• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.53 no.8
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• pp.2523-2533
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• 2021

In the last decade, the best estimate plus uncertainty methodologies in nuclear technology and nuclear power plant design have become a trending topic in the nuclear field. Since BEPU was allowed for licensing purposes by the most important regulator bodies, different uncertainty assessment methods have become popular, overall non-parametric methods. While non-parametric tolerance regions can be well stated and used in uncertainty quantification for licensing purposes, the propagation of the uncertainty through different codes (multi-scale, multiphysics) in cascade needs a better depiction of uncertainty than the one provided by the tolerance regions or a probability distribution. An alternative method based on the parametric or distributional probability boxes is used to perform uncertainty quantification and propagation regarding statistic uncertainty from one code to another. This method is sample-size independent and allows well-defined tolerance intervals for uncertainty quantification, manageable for uncertainty propagation. This work characterizes the distributional p-boxes behavior on uncertainty quantification and uncertainty propagation through nested random sampling.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.203-211
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• 2005

The experiment was conducted to investigate the nutrition absorption pattern in the growth stages and develope the optimal nutrient solution hydroponically grown the tomato in closed substrate culture system with the nutrient solution of National Horticultural Research Station in Japan into 1/2S, 1 S, and 2S. When plant was grown in 1/2 S, the growth and yield were high and the pH and EC in the rooting zone were stable. Suitable composition of nutrient solution for tomato was $NO_3-N$ 7.1, $PO_{4}$-P 2.1, K 4.0, Ca 3.1, Mg 1.2, and $SO_{4}-S\;1.2\;me{\cdot}L^{-1}$ in the early growth stage and $NO_3-N$ 6.5, $PO_4-P$ 2.3, K 3.4, Ca 3.1, Mg 1.1, and $SO_4-S\;1.1\;me{\cdot}L^{-1}$ in the late growth stage by calculating a rate of nutrient and water uptake. To estimate the suitability for the nutrient solution of tomato in a development of optimum nutrient solution of tomato developed by Wonkwang university in korea (WU), plant was grown in perlite substrate supplied with different solution and strengths(S) by research station for greenhouse vegetable and floricultuin in the Netherlands (Proefstation voor tuinbouw onder glas te Naaldwijk; PTG) of 1/2 S, 1 S and 2 S, respectively, The growth was good at the PTG and WU of 2 S in early growth stage, and at the WU 2S in late growth stage. The highest yield of tomato obtained in the WU of 2 S, although blossom-end rot was appeared in all treatments. pH and EC in root zone of WU of 2 S were stable during the early and late growth stage. Therefore when plant was grown in WU of 2 S, N and P content in the nutrient solution need to low, according N and P content of their leaves were high in WU of 2 S.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.81-92
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• 1999

This study discussed the appropriateness of organic matter indexes such as biochemical oxygen demand(BOD) and chemical oxygen demand with potassium permanganate($COD_{Mn}$) in water quality environmental standard of streams and lakes and the applicability of the items to water quality environmental standard to add or substitute COD with potassium dichromate ($COD_{Cr}$) and total organic carbon(TOC) being used as index of organic matter. And indexes of organic matter content and organic carbon concentration were distinguished between dissolved and particulate component in water sample to estimate their effect on pollutants loading in lake and stream. The ratio of $COD_{Cr}$/BOD was 5.1 under BOD concentration 3mg/L in river water quality environmental standard II, and 2.67 above it. This ratio was diminished to 2.04 when BOD concentration was more than 8mg/L, in river quality environmental standard IV. Also the ratio of $COD_{Mn}$/BOD showed 2.16 under 3mg/L(BOD), and 1.1 above it. This ratio is also diminished to 0.84 over 8mg/L(BOD). Accordingly, we should apply this ratio depending on the concentration level to add and change organic matter index of water quality environmental standard newly. The ratio $COD_{Cr}/COD_{Mn}$ both in lake and stream shows 2.37(r=0.986, p<0.001). But the ratios showed range of 2.34~2.50, which is no much difference of this ratio according to $COD_{Mn}$ concentration.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.3 no.5
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• pp.491-499
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• 1999

This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of dynamic parameters, such as correlation dimension $D_2,$ by comparing spectral electroencephalographic (EEG) parameters. These parameters are used to estimate the depth of halothane anesthesia as defined by the presence of body movement in response to a tail clamp. Six rats were used and each of them was exposed to halothane sequentially at the concentrations of 0%, 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% for 30 min. A tail clamp was applied every five min and the movements were recorded at each concentration level. The spectral parameters and the dynamic parameters were derived from 20-sec and 10-sec segments, respectively, from the last 5-mins of EEG recording at each concentration level. Correlation coefficients between the parameters and the movements were calculated. Standardized values of three parameters, betaL power, median power frequency (MPF), and $D_2$ were derived by calculation based on the number of animals showing the movement in response to a tail clamp. The betaL power had the largest correlation coefficient to spontaneous movement and to the response to a tail clamp than any other band parameter. MPF had a better correlation with the movement than 90% spectral edge frequency. Among the dynamic parameters, $D_2$ on the parietal cortex had a better correlation with the movement. The level of deviation and variation of standardized $D_2,$ MPF, and betaL were significant (p<0.01). The order of deviation and variation was; betaL power > MPF > $D_2.$ The correlation dimension serves as a better index for the depth of halothane anesthesia defined in forms of a response to external stimulation.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.60-67
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• 2008

This study aimed to compare a microparticle enzyme immunoassay (MEIA) with a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) technique for the measurement of tacrolimus concentrations in adult liver transplant recipients, to investigate how the assay choice influenced the population pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus and to identify patient characteristics that affected pharmacokinetic parameters in each assay. Tacrolimus concentrations from 29 liver (n=52 paired-samples) transplant recipients measured by both MEIA and LC/MS/MS were used to evaluate the performance of these methods in the clinical setting. Tacrolimus pharmacokinetics was studied independently using MEIA and LC/MS/MS data in 70 adult patients using a population approach performed with NONMEM. Patient characteristics which influenced pharmacokinetic parameters in each assay were compared. The relation between LC/MS/MS and MEIA measurements was best described by the regression equation MEIA=1.465*LC/MS/MS-1.336 (r=0.91). Multiple linear regression analysis showed significant inverse relationships between assay difference and hematocrit (Hct) (p<0.025) in liver graft recipients. In MEIA, the population estimate of tacrolimus CL/F and apparent volume of distribution (Vd/F) were found to be 10.1 L/h and 226 L, and in LC/MS/MS, 13 L/h and 305 L respectively. Neither patient's age, weight, gender, grafted hepatic weight, albumin concentration, nor markers of liver function influenced tacrolimus CL/F The final model of CL/F was found to be 10.1+(Hct/Hct mean)$^{12.0}$ in MEIA and 13+(1+Hct/578) in LC/MS/MS indicating that CL/F was influenced by hematocrit.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.91-97
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• 2009

The fowls manure is using as fertilizers for farmland because of enough nutrients. However, excess nutrients can be washed off during a storm and affected on nearby waterbodies. In this paper, the runoff characteristics from farmland were studied to determine the washoff mass. A lab-scale reactor was designed to estimate the surface runoff and infiltration rates according to the rainfall intensity. Surface runoff water did not occur at 10mm/hr rainfall intensity, but some runoff occurred at 20mm/hr rainfall intensity. At 32.4mm/hr rainfall intensity, it shows the highest pollutant concentrations such as 686mg/L for $BOD_5$ and at 630mg/L $COD_{Mn}$. The pollutant as based on fowls manure compost was highly washed-off by subsurface water at 32.4mm/hr rainfall intensity, however the concentration was largely decreased at 43.2mm/hr rainfall intensity. The summary of the results is that the highest wash-off concentrations value shows at 32.4mm/hr rainfall intensity for $BOD_5$ and at 67.1mm/hr for T-N and T-P.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.129-140
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• 2020

Purpose: Although the importance of life satisfaction in patients with chronic diseases has been emphasized, limited studies have been performed on the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among elderly patients with chronic diseases. This study examined the HRQoL among Korean patients with diabetes aged 65 years or older. Methods: This study used data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008-2016. The analysis included data of 2,353 elderly patients with diabetes aged 65 years or older who were aware that they had type 2 diabetes. Each participant was categorized into one of three age groups (65-69 years, 70-74 years, and ≥ 75 years). The EuroQol-5 Dimensions (EQ-5D) scale was computed to estimate the HRQoL. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to compare the demographic characteristics, lifestyle characteristics, nutrient intake, and EQ-5D scores between the age groups. Results: The intake levels of most nutrients were similar in the three age groups, but the total energy intake levels were significantly lower, and the sodium intake levels were significantly higher in the older age groups (p < 0.001). In addition, all items of the EQ-5D index, except for anxiety/depression, tended to decrease with age. In particular, the oldest age group (≥ 75 years) showed significantly lower levels on most items and the EQ-5D index than those in the other age groups (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Elderly patients with type 2 diabetes may have low levels of life satisfaction, which worsens with increasing age. Therefore, it is important to develop and manage personalized guidelines and medical systems so that elderly patients have a higher quality of life for the remainder of their lives. The results of this study are expected to be used as basic data for the systematic management of diabetes in elderly Korean patients.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.49 no.8
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• pp.645-656
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• 2016

The study performed a regional flood frequency analysis and proposed a regression equation to estimate design floods corresponding to return periods for ungauged basins in Geum-river basin. Five preliminary tests were employed to investigate hydrological independence and homogeneity of streamflow data, i.e. the lag-one autocorrelation test, time homogeneity test, Grubbs-Beck outlier test, discordancy measure test ($D_i$), and regional homogeneity measure (H). The test results showed that streamflow data were time-independent, discordant and homogeneous within the basin. Using five probability distributions (generalized extreme value (GEV), three-parameter log-normal (LN-III), Pearson type 3 (P-III), generalized logistic (GLO), generalized Pareto (GPA)), comparative regional flood frequency analyses were carried out for the region. Based on the L-moment ratio diagram, average weighted distance (AWD) and goodness-of-fit statistics ($Z^{DIST}$), the GLO distribution was selected as the best fit model for Geum-river basin. Using the GLO, a regression equation was developed for estimating regional design floods, and validated by comparing the estimated and observed streamflows at the Ganggyeong station.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.4409-4412
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• 2012

Present study was undertaken to estimate and compare erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (E-SOD) and Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels in oral submucous fibrosis, oral leukoplakia and oral cancer patients and age/sex matched healthy subjects, 25 in each group. Statistically significant (P<0.001) decrease in E-SOD and GPx levels were observed in OSF, oral leukoplakia and oral cancer groups as compared to the control group. Oral leukoplakia group showed lower levels in comparison with OSF (P>0.05). Oral cancer group had the lowest levels amongst the study groups. Imbalance in antioxidant enzyme status may be considered as one of the factors responsible for the pathogenesis of cancer and may serve as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target to reduce the malignant transformation in oral premalignant lesions/conditions.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.1580-1584
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• 2001

A study was conducted to estimate the nutritive value of some selected acacia forages using palatability index, in sacco degradability and in vitro gas production characteristics. Ten wethers (mean wt. $18{\pm}3.5kg$) were offered Acacia tortilis, Acacia nilotica, Acacia mellifera, Acacia brevispica, Acacia Senegal and Leucaena leucocephala (control) using a cafeteria system to determine the species preference by the animals. The acacia species were rich in nitrogen and showed variable palatability pattern. Significant (p<0.05) differences in relative palatability index (RPI) were detected among the species with the following ranking: brevispica > leucaena > mellifera > tortilis > Senegal > nilotica. Acacia nilotica appeared to be of low relative palatability with RPI of 24% and this was attributed to relatively high phenolic concentrations. The DM potential degradability (B) and rate of degradation (c) of the species were significantly (p<0.05) different, ranging from 40.1 to 59.1% and 0.0285 to 0.0794/h respectively. Acacia species had moderate levels of rumen undegradable protein, much higher than that in leucaena. In vitro gas production results indicated the effect of polyphenolic compounds on the fermentation rate, with lower gas production recorded from A. nilotica and tortilis. Based on RPI, A. brevispica and mellifera were superior to the rest and comparable to L. leucocephala. Long-term feeding trials are required with the superior species when used as protein supplements to poor quality diets.