• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제15권9호
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• pp.847-853
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• 2006

In order to understand chemical characteristics and formation of dewfall in Busan, we analysed monthly distribution of dewfall, and investigated its chemical composition of dewfall. This study used the modified teflon plate $(1m{\times}1m)$ at Jangyongsil science high school from June 2005 to October 2005. In order to estimate qualitatively water soluble components, IC, ICP and UV methods for water soluble ions are also used respectively. Dewfall amount of sampling periods (26 day) collected 1.29 mm. Distribution of water soluble ions in dewfall founded the highest concentration $(81.3{\mu}eq/{\ell}\;for\;NO_3^-,\;146.6{\mu}eq/{\ell}\;for\;SO_4^{2-},\;and\;114.3{\mu}eq/{\ell}\;for\;nss-SO_4^{2-})$ during the June. pH was the lowest by 5.12 June, and October (pH 6.68) by most high and average pH was 5.46. Monthly equivalent ratio of $[SO_4^{2-}]/[NO_3^-]$ showed the highest value (2.94) during the September, the lowest value (1.77) during the July, and the mean value was 3.45.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.612-624
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• 2007

The real-time monitoring of radon ($^{222}Rn$) concentrations has been carried out to evaluate its ambient background concentration levels in Gosan site, Jeju Island between January 2001 and December 2004. In addition, the atmospheric TSP aerosols have been sampled, and their ionic and metallic components were analyzed to understand the characteristics of air pollution. The mean concentration of radon was $3,121{\pm}1,627\;mBq/m^3$, and the seasonal mean concentrations for spring, summer, fall and winter seasons were 2,898, 2,398, 3,571 and $3,646\;mBq/m^3$, respectively, The hourly concentrations have shown the highest value at 7 a.m. and the lowest value at 2 p.m. From the backward trajectory analyses, the radon concentrations have increased, when the air parcels were moved from the Chinese continent to Jeju area. On the other hand, they have decreased, when the air parcels from the North Pacific Ocean. In the analytical results of ionic species and metal elements of TSP aerosols, the concentrations of $nss-{SO_4}^{2-}$ and S were higher in June and March. Meanwhile, the concentrations of other anthropogenic species as well as soil components were mostly higher in March and April. On the basis of factor analysis, the TSP aerosols at Gosan area were largely influenced by soil sources, followed by anthropogenic sources and marine sources. From the result of backward trajectory analyses, the concentrations of $nss-{SO_4}^{2-},\;{NO_3}^-$, Al and Ca were mostly higher, when the air parcels moved from Chinese continent to Jeju area. On the other hand, their concentrations were lower, when the air parcels drifted from the North Pacific Ocean.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.71-78
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• 2017

Monthly characteristics of rainwater chemistry at a coastal site in southwestern Japan were examined based on an eight year record. In the period November-May when rain was mainly caused by cyclones, the monthly mean concentrations of $nss-{SO_4}^{2-}$, ${NO_3}^-$, ${NH_4}^+$, $nss-Ca^{2+}$, $Na^+$ and $Cl^-$ over the eight years were 25.1-57.8, 9.9-25.0, 11.3-31.4, 5.5-18.7, 24.2-154.9 and $30.0-178.5{\mu}eq\;L^{-1}$, respectively. In June and July when rain was mainly caused by stationary fronts, i.e. Meiyu fronts, the concentrations were 14.4-20.7, 7.2-9.5, 7.7-12.9, 4.1-6.8, 21.7-33.6 and $26.4-40.5{\mu}eq\;L^{-1}$, respectively. In August and September when typhoons contributed substantial rainfall, the respective concentrations of $Na^+$ and $Cl^-$ were as high as 97.7-105.3 and $116.8-122.9{\mu}eq\;L^{-1}$, while the concentrations of other ions were low. These results indicate a large variation of monthly rainwater chemistry, which is basically dependent on the synoptic weather patterns causing rain. From later autumn to early spring, rain contains ions in high concentration and large variation ranges. In the Meiyu season, rain contains less ions which vary in a range much smaller than that in later autumnearly spring. In summer and autumn, the concentrations are low, except $Na^+$ and $Cl^-$ which can be large due to typhoons' contribution.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.204-208
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• 1999

태안지역 빗물의 화학적 특성을 알아보기 위하여 '98년 영농기(5월${\sim}$10월) 동안 태안지역에 내린 빗물의 화학적 성분조성과 분석결과의 신뢰성을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다.각 분석시료에 대한 이온균형과 전기전도도 수지를 조사한 결과, 고농도 시료를 제외하고는 분석의 신뢰성이 인정되었다. 빗물의 pH별 분포는 pH $4.5{\sim}5.0$ 및 $5.0{\sim}5.6$ 범위에서 각각 43%와 38%이었으며, 강우량별 빗물의 이온함량과 pH 변화는 초기강우(1mm 이하)가 그 이후의 강우에 비해 높았다. 빗물의 조성은 $SO_4\;^{2-}$와 $NO_3\;^-$가 음이온의 80% 이상 그리고 양이온은 $NH_4\;^+$와 $Ca^{2+}$가 60% 이상을 차지하고 있었다. 월별 빗물의 pH는 강우량이 많았던 8월에 4.3으로 가장 낮았고 조사지역 강우중 비해염 sulfate는 총 sulfate 함량의 약 97%이었다. 빗물의 $nss-SO_4\;^{2-}/NO_3\;^-$비는 평균 2.4로 비해염 $SO_4^{2-}$의 강우 산성도에 대한 기여율이 $NO_3\;^-$보다 2.4배 높았다.

• 대기
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.403-416
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• 2019

Precipitation samples were collected at the GAW Stations in Anmyeon-do and Gosan for 10 years (2008-2017) to analyze pH, electrical conductivity and NH₄⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, SO₄^2-, NO₃^-, Cl^-, and F^- ions. From the analysis, the correlation between pH and rainfall, the composition of precipitation and comparison with other regions, and the results of neutralization characteristics by seasonal and pH were determined. In the comparison of ion balance and conductivity for the validation of analytical data, the correlation coefficients were within the range of 0.996~0.999, implying good linear relationship. The volume-weighted pH of the Anmyeon-do and Gosan areas were 4.7 and 4.9, respectively. The pH of the rainfall was affected by washout and rainout in both areas. The ionic strength of precipitation at Anmyeondo and Gosan were 0.42 ± 0.63 mM and 0.37 ± 0.75 mM, indicating about 27.6% and 35.3% of the total precipitation as per a pure precipitation criterion (10^-4 M), respectively. The composition ratio of ionic species were 44.7% and 57.5% for marine sources (Na⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl^-), 40.6% and 22.2% for the secondary inorganic components (NH₄⁺, nss-SO₄^2-, NO₃^-), and 5.6% and 4.0% for the soil source (nss-Ca²⁺), respectively. The neutralization factor of Anmyeon-do and Gosan were 0.43~0.65 and 0.34~0.48, and the neutralization factors of calcium carbonate were 0.15~0.34 and 0.25~0.30, respectively. Thus, both regions have the highest rate of neutralization caused by ammonia. As pH increased in Anmyeon-do and Gosan, change in calcium carbonate became greater than that in ammonia.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.300-310
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• 2008

In order to further determine the mass concentration and ion composition of size-segregated particulate matter (PM) during the non-Asian dust storm of spring, $PM_{2.5}$ (fine particle), $PM_{10-2.5}$ (coarse particle), and $PM_{over-10}$ (PM with an aerodynamic diameter larger than $10{\mu}m$) were collected using a MCI (multi-nozzle cascade impactor) sampler of a three-stage filter pack in the spring season of 2007 in the Iksan area. During the sampling period from 5 April to 21 April, a total of 34 samples for size-segregated PM were collected, and then measured for PM mass concentrations by gravimetric measurements and for water-soluble inorganic ion species by using ion chromatography. Average mass concentrations of $PM_{2.5}$, $PM_{10-2.5}$, $PM_{over-10}$ were $35.4{\pm}11.5{\mu}g/m^3$, $13.3{\pm}5.5{\mu}g/m^3$ and $9.5{\pm}4.7{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. On average, $PM_{2.5}$ accounted for 74% of $PM_{10}$. Compared with the literature from other areas in Korea, the measured concentration of $PM_{2.5}$ were relatively high. Water-soluble inorganic ion fractions in $PM_{2.5}$, $PM_{10-2.5}$, and $PM_{over-10}$ were found to be 47.8%, 28.5%, and 14.7%, respectively. Among the water-soluble inorganic ion species, $SO_4^{2-}$, $NO_3^-$ and $NH_4^+$ were the main components in $PM_{2.5}$, while $NO_3^-$ dominantly existed in both $PM_{10-2.5}$ and $PM_{over-10}$. Non-seasalt $SO_4^{2-}$ (nss-$SO_4^{2-}$ and $NO_3^-$ were found to mainly exist as the neutralized chemical components of $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ and $NH_4NO_3$ in fine particles.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.578-583
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• 2010

수원과 태안에 위치한 농업지역에서 영농기간 중 강우의 화학적 특성을 알아보기 위하여 2009년 4월부터 11월까지 강우 53점을 채수하여 강우 중의 이온조성, 산성도 및 강우량을 고려한 가중평균 이온농도 변화를 평가하였다. 강우의 조성에서 양이온 구성은 $Na^+>{NH_4}^+>Ca^{2+}>H^+>Mg^{2+}>K^+$의 순이었으며, $Na^+$와 ${NH_4}^+$ 성분이 전체 양이온 조성의 65% 이상을 차지하였다. 음이온은 ${SO_4}^{2-}>{NO_3}^->Cl^-$ 순으로 ${SO_4}^{2-}$가 약 61%를 차지하였다. 조사 기간 중 평균 sulfate 함량은 수원 130.2 ${\mu}eq\;L^{-1}$ 태안121.3 ${\mu}eq\;L^{-1}$이었으며, 이중 비해염 sulfate (NSS-${SO_4}^{2-}$)함량이 92%를 차지하여 강우 중에 함유된 sulfate의 대부분이 인위적인 발생원에 기인된 것을 알 수 있었다. 강우량을 고려한 월별 질소 부하량은 약 1~2 kg $ha^{-1}$정도로 토양에 공급되는 것을 볼 수 있었다. 특히, 수원지역의 7월 강우사상별 강우량은 7.3 mm 이상으로 총질소는 6 kg $ha^{-1}$로 가장 많이 부하되는 것으로 나타났다. 주요 영농기인 4~10월 동안 ${SO_4}^{2-}$, $Ca^{2+}$, $K^+$, $Mg^{2+}$의 부하량은 수원에서 각각 56.0, 7.4, 5.7, 1.4 kg $ha^{-1}$ 이었고, 태안에서 각각 42.8, 4.7, 2.6, 1.4 kg $ha^{-1}$ 이었다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.15-24
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• 2006

Precipitation samples were collected at Anmyeon (1997 - 2004), Uljin, and Gosan (1998 ~ 2004), the background area of the Korean Peninsula. These samples were analyzed for the concentration of 9 major ionic components ($F^{-}$,$Cl^{-}$, $NO_{3}^{-}$, $SO_{4}^{2-}$, $Na^{+}$, $NH_{4}^{+}$, $K^{+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$) with including a pH and an electric conductivity. Data quality for these samples was verified by ion balance and conductivity balance which are based on GAW manual for precipitation chemistry and the number of valid data at Anmyeon, Uljin, and Gosan is 249, 173, and 188, respectively. During the study period, the precipitation-weighted average pH at Anmyeon, Uljin, and Gosan was found to be 4.81, 4.87 and 4.89, respectively and each annual average pH was showed below pH 5.6 for every site. From the frequency survey on the precipitation acidity, the occurrence rate of acid rain below pH 5.6 is greater than $80\%$ for every site. Particularly, the highest occurrence rate for strong acid rain below pH 4.5 was found at Anmyeon, $32.1\%$, compared with other sites ($10.4\%$ at Uljin, $15.4\%$ at Gosan). That's because acidifying species (nss-$SO_{4}^{2-}$, $NO_{3}^{-}$) are remarkably high concentration at Anmyeon.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.363-368
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• 2003

The major ionic components of precipitation collected at the 1100 Site of Mt. Halla and Jeju city have been determined. The reliability of the analytical data was verified by the comparison of ion balances, electric conductivities and acid fractions; all of their correlation coefficients were above 0.94. Ionic strengths lower than $10^{-4}$ M were found in 53% of the 1100 Site samples and 28% of the Jeju city samples. Compared with other inland areas, the wet deposition of $Na^+,\;Cl^-\;and\;Mg^{2+}$ was relatively larger, but that of $NH_4^+,\;nss-SO_4^{2-}$(non-sea salt sulfate) and $NO_3^-$ was lower. Especially the wet deposition increase of $Ca^{2+}$ in the spring season supports the possibility of the Asian Dust effect. The acidification of precipitation was caused mostly by $SO_4^{2-}\;and\;NO_3^-$ in the Jeju area, and the organic acids have contributed only about 7% to the acidity. The neutralization factors by NH₃were 0.47 and 0.48, and that of CaCO₃was 0.31 and 0.25 at the 1100 Site and Jeju city, respectively. Investigation into major influencing sources on precipitation components by factor analysis showed that the precipitation at the 1100 Site had been influenced mostly by an anthropogenic source, followed by soil and seawater sources. The precipitation at Jeju city was mainly influenced by oceanic sources, followed by anthropogenic and soil sources.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.239-244
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• 2008

최근 급속한 산업화가 진행되고 있는 중국의 편서풍 영향하에 위치한 우리나라의 경우에는 장거리 이동에 따른 강우의 산성도 변화 및 예상되는 피해에 대한 대책 마련을 위하여 강우의 화학성에 대한 지속적인 모니터링이 필요하다. 본 연구는 경기도 수원지역 강우의 산성도 및 주요 이온조성을 평가하기 위하여 wet sampling 방식의 자동채취기를 사용하여 2006년 4월부터 12월까지의 빗물 42점을 채취하였다. 각 시료의 pH 및 주요 이온 성분에 대한 강우량 가중평균치의 월별 변화를 조사하였으며, pH 분포와EC의 계절적 특성을 평가하였다. 빗물 중 양이온과 음이온의 균형비(ion balance)와 전기전도도 균형비(electrical conductivity balance)가 1에 가까운 값을 보여 분석의 높은 신뢰성을 나타내었다. 조사기간 중 평균 pH값은 4.7을 보였다. 빗물의 EC는 조사기간 평균 $17.6{\mu}S\;cm^{-1}$을 나타냈으며, 월별로는7월에 $9.1{\mu}S\;cm^{-1}$로 조사기간 중 가장 낮은 값을 보였으며, 11월 이후에 급격히 높아져 EC의 계절적 특성을 보였다. 빗물의 조성에서 양이온 구성은 $Na^+>NH_4{^+}>Ca^{2+}>H^+>Mg^{2+}>K^+$의 순이었으며, $Na^+$ 와 NH_4{^+}$가 전체 양이온 함량의 65% 이상을 차지 하였다. 음이온은 $SO_4{^{2-}}>NO_3{^-}>Cl^-$ 순으로 $SO_4{^{2-}}$가 약 67%를 차지하였다. 조사기간 중 평균 sulfate 함량은 $119.0{\mu}eq\;L^{-1}$이었으며, 이중 비해염 sulfate(nss-$SO_4$) 함량은 평균 94%로 빗물 중에 함유된 sulfate의 대부분이 인위적인 발생원에서 기인되었다.