• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.317-326
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• 2009

This study has shown the screening of anti-bacterial activity of three Indian medicinal plant choloroform : methanol (50:50) solvent leaf extracts (i.e. Azadirachta indica, Ocimum sanctum, and Curcuma longa) with different concentrations (10, 5, 2.5, 1.25, 0.625, 0.312, and 0.156 mg/ml) under in vitro conditions against fish pathogenic bacteria, Aeromonas hydrophila, Streptococcus iniae, Vibrio harveyi, V. anguillarum, and Edwardsiella tarda isolated from olive flounder farms, Jeju Island, South Korea. The anti-microbial activity of the A. indica and O. sanctum extracts yielded the zones of growth inhibition (ZI) was 3 and 1mm against A. hydrophila at concentration of 0.156 mg/ml when compared to that of tetracycline standard (3 mm). At highest concentration (10 mg/ml) of A. indica, O. sanctum, and C. longa, high inhibition was 9, 7, and 6 mm when compared to that of tetracycline (11 mm) against A. hydrophila. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of A. indica, O. sanctum, and C. longa at 0.156 mg/ml that yield 9, 10, and 13 CFU/ml for A. hydrophila, 16, 22, and 25 CFU/ml for S. iniae and 18, 22, and 23 CFU/ml for E. tarda compared to the tetracycline. At highest concentration (10 mg/ml) of the three extracts was better inhibiting the growth of A. hydrophila, S. iniae and E. tarda. A. indica, O. sanctum, and C. longa were determined to the potential antioxidant activityon the basis of their scavenging activity of the stable 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical. A. indica extract was 0.625 mg/ml which indicated that the strong anti-oxidant activity. However, O. sanctum and C. longa extracts showed weak anti-oxidant activity at this concentration. Hence, in vitro assay among the pathogens, A. hydropila is better inhibitory activity of the extracts. It is evident that the Indian medicinal plants extracts were subjected to its effectiveness against A. hydrophila, S. iniae, and E.tarda at low concentrations. The obtained results in the present study suggested that the Indian plant extracts is a prevention tools for Korean olive flounder aquaculture pathogens and its need further advance investigation.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.77-85
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• 1988

In March 1987, a bacterial disease occured among cultured tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), in the aquarium of Fish Pathology Laboratory of National Fisheries University of Pusan. The diseased fish showed abdominal inflamation of ascites. The causative organisms isolated from the kidney were Gram negative rods. On SS agar colonies developed within 48 hours at $25^{\circ}C$. On the basis of the morphological and biochemical characteristics the organisms were identified as Edwardsiella tarda. They were sensitive to chloramphenicol, ampicilline and oxytetracycline. The pathogenicity was proved positive by intraperitoneal injection. Three kinds of antigen were prepared with E. tarda for the immune response in tilapia : i.e., by inactivating the strain with 0.4% formalin for 24 hrs at $25^{\circ}C$ ultrasonicating it 3 times with 5 watts for 30 seconds each time and filtrating it through millipore filter. The formalin killed antigen showed good efficacy at the injection concentration of over $10^7$ cells per fish of 50g. All the immunized tilapia showed only a little agglutination titer to the three antigens. The highest survival rate was recorded in challenged tilapia immunized with formalin killed cells.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.274-282
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• 2002

The ethanol extract and n-hexane fraction from Hypericum ascyron L. showed strong growth inhibition at 25 ppm on 5 strains of Listeria monocytogenes for 72 hr at $32^{\circ}C$. The purified substance, H2-5-2 fraction, was isolated by silica gel column and preparative thin layer chromatography from n-hexane fraction of Hypericum ascyron L. The H2-5-2 fraction showed a strong bacteriostatic activity on 5 strains of L. monocytogenes at 10 ppm in tryptic soy broth, and the viable cell was reduced 1 log cycle compared to initial cell number. The n-hexane fraction of Hypericum ascyron L. showed strong growth inhibition at 25 ppm on Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus, and at 50 ppm on Vibrio parahaemolyticus for 72 hr. The purified antimicrobial substance, the H2-5-2 fraction, was assumed as high unsaturated sterol by $^1H-NMR$ and $^{13}C-NMR$. On application test using minced Alaska pollack and ground beef, the n-hexane fraction of Hypericum ascyron L. at the level of 250 ppm was applied at $32^{\circ}C$ and $5^{\circ}C$. At $32^{\circ}C$ storage condition, the antimicrobial substances did not reduced L. monocytogenes ATCC 19113, meanwhile at $5^{\circ}C$ storage condition, L. monocytogenes ATCC 19113 was reduced in viable number.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.113-121
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• 2005

Antimicrobial effects of Camellia japonica L. were determined against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes using paper disc method, and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were measured. Methanol extract (MEex), water fraction (WAfr), and butanol fraction(BUfr) showed antimicrobial effects against all tested microorganisms, with MEex showing strong antimicrobial effect against S. aureus and L. monocytogenes, and WAfr, Bufr, and ethylacetate fraction (EAfr)against S. aureus. No effects were observed in n-hexane fraction (HEfr) and chloroform fraction (CHfr) against all tested microorganisms. All species grown in the medium adding fractions of Camellia Japonica L. leaves extact were inhibited from WAfr and BUfr, repectively.(meaning not clear) MEex showed over 25% inhibitory effect against all tested microorganisms. BUfr showed over 50% inhibitory effect against all microorganisms except L. monocytogenes. EAfr and WAfr showed over 30% effect against S. aureus and L. monocytogenes. MICs of MEex against S. typhimurium and BUfr against S. aureus were 625 g/mL, indicating C. japonica L. extract can exert antimicrobial activity even at low concentration.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.157-162
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• 2003

Various extracts of higher plants have been used in traditional medicine systems for centuries. While tropical and sub-tropical plants have received considerable attention from the researchers for evaluation of their bioactivity, temeperate plants have always been neglected somewhat. Similarly, seeds of the plants have not been considered seriously compared to other plant parts, e.g. leaves, stems, roots, flowers, etc. as a potential source for biologically active compounds. As part of our on-going evaluation of the extracts of the seeds of temperate plants, especially from Scotland, for biological activity, Achillea millefolium, Angelica sylvestris and Phleum pratense have been chosen for the present study. Both A. millefolium and A. sylvestris are well known for their traditional medicinal uses in Europe and also in the orient, but there is no report on any medicinal properties of P. pratense available to date. Extracts of the seeds of these plants have been assessed for their antioxidant and antibacterial potential and also for general toxicity. Both DCM and MeOH extracts of A. millefolium showed the most significant broad spectrum antibacterial activity among the three plants and inhibited the growth of almost all test strains of bacteria. The DCM extracts of all three species were active against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Citrobacter freundii $(MIC=6.25{\times}10^{-1}\;mg/mL)$. While the MeOH extracts of A. millefolium and P. pratense were active against C. freundii, that of P. pratense was also active against MRSA. The MeOH extract of A. sylvestris did not show any antibacterial activity against any of the eight bacterial strains at test concentrations. The MeOH extract of P. pratense showed the most prominent antioxidant activity $(IC_{50}=145\;{\mu}g/ml)$ and there was no antioxidant activity observed with the DCM extract of A. millefolium. The DCM extract of P. pratense was the most toxic $(LC_{50}=20\;{\mu}g/ml)$ among the extracts.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.69-74
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• 2001

Calli were induced on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D by using the leaf explants of haploid which were derived from the diploid and haploid of Nicotiana tabacum cv BY4. These calli were subcultured on MS medium with the combination of 2.0 mg/L 2,4-D, 1.0 mg/L kinetin and 0.1 mg/L BAP. Cell propagation of diploid plants were good in a combination of 2.0 mg/L 2,4-D, 0.1mg/L BAP in vitro conditions, suspension cultures were conducted in equal condition. Homogenized suspension cultured cells were smeared 2.0 mL each on MS medium with 0~100 $\mu$M PFP, to select the resistant colony to PFP, and were examined after 10d, 20d and 30d. Measurment of fresh weight of cells after 30d of culture shows that with more concentration of PFP in medium the fresh weight of the cells decreased. In case of diploid, selected callus was the highest in vitro treated with 5 $\mu$M PFP. It was higher than control until 100 $\mu$M PFP. The active degree of catalase was the highest in vitro with 5 $\mu$M PFP but the lowest in vitro with 10 $\mu$M PFP on the other hand, in case of haploid plant, the active degree of peroxidase and catalase was the highest in vitro treated with 50 $\mu$M PFP. It's sure that enzyme active degree of between diploid and haploid had big differences.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.325-333
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• 2017

This study aimed to investigate the various biological activities of Geranium thunbergii such as antimicrobial activity and protective effect against oxidative damage. To evaluate its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, we first performed methanol extraction; this methanol extract was further partitioned using various solvents. And then, its antioxidant activity was measured using various assays including total phenolic content and protection against oxidative DNA damage, and antimicrobial activities were examined using minimum inhibiting concentration (MIC) test, and paper disc method. In addition, high-performance liquid chromatography was performed to analyze the major chemical components of ethyl acetate fraction. The G. thunbergii fraction with ethyl acetate exhibited higher antioxidant and antimicrobial activities than the other fractions. The results showed that G. thunbergii ethyl acetate fraction at $50{\mu}g/mL$ had strong DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities of 80.88% and 80.12%, respectively. In addition, the ethyl acetate fraction protected DNA from the oxidative damage induced by ferrous ion and hydroxyl radicals and showed high antimicrobial activity with diameter of inhibition zones ranging from 13.33 to 15.67 mm. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed the major phenolic compounds of G. thunbergii to be ellagic acid and gallic acid. These results suggest that G. thunbergii might protect DNA against oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species and can be utilized as a natural source of antioxidant and antimicrobial agent in the food industry.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.420-432
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• 2021

This study was conducted to evaluate antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and digestive enzyme activity in water extract (SAW) and 60% ethanol extract (SAE) from Stachys sieboldii. As the treatment concentration of each extract S. sieboldii extract increased, antibacterial and antioxidant activity increased. The total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents of SAW were 106.25 ± 0.94 mgGAE/g, 24.4 ± 0.24 mgQE/g and SAE were 124.61 ± 1.11 mgGAE/g, 45.2 ± 3.52 mgQE/g, respectively. The 400 ㎍/mL of SAW and SAE performed more than 53% protective effects against oxidative stress in HepG2 cell lines. All extracts were not showed cytotoxicity to RAW 264.7 cell line at 100 ㎍/mL. NO production was reduced to 44.3 ± 1.4% for SAW and 45.1 ± 1.0% for SAE at a concentration of 100 ㎍/mL. The production of inflammatory cytokines each TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 was inhibited in a concentration-dependent. S. sieboldii extract did not showed Caco-2 cells cytotoxicity and inhibited NO production in concentration-dependent. As the concentration of the S. sieboldii extract increased of α-amylase and protease enzymes activity, which are digestive enzyme. As a result of the experiment, it is judged that it can be used as basic data for the development of health food using S. sieboldii.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.1335-1344
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• 2021

Ginsenoside Compound K is a triterpene saponin found in the leafs, stems and roots of Panax ginseng. This study aimed to prepare a valuable ginsenoside Compound K using ginseng extracts with the enzyme(Plantase). Plantase showed very efficient activity to produce Compound K from ginseng extracts. Plantase exhibited the highest activity at pH 5 and 50 ℃, as a result of investigating the yield of Compound K by changing the temperature and pH, while fixing the enzyme concentration to 10% or 15% over 48 hours of reaction time. Under optimium conditions, Plantase produced and accumulated Compound K over 35 wt% of whole ginseng extracts. Antimicrobial activitiy of bioconvertied ginseng extracts showed selectivity against Cutibacterium acnes KCTC 3314. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of bioconverted ginseng extract (35% of Compound K enriched extract) against Cutibacterium acnes KCTC 3314 strain is 31.25ug/mL. These results suggest that the Compound K enriched extract is potential materials for cosmetic products and Plantase is a very useful enzyme for Compound K production.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.427-432
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• 2010

Rice bakanae disease caused by Fusarium fujikuroi is one of the most serious rice diseases in Korea. From 2006 to 2009, 118 F. fujikuroi isolates were collected from various regions of rice fields in Korea. Resistance assay of 118 F. fujikuroi isolates to prochloraz, tebuconazole, and benomyl, were performed using agar dilution method. To investigate inhibitory effects of the fungicides, minimum inhibitory concentration of mycelial growth (MIC) and effective concentration inhibiting mycelial growth by 50% ($EC_{50}$) for 118 isolates were calculated using Sigmaplot 8.02 (Antro, SPSS UK, Ltd). Based on the means of $EC_{50}$ values, baseline resistance values were determined as $0.5{\mu}g{\cdot}mL^{-1}$ for prochloraz, $5.0{\mu}g{\cdot}mL^{-1}$ for tebuconazole and $2.5{\mu}g{\cdot}mL^{-1}$ for benomyl. Number of resistant isolates to each fungicide was 17, 19 and 43 for prochloraz, tebuconazole and benomyl, respectively. Furthermore, 4 isolates showed the double resistance to both prochloraz and tebuconazole, 6 isolates to prochloraz and benomyl, and 11 isolates to tebuconazole and benomyl. Isolates CF366 and LF335 isolated from Gyeongbuk province were resistant to the three fungicides tested, prochloraz, tebuconazole and benomyl.