• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.115-124
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• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This is the first study to identify common genetic factors associated with the basal metabolic rate (BMR) and body mass index (BMI) in obese Korean women including overweight. This will be a basic study for future research of obese gene-BMR interaction. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The experimental design was 2 by 2 with variables of BMR and BMI. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was conducted in the overweight and obesity (BMI > $23kg/m^2$) compared to the normality, and in women with low BMR (< 1426.3 kcal/day) compared to high BMR. A total of 140 SNPs reached formal genome-wide statistical significance in this study (P < $1{\times}10^{-4}$). Surveys to estimate energy intake using 24-h recall method for three days and questionnaires for family history, a medical examination, and physical activities were conducted. RESULTS: We found that two NRG3 gene SNPs in the 10q23.1 chromosomal region were highly associated with BMR (rs10786764; $P=8.0{\times}10^{-7}$, rs1040675; $2.3{\times}10^{-6}$) and BMI (rs10786764; $P=2.5{\times}10^{-5}$, rs10786764; $6.57{\times}10^{-5}$). The other genes related to BMI (HSD52, TMA16, MARCH1, NRG1, NRXN3, and STK4) yielded P < $10{\times}10^{-4}$. Five new loci associated with BMR and BMI, including NRG3, OR8U8, BCL2L2-PABPN1, PABPN1, and SLC22A17 were identified in obese Korean women (P < $1{\times}10^{-4}$). In the questionnaire investigation, significant differences were found in the number of starvation periods per week, family history of stomach cancer, coffee intake, and trial of weight control in each group. CONCLUSION: We discovered several common BMR- and BMI-related genes using GWAS. Although most of these newly established loci were not previously associated with obesity, they may provide new insights into body weight regulation. Our findings of five common genes associated with BMR and BMI in Koreans will serve as a reference for replication and validation of future studies on the metabolic rate.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.833-843
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• 2021

Objective: Current study was conducted to determine the effect of postpartum prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) administration on colostrum and milk yield, colostrum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and piglet growth performance. Methods: In total, 36 sows were included in the experiment. The sows were classified into two groups: i) control (n = 11) and ii) PGF2α (n = 25). Sows in the PGF2α group received 10 mg of PGF2α within an hour after farrowing. The body weight of piglets was measured at 0 and 24 h after birth to estimate colostrum consumption. Colostrum was collected at 1 and 24 h after farrowing to determine IgG concentrations. For milk yield study, the remaining sows in the PGF2α group (n = 23) were divided into two subgroups: i) single PGF2α (n = 12) and ii) multiple PGF2α (n = 11). In the multiple PGF2α, the sows received repeated doses of PGF2α at seven and 14 days postpartum. The piglets' body weight was measured at 0, 1, 5, and 20 days of age. The milk yield of the sows was calculated. Results: Colostrum yield of sows averaged 5.62±2.25 kg. Sows treated with PGF2α postpartum had a higher colostrum yield than control (7.01 and 5.12 kg, p<0.05). The concentration of IgG in colostrum at 24 h in the PGF2α group was higher than the control (31.6 and 17.4 g/L, p<0.05). For primiparous sows, milk yield was highest in the sows treated with multiple doses of PGF2α during lactation and lowest in control sows (10.25 and 7.61 kg, p<0.05). Colostrum intake was higher in the treatment than the control groups (+56.7 g, p<0.05). Primiparous sows treated with multiple doses of PGF2α had a higher litter weight than controls (p<0.01). Conclusion: Postpartum treatment with PGF2α improved colostrum yield and IgG in multiparous sows and increased colostrum intake of piglets. Multiple administration of PGF2α improved the milk yield and increased litter weight of piglets in primiparous sows.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.318-326
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• 2011

The population ecological characteristics of the Crucian carp, Carassius auratus, were determined in order to estimate stock of the mid-upper system of the Seomjin River. The fish ranged in size from 95 to 288mm total length. The age was determined by counting the scale annulus. The scales displayed clear annulus that were used to estimate the age. The oldest fish observed in this study was 5 years old. Age-2 fishes were the most numerous in the sample(n=38), followed in frequency be age-3(n=22). Marginal index analysis validated the formation of a single annulus per year. The relationship between body length and body weight was BW = $0.0038BL^{3.73}$($R^2$=0.96) (p<0.01). The relationship between the scale radius and body length was BL = 2.362R+2.76($R^2$=0.89). The von Bertalanffy growth parameters estimated from a non-linear regression method were $L_{\infty}$=33.2 cm, $W_{\infty}$=1,798.4 g, $K=0.20year^{-1}$ and $t_0$=-0.51year. Therefore, Growth in length of the fish was expressed by the von Bertalanffy's growth equation as $L_t=33.23$($1-e^{-0.20(t+0.51)}$)($R^2$=0.98). The annual survival rate was estimated to be 0.427year$^{-1}$. The instantaneous coefficient of natural mortality of estimated from the Zhang and Megrey method was $0.784year^{-1}$, and instantaneous coefficient of fishing mortality was calculated $0.067year^{-1}$. From the estimates of survival rate, the instantaneous coefficient of total mortality was estimated to be $0.851year^{-1}$.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.9
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• pp.1266-1270
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• 2004

Humic substances include several biological active and inactive compounds that are commonly used for improving soil fertility. Use of humic substances in swine diets is a novel concept. Humic substances contain 8,700 mg/kg of iron but its bioavailability is unknown. This study was conducted to test the bioavailability of iron in humic substances for nursery pigs. One hundred twenty five pigs (Newsham, Colorado Springs, CO) were not given supplemental iron while nursing for 21 d. Pigs were weaned on d 21 and allotted to one of five treatments (four control treatments with different levels of supplemented iron; 0, 30, 70 and 88 mg/kg from ${FeSO}_4$ and one treatment with 70 mg/kg iron from humic substances). Pigs were fed diets for 5 wk ad libitum and water was accessible freely. Body weight and feed intake were measured weekly. Blood samples were taken from pigs on d 28 to measure the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin concentration. Pigs fed a diet with the humic substances grew faster (p<0.05) during the first week postweaning, but performance was not different during the entire 5 wk period. Feed intake and gain/feed were the same among treatments. The slope ratio technique was used to estimate relative iron bioavailability. The concentration of blood hemoglobin did not respond to dietary iron levels using this model. However, the number of red blood cells (106/$\mu$l) was modeled by 4.438+0.017${\times}$ 'ron (mg/kg) from ${FeSO}_4$'0.012${\times}$'ron (mg/kg) from the humic substances' Based on the comparison between the slopes (0.012 from humic substances and 0.017 from ${FeSO}_4$), iron in humic substances was 71% as available as the iron in ${FeSO}_4$. The slopes for dietary feed intake of ${FeSO}_4$ and the iron in humic substances did not differ (p>0.05). Humic substances can replace ${FeSO}_4$ as an alternative iron source for pigs at 71% relative bioavailability.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.335-341
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• 2013

The seven mitochondrial DNA regions (ND2, ND5, ND4, ND4L, ND6, ND1 and 12SrRNA) of Haliotis discus hannai were examined to estimate the availability as a genetic marker for the study of population genetic. The region with the highest genetic variation was ND4 (Haplotype diversity = 1.0000, Nucleotide diversity = 0.0108). On the other hand, ND2 and ND1 regions have significantly appeared genetic divergence between clusters (divergence of 90% and 87%). Also, pairwise $F_{ST}$ between clusters within ND2 and ND1 regions showed high values; 0.4061 (P = 0.0000), 0.4805 (P = 0.0000) respectively. Therefore we can infer that it is the most efficient and accurate way to analyze the region of ND4 with the highest variation in addition to the regions of ND2 and ND1, which formed clusters with high bootstrap value, for study of population genetic structure in this species.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.96-106
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• 2004

Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied in roasting processes of perilla leaves to develop a high quality perilla leaf tea. The Hunter color parameters and electron donating ability were monitored to optimize organoleptic properties of perilla leaf tea. The roasting processes were based on the central composite design with primary variables-roasting temperature $(140{\sim}220^{\circ}C)$, time $(5{\sim}25)$, and reaction variables-sensory test, electron donating ability. From the variables, the roasting condition was optimized using statistical analysis system (SAS) program as developing the functional tea using perilla leaf. Hunter color L and b values of the powdered samples increased with the roasting processes, but Hunter color a value decreased. Electron donating ability was influenced by roasting temperature (p<0.01) and time (p<0.01), and optimum condition selected was at $220^{\circ}C$ for 15 min with coefficient of determinations $(R^2)$ above 0.98. After preference test of perilla leaf tea using parameter of taste, color, and flavor, we can estimate that the optimal roasting condition of preilla leaf for function tea manufacturing are $210{\sim}220^{\circ}C$ for $10{\sim}20$ min by response surface methodology (RSM). Tyrosinase, xanthine oxidase and electron donating ability were 10.14, 14.37 and 59.19% of perilla leaf tea.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.387-391
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• 2007

An oxygenator is a very important artificial organ and widely used for patients with lung failure or during open heart surgery. Although an oxygenator has been widely studied worldwide to enhance its efficiency, studies on oxygenators, in particular when using a pulsatile blood flow, are domestically limited. Therefore, a new oxygenator was developed in the lab and animal experimental results are described in the paper. The oxygenator is composed of polycarbonate housing and polypropylene hollow fibers. It has a total length of 400 mm and a surface area of $1.7 m^2$. The animal experiment lasted for 4 hours. The blood flow rate was set to 2 L/min and a pulsatile blood pump, T-PLS (Twin-Pulse Life Support), was used. Samples were drawn at the oxygenator's inlet and outlet. The total hemoglobin (Hb), saturation oxygen ($sO_2$), and partial oxygen pressure ($pO_2$), partial $CO_2$ pressure ($pCO_2$), and plasma bicarbonate ion concentration ($HCO_3^-$) were measured. The oxygen and carbon dioxide transfer rates were also calculated based on the experimental data in order to estimate the oxygenator's gas transfer efficiency. The oxygen and carbon dioxide transfer rates were $16.4{\pm}1.58$ and $165.7{\pm}10.96 mL/min$, respectively. The results showed a higher carbon dioxide transfer rate was achieved with the oxygenator. Also, the mean inlet and outlet blood pressures were 162.79 and 137.92 mmHg, respectively. The oxygenator has a low pressure drop between its inlet and outlet. The aim of own preliminary study was to make a new oxygenator and review its performance when applying a pulsatile blood pump thus, confirming the possibility of a new oxygenator suitable for pulsatile flow.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.228-235
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• 2016

Aquatic ecosystems are receiving various harmful effects due to anthropogenic chemical pollutions. To protect wildlife, risk assessments of the chemicals are conducted using reference indexes of toxicity estimated by species-level laboratory tests and/or micro-/mesocosm community-level studies. However, the existing micro-/mesocosm communities are structurally too complicated, and it is also difficult to compare the experimental results directly with those from species-level tests. Here, we developed a procedure of a simple bi-trophic microcosm experiment which contains the common species (a green algae, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and a cladoceran, Daphnia magna) for testing chemical toxicities. For the proper operation of bitrophic microcosm experiment, the minimum required concentration of primary producer (P. subcapitata) is $5{\times}10^5cells\;mL^{-1}$. The microcosm system showed higher stability when the initially introduced D. magna population was composed of neonates (<24-h old) than adults and those mixture. This simple microcosm system would be an applicable tool to estimate the disturbing impacts of pollutants on plant-herbivore interactions, and linking the species- and population-/community level risk assessments in the future studies.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.292-302
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• 2009

The wet oxidation of phenol has been investigated at temperatures from 150 to $250^{\circ}C$ and oxygen partial pressures from 25.8 to 75.0 bar with initial pH of 1.0 to 12.0 and initial phenol concentration of 10 g/l. Chemical Oxygen Demand COD has bee measured to estimate the oxidation rate. Reaction intermediates have been identified and their concentration profiles have been determined using liquid chromatography. The destruction rate of phenol have shown the first-order kinetics with respect to phenol and the changes in COD during wet oxidation have been described well with the lumped model. The impact of various homogeneous catalysts, such as $Cu^{2+}$, $Fe^{2+}$, $Zn^{2+}$, $Co^{2+}$ and $Ce^{3+}$ ions, on the destruction rate of phenol and COD has also been studied. The homogeneous catalyst of $CuSO_4$ has been found to be the most effective for the destruction of phenol and COD during wet oxidations. The destruction rate of formic acid formed during wet oxidations of phenol have increased as increasing temperature and $CuSO_4$ concentration. The final concentrations of acetic acid which has been formed during wet oxidations and difficult to oxidize have increased with reaction temperature and with decrease in the catalyst load.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.542-547
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• 2009

In this in vivo study, correlations of lumbar and femoral bone mineral densities (BMDs) with calcaneal speed of sound (SOS) were investigated in 36 osteoporotic women. Areal BMDs of the L2-L4 lumbar spine and the right femoral neck were measured by using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). SOS of the right calcaneus was measured by using ultrasound bone densitometry. Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) and level of significance (p) were used to evaluate the correlations between measurements. Lumbar BMD was highly correlated with femoral BMD (r=0.81). Lumbar and femoral BMDs exhibited similar comparable negative correlations with age (r=-0.52 and r=-0.55). A moderate negative correlation was found between calcaneal SOS and age (r=-0.45). Calcaneal SOS was significantly correlated with lumbar and femoral BMDs, with a higher correlation with femoral BMD rather than with lumbar BMD (r=0.54 and r=0.62). However, calcaneal SOS may not be an optimum index for the estimation of BMD of the most important fracture sites, such as the lumbar and the femur, because it showed lower correlations with lumbar and femoral BMDs compared to that with calcaneal BMD. Therefore, the development of a quantitative ultrasound technology for the direct measurement of acoustic properties at the lumbar and the femur is required to estimate BMD of these sites more accurately.