• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제53권1호
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• pp.1-26
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• 1981

1. 본(本) 연구(研究)는 우리나라의 삼림토양(森林土壤)의 형태학적(形態学的) 이학적(理学的) 화학적(化学的) 성질(性質)이 임목생장(林木生長)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 조사(調査)하여 수종별(樹種別)로 토양조건(土壤條件)의 요구(要求) 경향(傾向)을 파악(把握)하므로서 적지적수(適地適樹) 및 비배관리(肥培管理)의 기초자료(基礎資料)를 얻고자 10여년간(余年間)에 걸쳐서 자료(資料)를 수집(蒐集)하여 수량화방법(數量化方法)의 이론(理論)을 적용(適用)하여 다변량해석(多變量解析)으로 분석(分析)한 것이다. 2. 공시수종(供試樹種)인 낙엽송(落葉松)과 잣나무는 온대중부(温帶中部)에서 온대북부(温帶北部) 지방(地方)에 이르기까지 조림적지(造林適地)가 광대(廣大)하게 분포(分布)되고 있고 한국(韓國)의 이대(二大) 조림수종(造林樹種)으로 되고 있으나 적지특성(適地特性)이 밝혀지고 있지않아 조림시(造林時)에 적지선정(適地選定)의 혼동(混同)을 초래(招來)하는 경우가 있고 때로는 동일지위급(同一地位級)으로 취급(取扱)되기도 하였다. 낙엽송적지(落葉松適地)에는 잣나무를 조림(造林)하여도 비교적(比較的) 생장(生長)이 양호(良好)하나 반면(反面) 잣나무 적지(適地)에 낙엽송(落葉松)을 조림(造林)할 경우(境遇)는 반드시 좋은 생장(生長)은 기대할 수 없다. 이러한 차이(差異)에 대(對)하여 토양형태학적(土壤形態学的) 인자(因子) 이화학적(理化学的) 인자(因子)가 임목생장(林木生長)에 어떻게 영향(影響)하는 것인가를 Computer를 이용(利用)하여 추적(追跡)하여 보았다. 3. 조사(調査)된 임분(林分)은 인공조림지(人工造林地)의 성림지(成林地)로서 낙엽송(落葉松) 294Plot 잣나무259Plot에서 우세목(優勢木)의 표준목(標準木)을 벌채(伐採)하여 수간석해(樹幹析解)에 의(依)하여 지위지수(地位指數)를 결정(決定)하고 동시에 당해림지(當該林地)에서 토양단면조사(土壤斷面調査)를 실시(實施)하고 층위별(層位別)로 토양시료(土壤試料)를 채취(採取)하여 토양(土壤)의 이화학적(理化学的) 성질(性質)을 분석(分析)하여 수종별(樹種別)로 임지생산력(林地生産力) 구분표(區分表)를 만들어 토양(土壤)의 물리성(物理性) 화학성(化学性) 및 이화학성(理化学性)과 임목생장(林木生長) 관계(關係)를 구명(究明)하였다. 4. 토양(土壤)의 물리적(物理的) 요인(要因)과 임목생장(林木生長) 관계(関係)의 순위(順位)는 낙엽송(落葉松)에서는 퇴적양식(堆積樣式) 토심(土深) 토양수분(土壤水分), 표고(標高), 지형(地形), 토양형(土壤型), A층(層)의 두께, 견밀도(堅密度), 유기물함량(有機物含量), 토성(土性), 기암(基岩), 석력함량(石礫含量), 방위(方位), 경사등(傾斜等)으로 나타나고 잣나무는 토양형(土壤型), 견밀도(堅密度), 기암(基岩), 방위(方位), A층(層)의 두께, 토양수분(土壤水分), 표고지형(標高地形), 퇴적양식(堆積樣式), 토심(土深), 토(土), 석력함량(石礫含量), 경사등(傾斜等)의 순(順)이였다. 5. 토양(土壤)의 화학적(化学的) 요인(要因)과 임목생장관계(林木生長関係)의 순위(順位)는 낙엽송(落葉松)에서는 염기포화도(塩基飽和度), 토양유기물(土壤有機物), 석회(石灰) C/N율(率) 유기인산(有機燐酸), PH 치환성가리(置換性加里), 전질소(全窒素), 고토(苦土), 양(陽)ion 치환능력(置換能力), 염기총량(塩基總量), 나토륨 등(等)으로 나타났고 잣나무는 유효인산(有効燐酸), 염기총량(塩基總量), 전질소(全窒素) 나토륨, C/N율(率), PH석회(石灰), 염기포화도(塩基飽和度), 토양유기물(土壤有機物), 치환성가리(置換性加里), 양(陽)ion, 치환능력(置換能力), 고토(苦土) 등(等)의 순(順)이였다. 6. 토양(土壤)의 이화학성(理化学性)과 임목생장(林木生長) 관계순위(関係順位)는 낙엽송(落葉松)에서는 토심(土深), 퇴적양식(堆積樣式), 토양수분(土壤水分), PH, 지형(地形), 토양형(土壤型), 표고(標高), 전질소(全窒素), 견밀도(堅密度), 유효인산(有効燐酸), 토성(土性)A층(層)의 두께, 염기총량(塩基總量), 치환성가리(置換性加里), 염기포화도(塩基飽和度), 등(等)으로 나타났고 잣나무는 토양형(土壤型), 토양견밀도(土壤堅密度), 방위(方位), 유효인산(有効燐酸), A층(層)의 두께, 치환성가리(置換性加里), 토양수분(土壤水分), 염기총량(塩基總量), 표고(標高), 토심(土深), 염기포화도(塩基飽和度), 지형(地形), 전질소(全窒素), C/N율(率), 퇴적양식(堆積樣式), 등(等)의 순위(順位)였다. 7. 산림토양(山林土壤)의 물리적(物理的) 성질(性質)과의 중상관관계(重相関関係)에서는 낙엽송(落葉松) 0.9272, 잣나무 0.8996이며 토양(土壤)의 화학적(化学的) 성질(性質)은 낙엽송(落葉松) 0.7474, 잣나무 0.7365이였다. 이상(以上)과 같이 토양(土壤)의 물리적(物理的) 성질(性質)과 임목생장관계(林木生長関係)는 토양(土壤)의 화학적(化学的) 성질(性質)보다는 상관성(相関性)이 높은 것으로 나타났으나 토양(土壤)의 화학적(化学的) 제인자(諸因子)에 대(對)한 표시방법(表示方法)이 미흡(未洽)한 것이라고 사료(思料)되며 토양(土壤)의 화학적(化学的) 성질(性質)이 물리적(物理的) 성질(性質) 못지않게 중요(重要)한 것이라는 것을 입증(立証)하기에 이르렀다. 산림토양(山林土壤)의 형태학적(形態学的) 및 물리적(物理的) 중요인자(重要因子)와 토양(土壤) 화학적(化学的) 중요인자(重要因子)를 발췌(拔萃)한 산림토양(山林土壤)의 이화학적(理化学的) 성질(性質)과 임목생장(林木生長)과의 중상관관계(重相関関係)는 낙엽송(落葉松) 0.9434이고 잣나무 0.9103으로서 가장높은 상관성(相関性)을 나타냈다. 8. 편상관계수(偏相関係数)에서 나타난 것과 같이 낙엽송(落葉松)은 잣나무보다 토심(土深)이 깊어야 하며 퇴적양식(堆積樣式)에 있어서도 붕적토(崩積土), 포행토(葡行土)이여야하며 토양건습도(土壤乾湿度)에서도 적윤지(適潤地) 내지(乃至) 습윤지(湿潤地)를 요구(要求)하고 있으며 PH. 5.5~6.1을 요구(要求)하며 전질소(全窒素)(T-N), 토성(土性) 및 토양양료(土壤養料)도 낙엽송(落葉松)이 잣나무보다 훨씬 많은 토양조건(土壤條件)을 요구(要求)하고 있다. 즉(即), 토심(土深) 퇴적양식(堆積樣式), 지형(地形)의 기복(起伏), 토양건습도(土壤乾湿度), PH, N, 표고(標高), 토심등(土深等)이 낙엽송(落葉松)과 잣나무 적지(適地) 구분(区分)의 유효(有効)한 지표(指標)가 되며 토양형(土壤型), 토양견밀도(土壤堅密度)는 식재환경(植栽環境)의 변이폭(變異幅)이 넓으므로 지표성(指標性)은 있으나 낮다고 할 수 있다. 적지판별(適地判別)은 낙엽송(落葉松)은 토심(土深), 퇴적양식(堆積樣式), 지형(地形), 토양수분(土壤水分), PH, 토양형(土壤型), N, 토성등(土性等)이 생장(生長)을 도모(図謀)하는 지표인자(指標因子)인데 반(反)하여 잣나무는 토양형(土壤型) 토양견밀도(土壤堅密度) 유효인산(有効燐酸) 치환성가리(置換性加里) 등(等)이 생장(生長)을 도모(図謀)하는 유효(有効)한 요인(要因)이였다. 토양양료(土壤養料)에 대(對)하여서도 일반적(一般的)으로 잣나무보다 낙엽송(落葉松)이 요구도(要求度)가 크게 나타나고 있으나 $K_2O$에 대(對)하여서만 잣나무가 낙엽송(落葉松) 보다 많이 요구(要求)하고 있다. 9. 지금(只今)까지 임목생장(林木生長)에 크게 영향(影響)을 미치는 것은 산림토양(山林土壤)의 물리적(物理的) 성질(性質)이라는 일반개념(一般槪念)이었으나 본연구결과(本研究結果) 토양(土壤)의 화학적(化学的) 성질(性質)도 매우 중요(重要)한 임목생장요인(林木生長要因)이 된다는 것을 Computer를 이용(利用) 추적(追跡)하여 입증(立証)하였으며 아울러 종래(從來) 낙엽송(落葉松)과 잣나무 적지(適地) 구분(区分)이 불분명(不分明)하던 것을 명료(明瞭)하게 적지(適地) 특성(特性)을 구명(究明)하였다.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.3225-3262
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• 1974

The purposes of this thesis are to clarify experimentally the variation of ground water temperature in tube wells during the irrigation period of paddy rice, and the effect of ground water irrigation on the growth, grain yield and yield components of the rice plant, and, furthermore, when and why the plant is most liable to be damaged by ground water, and also to find out the effective ground water irrigation methods. The results obtained in this experiment are as follows; 1. The temperature of ground water in tube wells varies according to the location, year, and the depth of the well. The average temperatures of ground water in a tubewells, 6.3m, 8.0m deep are $14.5^{\circ}C$ and $13.1^{\circ}C$, respercively, during the irrigation period of paddy rice (From the middle of June to the end of September). In the former the temperature rises continuously from $12.3^{\circ}C$ to 16.4$^{\circ}C$ and in the latter from $12.4^{\circ}C$ to $13.8^{\circ}C$ during the same period. These temperatures are approximately the same value as the estimated temperatures. The temperature difference between the ground water and the surface water is approximately $11^{\circ}C$. 2. The results obtained from the analysis of the water quality of the "Seoho" reservoir and that of water from the tube well show that the pH values of the ground water and the surface water are 6.35 and 6.00, respectively, and inorganic components such as N, PO4, Na, Cl, SiO2 and Ca are contained more in the ground water than in the surface water while K, SO4, Fe and Mg are contained less in the ground water. 3. The response of growth, yield and yield components of paddy rice to ground water irrigation are as follows; (l) Using ground water irrigation during the watered rice nursery period(seeding date: 30 April, 1970), the chracteristics of a young rice plant, such as plant height, number of leaves, and number of tillers are inferior to those of young rice plants irrigated with surface water during the same period. (2) In cases where ground water and surface water are supplied separately by the gravity flow method, it is found that ground water irrigation to the rice plant delays the stage at which there is a maximum increase in the number of tillers by 6 days. (3) At the tillering stage of rice plant just after transplanting, the effect of ground water irrigation on the increase in the number of tillers is better, compared with the method of supplying surface water throughout the whole irrigation period. Conversely, the number of tillers is decreased by ground water irrigation at the reproductive stage. Plant height is extremely restrained by ground water irrigation. (4) Heading date is clearly delayed by the ground water irrigation when it is practised during the growth stages or at the reproductive stage only. (5) The heading date of rice plants is slightly delayed by irrigation with the gravity flow method as compared with the standing water method. (6) The response of yield and of yield components of rice to ground water irrigation are as follows: \circled1 When ground water irrigation is practised during the growth stages and the reproductive stage, the culm length of the rice plant is reduced by 11 percent and 8 percent, respectively, when compared with the surface water irrigation used throughout all the growth stages. \circled2 Panicle length is found to be the longest on the test plot in which ground water irrigation is practised at the tillering stage. A similar tendency as that seen in the culm length is observed on other test plots. \circled3 The number of panicles is found to be the least on the plot in which ground water irrigation is practised by the gravity flow method throughout all the growth stages of the rice plant. No significant difference is found between the other plots. \circled4 The number of spikelets per panicle at the various stages of rice growth at which_ surface or ground water is supplied by gravity flow method are as follows; surface water at all growth stages‥‥‥‥‥ 98.5. Ground water at all growth stages‥‥‥‥‥‥62.2 Ground water at the tillering stage‥‥‥‥‥ 82.6. Ground water at the reproductive stage ‥‥‥‥‥ 74.1. \circled5 Ripening percentage is about 70 percent on the test plot in which ground water irrigation is practised during all the growth stages and at the tillering stage only. However, when ground water irrigation is practised, at the reproductive stage, the ripening percentage is reduced to 50 percent. This means that 20 percent reduction in the ripening percentage by using ground water irrigation at the reproductive stage. \circled6 The weight of 1,000 kernels is found to show a similar tendency as in the case of ripening percentage i. e. the ground water irrigation during all the growth stages and at the reproductive stage results in a decreased weight of the 1,000 kernels. \circled7 The yield of brown rice from the various treatments are as follows; Gravity flow; Surface water at all growth stages‥‥‥‥‥‥514kg/10a. Ground water at all growth stages‥‥‥‥‥‥428kg/10a. Ground water at the reproductive stage‥‥‥‥‥‥430kg/10a. Standing water; Surface water at all growh stages‥‥‥‥‥‥556kg/10a. Ground water at all growth stages‥‥‥‥‥‥441kg/10a. Ground water at the reproductive stage‥‥‥‥‥‥450kg/10a. The above figures show that ground water irrigation by the gravity flow and by the standing water method during all the growth stages resulted in an 18 percent and a 21 percent decrease in the yield of brown rice, respectively, when compared with surface water irrigation. Also ground water irrigation by gravity flow and by standing water resulted in respective decreases in yield of 16 percent and 19 percent, compared with the surface irrigation method. 4. Results obtained from the experiments on the improvement of ground water irrigation efficiency to paddy rice are as follows; (1) When the standing water irrigation with surface water is practised, the daily average water temperature in a paddy field is 25.2$^{\circ}C$, but, when the gravity flow method is practised with the same irrigation water, the daily average water temperature is 24.5$^{\circ}C$. This means that the former is 0.7$^{\circ}C$ higher than the latter. On the other hand, when ground water is used, the daily water temperatures in a paddy field are respectively 21.$0^{\circ}C$ and 19.3$^{\circ}C$ by practising standing water and the gravity flow method. It can be seen that the former is approximately 1.$0^{\circ}C$ higher than the latter. (2) When the non-water-logged cultivation is practised, the yield of brown rice is 516.3kg/10a, while the yield of brown rice from ground water irrigation plot throughout the whole irrigation period and surface water irrigation plot are 446.3kg/10a and 556.4kg/10a, respectivelely. This means that there is no significant difference in yields between surface water irrigation practice and non-water-logged cultivation, and also means that non-water-logged cultivation results in a 12.6 percent increase in yield compared with the yield from the ground water irrigation plot. (3) The black and white coloring on the inside surface of the water warming ponds has no substantial effect on the temperature of the water. The average daily water temperatures of the various water warming ponds, having different depths, are expressed as Y=aX+b, while the daily average water temperatures at various depths in a water warming pond are expressed as Y=a(b)x (where Y: the daily average water temperature, a,b: constants depending on the type of water warming pond, X; water depth). As the depth of water warning pond is increased, the diurnal difference of the highest and the lowest water temperature is decreased, and also, the time at which the highest water temperature occurs, is delayed. (4) The degree of warming by using a polyethylene tube, 100m in length and 10cm in diameter, is 4~9$^{\circ}C$. Heat exchange rate of a polyethylene tube is 1.5 times higher than that or a water warming channel. The following equation expresses the water warming mechanism of a polyethylene tube where distance from the tube inlet, time in day and several climatic factors are given: {{{{ theta omega (dwt)= { a}_{0 } (1-e- { x} over { PHI v })+ { 2} atop { SUM from { { n}=1} { { a}_{n } } over { SQRT { 1+ {( n omega PHI) }^{2 } } } } LEFT { sin(n omega t+ { b}_{n }+ { tan}^{-1 }n omega PHI )-e- { x} over { PHI v }sin(n omega LEFT ( t- { x} over {v } RIGHT ) + { b}_{n }+ { tan}^{-1 }n omega PHI ) RIGHT } +e- { x} over { PHI v } theta i}}}}{{{{ { theta }_{$\infty$ }(t)= { { alpha theta }_{a }+ { theta }_{ w'} +(S- { B}_{s } ) { U}_{w } } over { beta } , PHI = { { cpDU}_{ omega } } over {4 beta } }}}} where $\theta$$\omega$; discharged water temperature($^{\circ}C$) $\theta$a; air temperature ($^{\circ}C$) $\theta$$\omega$';ponded water temperature($^{\circ}C$) s ; net solar radiation(ly/min) t ; time(tadian) x; tube length(cm) D; diameter(cm) ao,an,bn;constants determined from $\theta$$\omega$(t) varitation. cp; heat capacity of water(cal/$^{\circ}C$ ㎥) U,Ua; overall heat transfer coefficient(cal/$^{\circ}C$ $\textrm{cm}^2$ min-1) $\omega$;1 velocity of water in a polyethylene tube(cm/min) Bs ; heat exchange rate between water and soil(ly/min)

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.791-797
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• 2013

본 연구는 생산시기별 국내산 천일염(장판염, 토판염)의 성분 비교와 미생물 오염 실태 조사를 통하여 천일염 품질관리 기준 마련을 위한 기초 데이터를 생산하기 위해 수행하였다. 월별 천일염 시료의 일반성분을 분석한 결과 15%이상의 높은 수분함량을 보인 시료도 포함되어 식염규격기준에 부적합하였지만, 불용분의 경우 장판염과 토판염이 별개의 기준을 가지고 있어 모두 현재 기준에 부합하였다. 또한 사분은 0.2% 이하의 기준을 초과한 시료도 일부 검출되었다. 회분 함량과 염도는 토판염이 장판염에 비해 약 10% 내외로 높아, 생산방법별로 구분하여 장판염은 염도 80% 이하(회분 80% 이하)의 기준을, 토판염은 염도 90%이하(회분 85% 이하)의 기준 적용을 제안하였다. 또한 총염소 이온(40% 이상)에 대한 분석 결과, 9월~10월에 채집한 장판염 시료에서만 기준보다 낮아, 가을에 채취한 천일염의 경우 채취시기를 명확히 하는 등 별도의 관리 강화 방안이 필요하다고 판단된다. 식염 규격 기준 외에 무기이온(Na, Mg, K, Ca, Zn, Fe) 및 미생물조사(중온, 대장균, 연쇄상구균, 호염균)를 실시한 결과, 주요 무기 성분에서 토판염보다는 장판염에서 생산시기별 차이를 조금 보였지만, 마그네슘만이 온도가 높은 여름보다 온도가 낮은 봄, 가을에 그 함량이 조금 높을 뿐, 월별 유의적인 차이는 보이지 않았다. 또한 미생물 오염도 실태 조사에서는 생산방법에 따른 차이는 보이지 않았고, 9~10월에 수집한 시료에서 일반세균, 연쇄상 구균 및 호기성 호염균이 상당히 높게 검출되어 관리 기준 마련 시 생산시기를 고려한 강화 방안도 고려되어야 할 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 기후, 토양 등 생산 환경과 생산방법에 따라 뚜렷한 성분 차이를 보이는 우리나라 천일염을 장판염과 토판염으로 구분하여, 우리나라 실정에 적합한 관리 기준이 마련되어 천일염 품질 관리 및 등급 기준에 따라 균일한 천일염이 생산된다면, 세계시장 진출 시고품질의 천일염을 지속적으로 공급할 수 있기 때문에 관련부서에서는 제도 마련과 지원에 힘써야 할 것이다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제46권8호
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• pp.919-928
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• 2017

큰잎모자반에 함유되어 있는 다당류를 저분자화하기 위해 알긴산 분해 효소를 생산하는 Shewanella oneidensis PKA 1008의 조효소액을 첨가하여 저분자화하고 이의 면역증진능을 확인하였다. 먼저 저분자화됨을 확인하기 위하여 TLC를 실시한 결과 분해 24 h 이후부터 분해되기 시작하여 최종 60 h에서 dimers로 분해되었다. 그 후 비장세포에 큰잎모자반의 효소적 추출 분해물을 처리하여 in vitro에서 면역증진능을 확인한 결과 $IFN-{\gamma}$, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10의 경우 분해가 진행될수록 분비량이 많아졌다. 또한, 큰잎모자반의 효소적 추출 분해물을 2주 동안 마우스에 경구투여 한 결과, MTT assay 및 비장세포에서 분비되는 $IFN-{\gamma}$ 및 IL-2의 분비량의 경우 24 h 처리구에서 대조군보다 높은 수치로 농도 의존적으로 증가함을 나타내었다. IgG2a 분비량의 경우 24 h와 48 h 처리구에서 다소 증가하였으며, NK 세포의 경우 24 h 처리구에서 농도 의존적으로 활성이 증가하여 면역력을 증진시키는 결과를 보여주고 있다. 전혈을 이용하여 일반혈액검사의 경우 24 h 및 48 h 처리군에서 대조군보다 높은 수치를 나타내었다. 이상의 결과를 종합해볼 때 S. oneidensis PKA 1008 유래 조효소에 의한 큰잎모자반 효소적 추출 분해물이 면역 관련 세포증식률을 증가시키고 이에 따른 사이토카인의 분비량을 증가시키며 혈액 내 다양한 면역세포들의 수치를 증가시킴으로써 면역증진능에 탁월한 효과를 나타냄을 확인하였으나, 면역증진 효과에 기여하는 활성물질에 대해서는 밝혀지지 않아 그에 대한 추가적인 연구가 요구된다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.169-181
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• 2007

Statement of problem: Titanium is well known as a proper metal for the dental restorations, because it has an excellent biocompatibility, resistance to corrosion, and mechanical property. However, adhesion between titanium and dental porcelains is related to the diffusion of oxygen to the reaction layers formed on cast-titanium surfaces during porcelain firing and those oxidized layers make the adhesion difficult to be formed. Many studies using mechanical, chemical and physical methods to enhance the titanium-ceramic adhesion have been actively performed. Purpose: This study meant to comparatively analyse the adhesion characteristics depending on different titanium surface coatings after coating the casts and wrought titanium surfaces with Au and TiN. Material and method: In this study, the titanium specimens (CP-Ti, Grade 2, Kobe still Co. Japan) were categorized into cast and wrought titanium. The wrought titanium was cast by using the MgO-based investment(Selevest CB, Selec). The cast and wrought titanium were treated with Au coating($ParaOne^{(R)}$., Gold Ion Sputter, Model PS-1200) and TiN coating(ATEC system, Korea) and the ultra low fusing dental porcelain was fused and fired onto the samples. Biaxial flection test was done on the fired samples and the porcelain was separated. The adhesion characteristics of porcelain and titanium after firing and the specimen surfaces before and after the porcelain fracture test were observed with SEM. The atomic percent of Si on all sample surfaces was comparatively analysed by EDS. In addition, the constituents of specimen surface layers after the porcelain fracture and the formed compound were evaluated by X-ray diffraction diagnosis. Result: The results of this study were obtained as follows : 1. The surface characteristics of cast and wrought titanium after surface treatment(Au, TiN, $Al_2O_3$ sandblasting) were similar and each cast and wrought titanium showed similar bonding characteristics. 2. Before and after the biaxial flection test, the highest atomic weight change of Si component was found in $Al_2O_3$ sandblasted wrought titanium(28.6at.% $\rightarrow$ 8.3at.%). On the other hand, the least change was seen in Au-Pd-In alloy(24.5at.% $\rightarrow$ 9.1at.%). 3. Much amount of Si components was uniformly distributed in Au and TiN coated titanium, but less amount of Si's was unevenly dispersed on Al2O3 sandblasting surfaces. 4. In X-ray diffraction diagnosis after porcelain debonding, we could see $Au_2Ti$ compound and TiN coating layers on Au and TiN coated surfaces and $TiO_2$, typical oxide of titanium, on all titanium surfaces. 5. Debonding of porcelain on cast and wrought titanium surface after the biaxial flection is considered as a result of adhesion deterioration between coating layers and titanium surfaces. We found that there are both adhesive failure and cohesive failure at the same time. Conclusion: These results showed that the titanium-ceramic adhesion could be improved by coating cast and wrought titanium surfaces with Au and TiN when making porcelain fused to metal crowns. In order to use porcelain fused to titanium clinically, it is considered that coating technique to enhance the bonding strength between coating kKlayers and titanium surfaces should be developed first.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.37-60
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• 1983

The uterus receives adrenergic terminals from the mesenteric ganglia and considerably large amount of catecholamines have been shown to be contained in this organ. On the other hand, the activities of epinephrine, norepinephrine or adrenergic nerve on uterine motility is so complicated that many controversial results have been reporter. Recently, a large number of reports concerning the changes of uterine catecholamines content have appeared, but little is known about the role of uterine catecholamines in their activities on uterine motility. The present experiments were undertaken to determine the significance of the intrinsic uterine catecholamines in the physiology of uterus. Female albino rabbits weighing approximately 2 kg were employed in this experiment. uterine strip3 were prepared and suspended in a constant temperature $bath(38^{\circ}C)$ containing 100 ml of Locke's solution aerated with 95% oxygen and 5% carbon dioxide. Spontaneous motility was recorded on a smoked drum with an isotonic lever. The catecholamines concentration of the uterus was determined according to the Procedure described of Shore and Olin (1958). Human uterus obtained from patients was also used to determine the catecholam ines content of myometrium. Followings are summarized results. 1) On the non-pregnant rabbit uterine strips, epinephrine and norepinephrine significantly elevated the tonus and stimulated the spontaneous motility. Pretreatment with dichloroisoproterenol(DCI), an adrenergic beta-receptor blocker, enhanced the stimulatory activity of epinephrine or norepinephrine. On the other hand, pretreatment with dibenamine, an adrenergic alpha-receptor blocker, rendered the uterine muscle to exhibit inhibition after the administration of epinephrine or norepinephrine. Following the treatment with both DCI and dibenamine, epinephrine or norepinephrine produced no appreciable effects on the spontaneous motility of the uterus. These results suggest there exist both alpha and beta-adrenergic receptors in the uterine muscle and the response to epinephrine of the former is predominant over that of latter in the non-pregnant uterus of rabbits. The total catecholamines concentration of the non-pregnant uterus was $351\;m{\mu}g/g$ and the fractional concentrations of epinephrine and norepinephrine were $125\;m{\mu}g/g(35.7%)$ and $226\;m{\mu}g/g$ respectively. It is interesting to note that the catecholamines content of uterus was characterized by a high fractional corcentration of epinephrine relative to norepinephrine. 2) On the pregnant rabbit uterine strips, the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine varied according to the period of pregnancy. The response to epinephrine of adrenergic beta receptor of uterus increased during pregnancy, and the effect of catecholamine was inhibitory in the early pregnancy but became stimulatory as the pregnancy progressed. This stimulating action on the uterine motility was found to occur through the action of norepinephrine. The uterine catecholamines concentration was markedly reduced during pregnancy. The catecholamines concentration was started to decrease in the early pregnancy, reached the lowest level in the mid-pregnancy and then started to increaae again in the late pregnancy when the total catecholamines content became the highest level of all. This increase of catefholamines in late pregnancy was chiefly due to the increase of norepinephrine. These results suggest that the uterine motility may be related to the catecholamines content, especially norepinephrine content in the uterus. 3) Bilateral oophorectomy of rabbits results in a marked shrink of the uterus in size. The spontaneous motility of the uterine segment of these animals was very weak and irregular. Norepinephrine produced inhibitory effect, whereas epinephrine was stimulatory or inhibitory effect on the uterine segment. The total catecholamines tontent in whole uterus was markedly reduced. The injection of estrogen into the oophorectornized rabbit increased the weight of uterus to approximately three times of that of oophorectornized animal. The apontaneous motility and the response to epinephrine and norepinephrine of the uterine segment were greatly enhanced. Both epinephrine and norepinephrine produced a marked stimulatory effects of the uterine motility. The uterine content of catecholamines, particularly epinephrine, was markedly increased. The injection of progesterone into the oophorectornized rabbit increaeed the weight of uterus to approximately 2.5 times of that of eophorectornized animal. The spontaneous motility of the uterine segment was weak and irregular. Epinephrine produced stimulatory effect at high concentrations but norepinephrine always prcdnced inhibitory effect on the uterine segment. The uterine content of catecholamines, particularly of norepinephrine, was markedly reduced. These results suggested that ovarian hormones play an important role not only on the growth and spontaneous norepinephrine of uterus but also on the catecholamines content and responee to epinephrine and norepinephrine of the uterus. 4) The intraperitoneal injection of reserpine(3 mg/kg) into the non-pregnant, pregnant and oophorectornieed rabbits markedly decreased the uterine content of catecholamines, particularly of the norepinephrine. The stimulatory response to epinephrine and. norepinephrine of the uterine segment of these reserpinized ratbits was markedly reduced whereas the inhibitory response to these catecholamines was enhanced. This finding further support the close relationship between the uterine catecholamines content and uterine response to epineptrire and norepinephrine. 5) In the human uterus, the concentration of epinephrine was actrally greater than that of norepinephrine and it was significantly greater during the proliferative phase of the menstrtal cycle. In the human pregnant uterus, the concentrations of toth epinephrine and ncrefinephrine were markedly reduced and showed about 45 percent rednction after 6-8 weeks of ectopic Pregnancy. At full term ana during labor, the concentrations of epinephrine and norepinephrine at placental sites were less than those found in the non-pregnant group. Of interest was the finding that the norepinephrine concentration of uterus from toxemic patients was two and half times higher than that of lower uterine segment of the nontoxemic pregnant individuals. Also the epinephrine concentraticn was slightly increaeed.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.259-268
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 밤나무 잎 추출물의 항산화 활성 및 주름과 미백에 관련된 tyrosinase와 elastase의 활성에 대한 억제 효능을 측정하였으며, 밤나무 잎 추출물에 함유된 플라보노이드 성분에 대한 분석을 실시하였다. 항산화 활성측정 결과로, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH)을 이용한 free radical 소거활성은 50% ethanol 추출물($13.6{\mu}g/mL$ < ethyl acetate 분획(6.2) < aglycone 분획(2.1)으로 나타났고, lumionl-의존성 화학발광법을 이용한 $Fe^{3+}$-EDTA/$H_2O$ 계에서 생성된 활성산소종(ROS)의 소거활성은 aglycone 분획(0.8) < 50% ethanol 추출물(0.5) < ethyl acetate 분획(0.3) 순으로 나타났다. NET법을 이용한 xanthine과 xanthine oxidase의 반응으로부터 생성된 ${O_2}^{{\cdot}\;-}$의 소거활성은 aglycone 분획(65.5)이 ethyl acetate 분획(145.5)보다 더 높게 나타났으며, rose-bengal과 빛으로 유도된 사람 적혈구의 용혈에 대한 세포보호 활성은 $10{\mu}/mL$에서 aglycone 분획이 가장 높은 세포보호 활성을 나타내었다. Elastase 저해활성은 aglycone 분획이 oleanolic acid ($13.7{\mu}/mL$)에 비해 훨씬 좋은 $9.1{\mu}g/mL$로 나타나 뛰어난 주름 개선효과가 있을 것으로 생각된다. Tyrosinase 저해활성은 aglycone 분획이 미백 관련 화장품 고시 원료인 arbutin ($226.2{\mu}g/mL$)에 비해 훨씬 좋은 $21.6{\mu}g/mL$로 나타나 뛰어난 미백 효과가 있을 것으로 생각되어 B16 melanoma 세포를 이용한 멜라닌 합성 저해 활성을 측정하였다. 측정에 앞서 세포 독성 실험에서는 ethyl acetate 및 aglycone 분획이 $25{\mu}g/mL$ 이하에서 80% 이상의 세포 생존율을 나타내었고, $25{\mu}g/mL$ 이하에서의 멜라닌 합성 저해활성 측정 결과, ethyl acetate 및 aglycone 분획이 arbutin보다 훨씬 높은 저해 활성을 나타내었다. 이러한 항산화 및 항노화 활성을 나타내는 밤나무 잎 추출물의 플라보노이드 성분을 TLC와 HPLC를 통해 분석한 결과 kaempferol, quercetin, quercitrin, isoquercitrin, hyperin, rutin이 함유되어 있었고, 그 중에서도 quercitrin이 가장 많이 함유되어 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과들은 밤나무 잎 추출물이 free radical, ROS를 소거하여 세포막을 보호함으로써 생체계, 특히 자외선에 노출된 피부에서 항산화제로서 작용할 수 있음을 가리킨다. 또한 자외선으로 인한 기미, 주근깨 과형성 및 주름 생성에 있어 상당한 저해 효과를 나타낼 수 있음을 시사한다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.605-614
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• 2018

벌 화분은 영양보조제와 전통의약품으로 오랫동안 사용되어 왔다. 그러나 벌 화분은 두터운 외피를 갖고 있어 산이나 알칼리는 물론 위장관의 소화효소와 기계적 압력에 의해서도 잘 파괴되지 않는 단점이 있다. 이로 인해, 벌 화분을 경구로 섭취할 때 생체이용률은 10-15%에 불과한 실정이다. 이러한 문제점을 극복하기 위해 본 연구진은 이전의 연구에서 습식나노분쇄 기술을 소개하였고 이를 통해 활성성분의 추출률이 약 11배 증가함을 보고하였다. 본 연구에서는 습식나노분쇄를 통해 제조한 나노화 벌 화분의 안전성을 증명하고자 하였다. 먼저, 흰쥐와 비글견에서 단회 투여 독성 시험을 진행하였다. 나노화 벌 화분의 투여 용량은 흰쥐는 5, 10 또는 20 g/kg, 비글견은 1.5, 3 또는 6 g/kg으로 설정하였다. 흰쥐에서는, 10 g/kg 또는 그 이상의 용량을 투여한 동물에서 색변이 관찰되었다. 비글견에서는 6 g/kg 투여군에서 나노화 벌 화분 투여 4시간 후에 설사가 관찰되었다. 그러나, 흰쥐와 비글견 모두에서 뚜렷한 임상증상이 관찰되지 않았으며 안락사 후 부검을 진행한 결과에서도 장기의 이상이 관찰되지 않았다. 다음으로 나노화 벌화분의 유전독성을 복귀돌연변이시험, 염색체이상시험 및 소핵시험을 이용하여 확인하였다. 소핵시험에서는 시험에 사용한 최대용량인 2,000 mg/kg에서도 독성이 발견되지 않았다. 마찬가지로 복귀돌연변이시험과 염색체이상시험에서는 실험에 사용된 최고 농도에서도 독성을 나타내지 않았다. 종합하면 나노화 벌 화분은 본 실험에서 설정한 최고 용량인 20 g/kg/day의 용량까지는 매우 안전한 것으로 판단되며 이러한 결과는 나노화 벌 화분을 기능성 식품 또는 천연물 의약품으로 개발하는 데 중요하게 이용될 것으로 기대된다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.493-504
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• 1997

연구배경 : 폐암은 예후가 나쁜 암중의 하나로 특히 비소세포암의 경우 화학요법이나 방사선요법에 반응이 적고 대부분 어려운 제III병기 이상에서 발견되기에 대한 예후를 증진시키기 위한 치료법의 개발에 관심이 집중되고 있다. 이와 관련하여 최근에 소량의 항암제를 투여하면서 방사선 치료를 병행하는 Concurrent chemoraditherapy가 소개되면서 효과나 부작용 면에서 Conventional radiotherapy보다 우수한 것으로 알려져 관심의 대상이 되고 있다. 연구방법 : 대상은 1994년 1월부터 1995년 8월까지 본원에서 비소세포성 폐암으로 진단된 환자중 병기가 제III병기 이상이며 수술이 불가능했던 29명과 제II병기이나 수술을 거부했던 환자 1명을 포함해 모두 30명을 대상으로 무작위로 15명씩 CCRT군과 XRT군으로 나누어 치료를 시행한 뒤에 각 치료 군간의 치료 반응, 치료에 따른 performance status의 변화, 부작용 발현 빈도 및 방사선 유도성 폐렴 발생 빈도 등을 비교하는 한편, 전체 환자들을 대상으로 치료 반응과 각 임상적 지표들간의 상관 관계를 관찰해 보았다. 결 과 : 치료 반응 접수나 순응도 점수에서는 두군간에 의미있는 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 부작용 면에서는 검사실 부작용 점수 및 방사선 유도성 폐렴 점수가 각각 CCRT 군이 XRT군에 비해 의미 있는 감소를 보였다(p < 0.05). 전체 환자에서 병기와 치료 반응 점수 사이에는 의미 있는 역상관관계가 있었으나(R=0.353. p < 0.05) 다른 평가 항목들은 치료 반웅과 상관관계가 없었다. 전체 환자군에서는 편평상피세포암군 환자가 선암환자보다 치료 반응 점수가 다소 높은 경향을 보였으며, CCRT군과 XRT군내에서는 CCRT군에서 편평상피세포암군이 치료 반응 접수가 높은 경향이 있었다. 또한 같은 세포 유형에서 두 군간에 치료 반응 점수를 비교해 본 결과 양군간에 차이가 없었다. 결 론 : 이상의 연구 결과 CCRT는 XRT에 비해 치료 반응이나 차이가 없으나, 부작용이 이점이 있는 것으로 사료되며 생존율에 대해서는 앞으로 추적 검사가 더 필요될 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한의료기공학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.96-114
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• 2005

This study was carried out to provide essential data for the future health promotion projects to be aimed at improving quality of life for the elderly people in the increasingly aging society of Korea by investigating factors related to the yangseng of old people in urban areas. The results of this study are to be used as basis for efficient approach toward health promotion projects for the elderly in urban communities. For the purpose, a survey by questionnaires was conducted to urbanites from May th June 2004. The collected replies were analyzed from the viewpoints of Oriental Medicine for yangseng. 1. The average points of health care were 3.24. In details by sub-areas, 3.78 was rated for morality yangseng, 3.29 for mind, 3.30 for diet, 3.79 for activity and rest, 2.32 for exercise, 3.72 for sleeping, 2.95 for season and 1.81 for sexual life, which showed that the area of activity and rest yangseng was scored highest while the area of sexual life yangseng was rated lowest. 2. As for the extent of health care depending on the characters of subjects, higher scores were rated by men than women, younger ones than aged and spoused ones than singles. Married couples living without other family members were found to yangseng most, while more yangseng was taken by the educated, job holders and those who utilize leisure and have religion in order. 3. Men exercised more yangseng than women in the diet, exercise and sleeping. By age, the group aged 65 to 69, the more yangseng in the exercise and sexual life. The group with spouse featured higher concern for yangseng in all categories except for season. Married couples who are living with no other family members recorded the highest point in all areas except for exercise. 4. The more one is educated, the more he/she is tended to take yangseng in the sub-areas of exercise and sexual life. The group with occupation is also inclined to take more yangseng in the same sub-areas as those of the highly educated. When they pay living cost together with offspring, they appeared to be the most yangseng in season and sexual life. People who enjoy leisure showed higher yangseng in all areas except for season. Religion had a significant influence in all areas except for activity and rest yangseng. 5. Those who reply that they are confident with health and have no disease proved to have higher yangseng. Depending on whether one has disease or not, higher yangseng was confirmed in such sub-categories as mind and sleeping. Those who replied they are confident with health had higher yangseng in all areas except for season. As seen above, yangseng of the old people in the urban area is found to have different extent depending on the individual and socioeconomic characters, factors which should be seriously considered in the local health promotion projects and projects for the health of the elderly. It seems therefore necessary to launch health promotion programs and to analyze their effects to promote health care particularly in the areas of sexual life, exercise and season yangseng that featured lowest grade of yangseng in each sub-area.