34 $\mu\textrm{m}$ to 8.39∼10.3 $\mu\textrm{m}$.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.271-276
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• 2018

The effects of activator ion on the structural, morphological, and optical properties of $LaNbO_4:RE^{3+}$ (RE = Dy, Dy/Sm, Sm) phosphors were investigated. X-ray diffraction patterns exhibited that all the phosphors showed a monoclinic system with a main (112) diffraction peak, irrespective of the concentration and type of activator ions. The grain size showed a slightly decreasing tendency as the concentration of $Sm^{3+}$ ions increased. The excitation spectra of the $LaNbO_4:Dy^{3+}$, $Sm^{3+}$ phosphor powders consisted of a strong charge transfer band centered at 259 nm in the range of 220-290 nm and five weak peaks. The emission spectra of the $La_{0.95}NbO_4$:5 mol% $Dy^{3+}$ phosphors exhibited two intense yellow and blue bands centered at 575 nm and 479 nm respectively, which resulted from the $^4F_{9/2}{\rightarrow}^6H_{13/2}$ and $^4F_{9/2}{\rightarrow}^6H_{15/2}$ transitions of $Dy^{3+}$. As the concentration of $Sm^{3+}$ was increased, the intensity of the yellow emission band was gradually decreased, while those of orange and red emission bands centered at 604 and 646 nm began to appear and reached maxima at 5 mol%, and then decreased rapidly with further increases in the $Sm^{3+}$ concentration. These results indicated that white light emission could be realized by controlling the concentrations of the $Dy^{3+}$ and $Sm^{3+}$ ions incorporated into the $LaNbO_4$ host crystal.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.193-201
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• 2006

Advanced oxidation processes involving $O_3/H_2O_2$ and $O_3/catalyst$ were used to compare the degradability and the effect of pH on the oxidation of 1,4-dioxane, Oxidation processes were carried out in a bubble column reactor under different pH. Initial hydrogen peroxide concentration was 3.52 mM in $O_3/H_2O_2$ process and 115 g/L (0.65 wt.%) of activated carbon impregnated with palladium was packed in $O_3/catalyst$ column. 1,4-dioxane concentration was reduced steadily with reaction time in $O_3/H_2O_2$ oxidation process, however, in case of $O_3/catalyst$ process, about $50{\sim}75%$ of 1,4-dioxane was degraded only in 5 minutes after reaction. Overall reaction efficiency of $O_3/catalyst$ was also higher than that of $O_3/H_2O_2$ process. TOC and $COD_{cr}$ were analyzed in order to examine the oxidation characteristics with $O_3/H_2O_2\;and\;O_3/catalyst$ process. The results of $COD_{cr}$ removal efficiency and ${\Delta}TOC/{\Delta}ThOC$ ratio in $O_3/catalyst$ process gave that this process could more proceed the oxidation reaction than $O_3/H_2O_2$ oxidation process. Therefore, it was considered that $O_3/catalyst$ advanced oxidation process could be used as a effective oxidation process for removing non-degradable toxic organic materials.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.1235-1245
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to investigate electro-generation of free Cl, $ClO_2$, $H_2O_2$ and $O_3$ and degradation of Rhodamine B in solution using Ru-Sn-Sb electrode. Electrolysis was performed in one-compartment reactor using a dimensionally stable anode(DSA) of Ru-Sn-Sb/Ti as the working electrode. The effect of applied current (0.5-3 A), electrolyte type (NaCl, KCl, HCl, $Na_2SO_4$ and $H_2SO_4$) and concentration (0.5-2.5 g/L), air flow rate (0-3 L/min) and solution pH (3-11) was evaluated. Experimental results showed that concentration of 4 oxidants was increased with increase of applied current, however optimum current for RhB degradation was 2 A. The generated oxidant concentration and RhB degradation of the of Cl type-electrolyte was higher than that of the sulfate type. The oxidant concentration was increased with increase of NaCl concentration and optimum NaCl dosage for RhB degradation was 1.75 g/L. Optimum air flow rate for the oxidants generation and RhB degradation was 2 L/min. $ClO_2$ and $H_2O_2$ generation was decreased with the increase of pH, whereas free Cl and $O_3$ was not affected by pH. RhB degradation was increase with the pH decrease.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.163-167
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• 2012

The effects on the ferromagnetism of the O or Zn defect in Cu-doped ZnO with the concentration of 2.77-8.33% have been investigated by the first-principles calculations. The Cu doping in ZnO was calculated to be a kind of p-type ferromagnetic half-metals. When the Zn vacancy exists in Cu-doped ZnO, the Cu magnetic moment increases, while for the O vacancy it is reduced. It is noticeable that the ferromagnetic state was originated from the hybridized O(2p)-Cu(3d)-O(2p) chain formed through the p-d coupling. The carrier-mediated ferromagnetism by nitrogen or fluorine does not depend on their concentration.

• KIEE International Transactions on Electrophysics and Applications
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• v.11C no.4
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• pp.113-119
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• 2001

This paper presents a model for a pin-to-cylinder discharge type ozonizer, which utilizes the superposition of surface discharge and corona discharge operation. By changing the gas flow rate, the discharge power and the number of SDO units, the characteristics of ozone concentration ( $O_{3con}$), ozone generation ( $O_{3g}$) and ozone yield ( $O_{3Y}$) were investigated. Using one SDO unit the maximum values of $O_{3con}$, $O_{3g}$ and $O_{3Y}$ were found as 8100[ppm], 1623[mg/h] and 213[g/kWh] respectively. With two SDO units the corresponding values were found as 12800[ppm], 2893[mg/h] and 248[g/kWh] respectively. Hence using two SDO units the efficiency was improved by 16[%].y 16[%].