• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.107-112
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• 1998

Lovastatin is a lipid lowering agent for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and belongs to a new class of pharmacologic compounds called the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase inhibitors. By competitively inhibiting HMG CoA reductase, lovastatin disrupts the biosynthesis of cholesterol in hepatic and peripheral cells and increases the synthesis of high-density-lipoprotein HDL) receptors. Following oral administration, the lactone ring of lovastatin is hydrolysed to the active inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase, lovastatin acid. Lovastatin is known to have poor oral absorption and wide individual variation. In this study, bioequivalence test of two lovastatin formulations, the test drug ($Lovaload^{TM}$, Chong Kun Dang Pharmaceutical Co.) and the reference drug ($Mevacor^{TM}$, Chung Wae Pharmaceutical Co.) were conducted according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). A total of 18 healthy male volunteers, $31.90\pm3.60$ years old and $72.17\;7.88$ kg of body weight in average, were evaluated in a randomized crossover manner with a 2-week washout period. Concentrations of lovastatin acid in plasma were measured upto 12 hours following a single oral administration of eight tablets (20 mg of lovastatin per tablet) by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection at 238 nm. The area under the concentration-vs-time curve from 0 to 12 hours $(AUC_{0-12h})$ was calculated by the trapezoidal summation method. The statistical analysis showed that there are no significant differences in $AUC_{0-12h),\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ between the two formulations ($6.72\%,\;1.52\%,\;and\;0.88\$, respectively). The least significant differences between the formulations at $\alpha$=0.05 were less than $20\%\;(11.65\%,\;19.73\%,\;and\;14.81\%\;for\;AUC_{0-12h},\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$, respectively). The $90\%$ confidence intervals for these parameters were also within $\pm20\%\;(-1.50{\leq}{\delta}{\leq}15.00$, $-12.50{\leq}{\delta}{\leq}15.50,\;and\;-9.64{\leq}{\delta]{\leq}11.40{\leq}\;for\;\;AUC_{0-12h}$ ,$C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$, respectively). In conclusion, the new generic product $Lovaload^{TM}$ was proven to be bioequivalent with the reference drug.

• 한국통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국통신학회 1991년도 추계종합학술발표회논문집
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• pp.92-95
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• 1991

Constant false alarm rate(CFAR) processors are useful for detecting radar targets in background for which all parameters in the statistical distribution are not known and may be nonstationary. The well known "cell averging" (CA) CFAR processor is known to yield best performance in homogeneous case, but exhibits severe performance in the presence of an interfering target in the reference window or/and in the region of clutter edges. The "order statistics"(OS) CFAR processor is known to have a good performance above two nonhomogeneous cases. The modified OS-CFAR processor, known as "trimmed mean"(TM) CFAR processor performs somewhat better than the OS-CFAR processor by judiciously trimming the ordered samples. This paper proposes and analyzes the performance of a new CFAR processor called the "maximum trimmed mean"(MX-TM) CFAR processor combining the "greatest of"(GO) CFAR and TM-CFAR processors. The MAX operation is included to control false alarms at clutter edges. Our analyses show that the proposed CFAR processor has similar performance TM- and OS-CFAR processors in homogeneous case and in the precence of interfering targets, but can control the false rate in clutter edges. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the qualitative effects of various CFAR processors in nonhomogeneous clutter environments.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제26권11호
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• pp.1951-1964
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• 2016

1,4-Dioxane-degrading bacterial consortia were enriched from forest soil (FS) and activated sludge (AS) using a defined medium containing 1,4-dioxane as the sole carbon source. These two enrichments cultures appeared to have inducible tetrahydrofuran/dioxane and propane degradation enzymes. According to qPCR results on the 16S rRNA and soluble di-iron monooxygenase genes, the relative abundances of 1,4-dioxane-degrading bacteria to total bacteria in FS and AS were 29.4% and 57.8%, respectively. For FS, the cell growth yields (Y), maximum specific degradation rate ($V_{max}$), and half-saturation concentration ($K_m$) were 0.58 mg-protein/mg-dioxane, $0.037mg-dioxane/mg-protein{\cdot}h$, and 93.9 mg/l, respectively. For AS, Y, $V_{max}$, and $K_m$ were 0.34 mg-protein/mg-dioxane, $0.078mg-dioxane/mg-protein{\cdot}h$, and 181.3 mg/l, respectively. These kinetics data of FS and AS were similar to previously reported values. Based on bacterial community analysis on 16S rRNA gene sequences of the two enrichment cultures, the FS consortium was identified to contain 38.3% of Mycobacterium and 10.6% of Afipia, similar to previously reported literature. Meanwhile, 49.5% of the AS consortium belonged to the candidate division TM7, which has never been reported to be involved in 1,4-dioxane biodegradation. However, recent studies suggested that TM7 bacteria were associated with degradation of non-biodegradable and hazardous materials. Therefore, our results showed that previously unknown 1,4-dioxane-degrading bacteria might play an important role in enriched AS. Although the metabolic capability and ecophysiological significance of the predominant TM7 bacteria in AS enrichment culture remain unclear, our data reveal hidden characteristics of the TM7 phylum and provide a perspective for studying this previously uncultured phylotype.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.135-139
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• 1987

This study was attempted to investigate the dissolution rate and the bioavailability of commercially available sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim (SMX-TM) tablets in rabbits. The dissolution test was conducted in artificial gastric juice by basket method with eight SMX-TM tablets which were chemically equivalent. According to the dissolution rate, SMX-TM tablets were divided into four groups, such as rapid, intermediate, slow and very slow groups for the bioavailability test in rabbits. The results were as follows: 1) The dissolution rate of brand A was most rapid but brand H was most slow in artificial gastric juice. 2) Area under the blood concentration curve was larger in the order of brand A > C > E > H in rabbits. 3) There was a little difference in pharmacokinetic parameters such as biological half life, absorption rate constant and $t_{max}$. 4) The relationship between the dissolution rate and relative bioavailability was significant in brand A, C, E and H. From the results of this experiment, the bioavailability of SMX-TM tablets in rabbits may be predicted from the results of dissolution rate studies.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.63-68
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• 2006

Gabapentin, 1-(aminomethyl-1-cyclohexyl)acetic acid, is anew antiepileptic drug related to ${\gamma}-aminobutyric$ acid(GABA) currently being introduced in therapy worldwide. The bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of gabapentin capsules were examined in 22 volunteers who received a single oral dose in the fasting state by randomized balanced $2{\times}2$ crossover design. After dosing, blood samples were collected for a period of 24 hours and analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Time course of plasma gabapentin concentration was analyzed with non-compartmental and compartmental approaches. $WinNonlin^{(R)}$, the kinetic computer program, was used for compartmental analysis. One compartment model with first-order input, first-order output with no lag time and weighting by $1/(predieted\;y)^2$ was chosen as the most appropriate pharmacokinetic model for the volunteers. The major pharmacokinetic parameters $(AUC_{0-24hr},\;AUC_{inf},\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max})$ and other parameters $(K_a,\;K_{el},\;V_d/F\;and\;Cl/F)$ of $Gapentin^{TM}$ (test drug) and $Neurontin^{TM}$ (reference drug) were estimated by non-compartmental analysis and compartmental analysis. The 90% confidence intervals of mean difference of logarithmic transformed $AUC_{0-24hr}\;and\;C_{max}$ were $log(0.9106){\sim}log(1.l254)\;and\;log(0.8521){\sim}log(1.0505)$, respectively. It shows that the bioavailability of the test drug is equivalent with that of the reference drug. There was no statistically significant difference between the two drugs in all pharmacokinetic parameters.

• 대한공간정보학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.13-19
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• 2003

본 논문에서는 영상의 콘트라스트 향상법 중에서 히스토그램 평활화(HE) 방법과 평균값 보존 히스토그램 평활화(BBHE) 방법에 대한 처리방법과 처리과정에 대해 논하였으며, Landsat 위성의 TM 센서에 의해 획득된 원격감지 영상데이터 6개 대역(band)의 데이터를 이용하여 3가지 콘트라스트 향상법인 Min-Max 방법, HE 방법, BBHE 방법으로 처리한 결과영상과 히스토그램을 비교 분석하였다. 처리 결과영상과 히스토그램을 비교 분석한 결과, HE 방법과 BBHE 방법은 히스토그램을 평탄화시키는 특성으로 인하여 평활화처리 후 영상의 밝기를 과도하게 변화시키는 점이 있으나, 회색준위의 동적범위를 전체 범위로 확장시킨 결과로 콘트라스트 향상 효과가 우수함을 확인할 수 있었다. HE 방법의 특징은 원 영상의 평균값에 무관하게, 처리결과 영상의 평균값이 회색준위의 중간레벨 부근으로 변환시킴을 알 수 있다. BBHE 방법의 특징은 원 영상의 평균값에 제한되어 변환되므로 인해서 원 영상의 분광특성을 잘 보존하면서 우수한 콘트라스트 향상효과를 나타냈다.

• 한국마이크로전자및패키징학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국마이크로전자및패키징학회 2001년도 3rd Korea-Japan Advanced Semiconductor Packaging Technology Seminar
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• pp.121-145
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• 2001

Chip Size Packages (CSP) are now widely used in high speed DRAM. The major driving farce of CSP development is its superior electrical performance than that of conventional package. However, the power dissipation of high speed DRAM like DDR or RAMBUS DRAM chip reaches up to near 2W. This fact makes the thermal management methods in DRAM package be more carefully considered. In this study, the thermal performances of 3 type CSPs named $\mu-BGA$^{TM}$$ $UltraCSP^{TM}$ and OmegaCSP$^{TM}$ were measured under the JEDEC specifications and their thermal characteristics were of a simulation model utilizing CFD and FEM code. The results show that there is a good agreement between the simulation and measurement within Max. 10% of $\circledM_{ja}$. And they show the wafer level CSPs have a superior thermal performance than that of $\mu-BGA.$ Especially the analysis results show that the thermal performance of wafer level CSPs are excellent fur modulo level in real operational mode without any heat sink.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.597-609
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• 2012

Leaf area index (LAI) is important in explaining the ability of the crop to intercept solar energy for biomass production and in understanding the impact of crop management practices. This paper describes a procedure for estimating LAI as a function of image-derived vegetation indices from temporal series of IKONOS, Landsat TM, and MODIS satellite images using empirical models and demonstrates its use with data collected at Missouri field sites. LAI data were obtained several times during the 2002 growing season at monitoring sites established in two central Missouri experimental fields, one planted to soybean (Glycine max L.) and the other planted to corn (Zea mays L.). Satellite images at varying spatial and spectral resolutions were acquired and the data were extracted to calculate normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) after geometric and atmospheric correction. Linear, exponential, and expolinear models were developed to relate temporal NDVI to measured LAI data. Models using IKONOS NDVI estimated LAI of both soybean and corn better than those using Landsat TM or MODIS NDVI. Expolinear models provided more accurate results than linear or exponential models.

• 핵의학기술
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.10-18
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• 2014

암에 대한 진료 및 치료 효과 판정 등에 유용한 PET 검사가 증가되면서 추적검사 시 SUV의 정확한 비교를 위해 EANM 등에서는 동일한 장비에서 검사를 시행하는 것을 권고하고 있어 동일한 기종의 PET/CT 활용에 대한 관심이 커지고 있다. 하지만 병원의 환경상 여건이 허락되지 않는 경우가 많아 정확한 SUV 비교를 위한 Factor 개발, 장비간 호환 등의 방안을 마련하는데 관심이 높아지고 있다. 이런 관점에서 기종이 다른 3대의 PET/CT 장비를 대상으로 SUV를 평가하여 장비간 호환성이 가능한지 실험해 보았다. Discovery 690, Discovery 690Elite, Discovery 710 장비를 대상으로 ACR phantom, NEMA IEC Body phantom, SNM Chest phantom, $^{68}Ge$-cylinder phantom에 대한 SUV를 측정하여 장비간 비교를 시행하였다. 장비 별 SUVmean과 $SUV_{max}$를 측정하여 비교해 본 결과, $SUV_{mean}$의 경우 각 phantom 별로 장비간 차이는 최대 3.61%, 최소 0.19%였고 $SUV_{max}$는 장비 별로 최대 4.11%, 최소 0.03% 정도 차이가 발생하였다. 제조사에서 권고하는 장비간 SUV 허용 범위는 5%이며 실험에 사용된 3대의 PET/CT 장비간 SUV 차이는 이에 포함된다. 이는 CT 기종의 차이에 따른 SUV의 변화는 크지 않음을 유추할 수 있다. 병원마다 동일한 장비를 여러 대 구입하기에는 현실적인 어려움이 있으므로 기종이 다른 PET/CT 장비의 SUV가 허용 가능한 범위 내에 있는 장비를 활용한다면 동일한 장비 사용을 권고하는 추적검사의 경우 예약 일정 변경 등의 검사 효율성이 증가되고 정량평가의 정확도를 높여 줄 것이다.

• 한국정보과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보과학회 2004년도 가을 학술발표논문집 Vol.31 No.2 (1)
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• pp.634-636
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• 2004

실시간 운영체제는 멀티태스킹 및 ITC(Inter Task Communication)를 제공한다는 면에서는 범용운영체제와 비슷하나, 시간 결정성을 보장해야 한다는 면에서는 일반 운영체제와 다르다. 실시간 시스템에서는 메모리를 할당하는데 있어서 시간 제약을 어기지 않아야 하기 때문에 동적 메모리 할당은 효율적으로 구성되어야 한다. 본 논문에서는 실시간 운영체제 $_{1}$RTOS$^{TM}$에서 메모리 할당에 소요되는 시간을 향상시키기 위해 최대 힙 알고리즘을 적용한 메모리 할당 기법을 설계 및 구현하였다.