• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.854-863
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• 1990

Since the open heart surgery was performed, various kinds of problem concerning the extracorporeal circulation[EGG] have been known. The author investigated the changes of serum potassium ion before and after ECC among the 102 patients including 63 adults and 39 children who underwent open heart surgery from April 19S6 to February 1990 in Chung-Ang University Hospital. The mean values of potassium ion before and after ECC were analyzed according to the influencing factors such as priming solution, aortic cross clamping time, the underlying disease, the type of oxygenator and the amount of cardioplegic solution. The results were as follows: l. In the aspect of congenital and acquired heart disease groups, the mean values of serum potassium ion[Mean\ulcornerS.D.] before and after ECC revealed a significant change only in the acquired heart disease group[congenital; 3.87$\pm$0.48mEq /L vs. 4.05$\pm$0.73mEq /L, P>0.05, acquired: 4.40 $\pm$0.98mEq /L vs. 4.11$\pm$0.52mEq /L, P<0.05]. Between the two groups, the changes of the mean values of serum potassium ion before and after ECC were significant[P<0.05]. But all values were within normal limits. 2. In the aspect of the aortic cross clamping time[ACCT], in the groups of less or more than 120 minutes, the mean values of serum potassium ion before and after ECC revealed no significant change[less than 120 min; 3.97+-0.64mEq /L vs. 3.99+0.67mEq /L, P>0.05, more than 120 min; 4.34+0.82mEq /L vs. 4.27+0.62mEq /L, P>0.05], and The changes of mean values of serum potassium ion between the two groups were not significant[P>0.05]. 3. In both membrane and bubble oxygenator groups, the mean values of serum potassium ion before and after ECC did not reveal a significant difference respectively [membrane; 4.74 +1.40mEq /L vs. 4.28+0.3lmEq /L, P>0.05, bubble; 4.02 +0.60mEq /L vs. 4.05 L0.68mEq/L, P>0.05], and no differences between the membrane and bubble oxygenator groups[P >0.05]. 4. In the groups of membrane and bubble oxygenator in the cases of ACCT more than 120 minutes, the mean values of serum potassium ion before and after ECC did not reveal a significant difference respectively[membrane; 4.36$\pm$0.85mEq /L vs. 4.37$\pm$0.26mEq /L, P>0.05, bubble; 4.30 $\pm$0.80mEq/L vs. 4.23$\pm$0.67mEq/L, P>0.05], and no differences between the two groups[P>0.05]. 5. In spite of increased amount of cold potassium cardioplegic solution, the mean values of serum potassium ion before ECC were similar to those of serum potassium ion after ECC[less than 20ml /kg

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.25-30
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• 1982

The present study was carried out to investigate the relationship between the patients with toxemia of pregnancy and sodium, potassium and chlorine content in their blood serum and the intake diet. The author analyzed or titrated the concentration of serum and diet electrolytes for the antenatal and gynecologic inpatients (19 normal and 17 toxemic pregnant women ranged 23 to 32 years old) of the Han gang sacred Heart Hospital in Seoul and also determined their daily salt intake. The results obtained can be summarized as follows. 1. In the patients with toxemia of pregnancy mean sodium concentration in serum $(147.2{\pm}11.0mEq/L\;(338.5mg/dl)$ was greater than that of normal pregnant women (140 mEq/L corresponding to 322mg/dl) 2. In the toxemic pregnant women serum chlorine level (mean $113.4{\pm}5.6 mEq/L$ corresponding to 402.5mg/dl) showed the increase of 9.9 mEq /L(36.9 mg/dl) when compared to mean value of normal pregnant women(103.5mEq/L corresponding to 365.6mg/dl). 3. Mean potassium content in pregnant women with toxemia($4.59{\pm}0.7mEq/L$ corresponding to 17.9mg/dl) was similar to that of normal pregnant women(4.2mEq/L corresponding to 16.3mg/dl). 4. It was found that the salt content detected in the diet of toxemic pregnant women (mean $20.84{\pm}2.1g/day$) was greater than daily mean salt intake of normal pregnant women (19g).

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2012

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to assess the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) for patients with panic disorder using EQ-5D and EQ-VAS, and to examine the relationship between health-related quality of life and clinical outcomes following treatment. Methods : 29 patients with panic disorder were recruited from the Seoul Metropolitan area and 20 patients were followed up after two months of outpatient treatment. The Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS) was used to assess the severity of the panic disorder and the changes in symptoms. HRQoL was assessed with EQ-5D and EQ-VAS at baseline and at two months of treatment. Results : All enrolled panic disorder patients showed significantly impairment of HRQoL in view of the subscales of EQ-5D, EQ-VAS index scores. The severity of PDSS was correlated the HRQoL in the panic patients. After treatment, the EQ-5D, EQ-VAS index scores showed significant improvement. Conclusion : Panic disorder patients suffer from lower HRQoL as well as from symptoms of the disorder. They showed clinical improvement and a restored HRQoL with treatment. These outcomes suggest using the EQ-5D, EQ-VAS such as the HRQoL in the assessment of patients with panic disorder is essential.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.227-235
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• 2006

In order to understand chemical characteristics and formation of dewfall in Miryang area, we analysed monthly distribution of dewfall, and investigated its chemical composition of dewfall. The modified teflon plate ($1m{\times}1m$) was used qualitatively to collect water soluble components at Miryang weather station from August 2002 to April 2003. Dewfall amount during the sampling periods (37 day) collected 5.28 mm. The behaviors of water soluble ions in dewfall showed the highest concentration ($555.8{\mu}eq/l$ for $Cl^-$, $338.6{\mu}eq/l$ for ${NO_3}^-$, $1118.2{\mu}eq/l$ for ${SO_4}^{2-}$, $262.7{\mu}eq/l$ for ${NH_4}^+$, $1341.0{\mu}eq/l$ for ${Ca_2}^+$, $177.8{\mu}eq/l$ for ${Mg_2}^+$, and $325.5{\mu}eq/l$ for $Na^+$) during the April, the lowest concentration ($243.6{\mu}eq/l$ for ${SO_4}^{2-}$, $39.3{\mu}eq/l$ for ${NH_4}^+$ and $456.2{\mu}eq/l$ for ${Ca_2}^+$) during the September. Monthly equivalent ratio of [${SO_4}^{2-}$]/[${NO_3}^-$] showed the highest value (6.45) during the March, the lowest value (1.86) during the September, and the mean value was 2.70.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.129-133
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• 2017

Objectives Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a disabling psychiatric disorder, and more attention is recently paid on the quality of life (QoL) in OCD patients. The Euro-QoL-5D (EQ-5D) is a widely used self-report to calculate a single score which represents 'health utilities'. The aim of this study was to assess the health-related QoL for patients with OCD using the EQ-5D and to examine the relationship between health-related QoL and symptom severity. Methods Seventy-three patients with a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) diagnosis of OCD were recruited from the outpatient clinic in Seoul National University Hospital. Symptom severity was assessed using the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (YBOCS), and QoL was assessed with the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire. Using Korean valuation study, a single score of QoL was calculated. Results Most of the OCD patients were relatively young (< 45 years) with the mean YBOCS total score of 19.33. The mean EQ-5D score was 0.71 and significantly correlated with symptom severity (r = -0.483, p < 0.001). 25% of the EQ-5D score was predicted by the YBOCS total score (b = -0.011, p < 0.001) by regression analysis. Conclusions OCD patients suffer from lower health-related QoL and QoL significantly decreased as symptom severity increased. The results of the EQ-5D would enable further studies on QoL comparison across medical disease and mental disorders.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.147-150
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• 1986

Fourteen Korean native goats were examined to obtain physiological basic data on electrolyte contents in serum and rumen juice. In addition, pH and total number of ciliates in the rumen juice were investigated. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The serum $Na^+$, $K^+$ and $Cl^-$ levels were $151.9{\pm}4.5(145-160)mEq/l$, $8.1{\pm}1.5(5.3-10.0)mEq/l$ and $104.6{\pm}4.6(99-112)mEq/l$, respectively. 2. $Na^+$, $K^+$ and $Cl^-$ values in the rumen juice were $104.7{\pm}15.8(70-131)mEq/l$, $38.2{\pm}9.9(18-58)mEq/l$ and $14.1{\pm}4.3(8-24)mEq/l$, respectively. 3. The pH of the rumen juice was $5.6{\pm}0.3(5.3-6.5)$ and the total number of ciliates were $2.59{\pm}0.8(0.64-3.29){\times}10^6/ml$.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.9-13
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• 1998

Purpose: The old reference range of serum anion gap(AG) may be excessive compared with value measured by new electrolyte analyzers. Therefore, we studied to establish a new reference range of AG using an autoanalyzer. Methods: With the use of analyzer(Hitachi 747 by enzymatic methods), serum Na and Cl were measured, and with the use of analyzer(CX-3 by differental rage pH), serum $TCO_2$ was measured. We measured AG(=Na-($Cl+HCO_3$)) in 395 stable patients with normal serum albumin and creatinine levels of the pediatric in-patients and out-patients for preoperative examination from march 1997 to July 1997. Results: The normal serum$ AG(mean{\pm}SD)$ were neonate, $11.2{\pm}3.2$ mEq/L; infancy, $11.8{\pm}2.7$ mEq/L; early childhood, $12{\pm}2.7$ mEq/L; late childhood, $11.7{\pm}3.2$ mEq/L; adolescence, $9.6{\pm}2.7$ mEq/L; adult, $9.0{\pm}2.7$ mEq/L. Normal serum AG in more than 10 years of age was significantly lower than the previous normal value and also the difference of AG between more than 10 years and less than 10 years was statistically significant(P<0.05). Conclusions: We suggest to measure serum AG according to each type of analyzers.

• Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
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• v.48 no.12
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• pp.1090-1096
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• 2010

This pitting corrosion study of welded joints of austenitic stainless steels (AISI 304L and 316L) has addressed the differentiating solidification mode using three newly introduced filler wires with a flux-cored arc welding process (FCAW). The delta ferrite (${\delta}$-ferrite) content in the welded metals increased with an increasing equivalent weight ratio of chromium/nickel ($Cr_{eq}/Ni_{eq}$). Ductility dip cracking (DDC) was observed in the welded metal containing ferrite with none of AISI 304L and 0.1% of AISI 316L. The potentiodynamic anodic polarization results revealed that the $Cr_{eq}/Ni_{eq}$ ratio in a 3.5% NaCl solution didn't much affect the pitting potential ($E_{pit}$). The AISI 316L welded metals with ${\ddot{a}}$-ferrite content of over 10% had a superior $E_{pit}$ value. Though the AISI 316L welded metal with 0.1% ferrite had larger molybdenum contents than AISI 304L specimens, it showed a similar $E_{pit}$ value because the concentration of chloride ions and the corrosion product induced severe damage near the DDC.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.205-213
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• 1985

It is well documented that calcium is essential to cardiac contraction and the amplitude of contractility is proportional to the ionized calcium not to total calcium. Changes of serum ionic calcium before and after extracorporeal circulation were observed in fifty two patients operated on at Dept. of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, from May 21st, 1984, to July 6th, 1984. They were 28 males and 24 females including 21 acyanotic congenital heart diseases, 21 cyanotic congenital heart diseases, and 10 acquired valvular heart diseases. In general, preoperative serum ionic calcium was around the normal level, but those of immediate postoperative day and postop-first day were decreased subnormally with significance [P<0.05 vs. preop.]. From postop-third day, serum ionic calcium was returned to normal range. No significant difference was noticed in subgroups divided by 10 Kg of body weight and by the methods of myocardial protection. But the change of serum ionic calcium in the patients with prolonged pump time over 90 minutes was remarkable and the values were as follow; on immediate postop-day 1.780.18 mEq/L vs. 1.970.20 mEq/L [P<0.005],on postop-first day, 1.940.20mEq/L vs. 2.060.12 mEq/L [P<0.025], on postop-third day, 2.030.11mEq/L vs. 2.150.13mEq/L [P<0.01], and on postop-seventh day, 2.030.09mEq/L vs. 2.190.11mEq/L [P<0.005]. In summary, the serum ionic calcium was lowered after extracorporeal circulation and even severer degree according to the prolongation of bypass time. So, after extracorporeal circulation esp. in the cases with prolonged bypass time, early correction of lowered serum ionic calcium would be helpful to the postoperative hemodynamics.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.34-40
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• 2006

The daytime(7 a.m to 10 p.m.) and the nighttime(10 p.m. to 7 a.m.) used to calculate existing $L_{dn}$ is different from the domestic daytime(6 a.m to 10 p.m.) and nighttime(10 p.m. to 6 a.m.) periods. The difference of a time periods makes too difficult for converting measured $L_{eq}$ during daytime($L_d$) and nighttime($L_n$) periods to $L_{dn}$. Thus, it is difficult to directly compare with $L_{dn}$ standard of a foreign country. The pupose of paper is to propose a proper experimental equations that make up for the problems. The data of this paper used road traffic noise data of Auto-Network System(ANS) that generates $L_{eq}$ TNI, $L_{NP}$ for 1 hour. A method of this paper is as follows.(1) The data of ANS converted 24 hour $L_{eq}$ which measured every 1 hour to existing $L_{dn}$ and to $L_{dn}$ of an experimental equations.(2) The existing Lan is compared to results of $L_{dn}$ from experimental equations. The paper proposes a three experimental equations. This paper select an approximate equation that was most similar, to existing $L_{dn}$ out of these equations. When $L_{eq}$ data of different daytime and nighttime periods are converted to $L_{dn}$, an experimental equation of this paper can be used and applied to $L_{dn}$'s calculation.