• Clean Technology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.269-277
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• 2022

With the recent development of the biological enzymatic reaction industry, lactic acid (LA) can be mass-produced from biomass sources. In particular, a catalytic process that converts LA into acrylic acid (AA) is receiving much attention because AA is used widely in the petrochemical industry as a monomer for superabsorbent polymers (SAP) and as an adhesive for displays. In the LA conversion process, NaY zeolites have been previously shown to be a high-activity catalyst, which improves AA selectivity and long-term stability. However, NaY zeolites suffer from fast deactivation due to severe coking. Therefore, the aim of this study is to modify the acid-base properties of the NaY zeolite to address this shortcoming. First, base promoters, Ca ions, were introduced to the NaY zeolites to tune their acidity and basicity via ion exchange (IE) and incipient wetness impregnation (IWI). The IWI method showed superior catalyst selectivity and stability compared to the IE method, maintaining a high AA yield of approximately 40% during the 16 h reaction. Based on the NH₃- and CO₂-TPD results, the calcium salts that impregnated into the NaY zeolites were proposed to exit as an oxide form mainly at the exterior surface of NaY and act as additional base sites to promote the dehydration of LA to AA. The NaY zeolites were further treated with KOH before calcium impregnation to reduce the total acidity and improve the dispersion of calcium through the mesopores formed by KOH-induced desilication. However, this KOH treatment did not lead to enhanced AA selectivity. Finally, calcium loading was increased from 1wt% to 5wt% to maximize the amount of base sites. The increased basicity improved the AA selectivity substantially to 65% at 100% conversion while maintaining high activity during a 24 h reaction. Our results suggest that controlling the basicity of the catalyst is key to obtaining high AA selectivity and high catalyst stability.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.5-9
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• 1976

The categories of national health problems may be mainly divided into health promotion, problems of diseases, and population-economic problems which are indirectly related to health. Of them, the problems of diseases will be exclusively dealt with this speech. Rurality and Disease Problems There are many differences between rural and urban areas. In general, indicators of rurality are small size of towns, dispersion of the population, remoteness from urban centers, inadequacy of public transportation, poor communication, inadequate sanitation, poor housing, poverty, little education lack of health personnels and facilities, and in-accessibility to health services. The influence of such conditions creates, directly or indirectly, many problems of diseases in the rural areas. Those art the occurrence of preventable diseases, deterioration and prolongation of illness due to loss of chance to get early treatment, decreased or prolonged labour force loss, unnecessary death, doubling of medical cost, and economic loss. Some Considerations of Innovative Approach The followings art some considerations of innovative approaches to the problems of diseases in the rural Korea. 1. It would be essential goal of the innovative approaches that the damage and economic loss due to diseases will be maintained to minimum level by minimizing the absolute amount of the diseases, and by moderating the fee for medical cares. The goal of the minimization of the disease amount may be achieved by preventive services and early treatment, and the goal of moderating the medical fee may be achieved by lowering the prime cost and by adjusting the medical fees to reasonable level. 2. Community health service or community medicine will be adopted as a innovative means to disease problems. In this case, a community is defined as an unit area where supply and utilization of primary service activities can be accomplished within a day. The essential nature o the community health service should be such activities as health promotion, preventive measures, medical care, and rehabilitation performing efficiently through the organized efforts of the residents in a community. Each service activity should cover all members of the residents in a community in its plan and performance. The cooperation of the community peoples in one of the essential elements for success of the service program, The motivations of their cooperative mood may be activated through several ways: when the participation of the residents in service program of especially the direct participation of organized cooperation of the area leaders art achieved through a means of health education: when the residents get actual experience of having received the benefit of good quality services; and when the health personnels being armed with an idealism that they art working in the areas to help health problems of the residents, maintain good human relationships with them. For the success of a community health service program, a personnel who is in charge of leadership and has an able, a sincere and a steady characters seems to be required in a community. The government should lead and support the community health service programs of the nation under the basis of results appeared in the demonstrative programs so as to be carried out the programs efficiently. Moss of the health problems may be treated properly in the community levels through suitable community health service programs but there might be some problems which art beyond their abilities to be dealt with. To solve such problems each community health service program should be under the referral systems which are connected with health centers, hospitals, and so forth. 3. An approach should be intensively groped to have a physician in each community. The shortage of physicians in rural areas is world-wide problem and so is the Korean situation. In the past the government has initiated a system of area-limited physician, coercion, and a small scale of scholarship program with unsatisfactory results. But there might be ways of achieving the goal by intervice, broadened, and continuous approaches. There will be several ways of approach to motivate the physicians to be settled in a rural community. They are, for examples, to expos the students to the community health service programs during training, to be run community health service programs by every health or medical schools and other main medical facilities, communication activities and advertisement, desire of community peoples to invite a physician, scholarship program, payment of satisfactory level, fulfilment of military obligation in case of a future draft, economic growth and development of rural communities, sufficiency of health and medical facilities, provision of proper medical care system, coercion, and so forth. And, hopefully, more useful reference data on the motivations may be available when a survey be conducted to the physicians who are presently engaging in the rural community levels. 4. In communities where the availability of a physician is difficult, a trial to use physician extenders, under certain conditions, may be considered. The reason is that it would be beneficial for the health of the residents to give them the remedies of primary medical care through the extenders rather than to leave their medical problems out of management. The followings are the conditions to be considered when the physician extenders are used: their positions will be prescribed as a temporary one instead of permanent one so as to allow easy replacement of the position with a physician applicant; the extender will be under periodic direction and supervision of a physician, and also referral channel will be provided: legal constraints will be placed upon the extenders primary care practice, and the physician extenders will used only under the public medical care system. 5. For the balanced health care delivery, a greater investment to the rural areas is needed to compensate weak points of a rurality. The characteristics of a rurality has been already mentioned. The objective of balanced service for rural communities to level up that of urban areas will be hard to achieve without greater efforts and supports. For example, rural communities need mobile powers more than urban areas, communication network is extremely necessary at health delivery facilities in rural areas as well as the need of urban areas, health and medical facilities in rural areas should be provided more substantially than those of urban areas to minimize, in a sense, the amount of patient consultation and request of laboratory specimens through referral system of which procedures are more troublesome in rural areas, and more intensive control measures against communicable diseases are needed in rural areas where greater numbers of cases are occurred under the poor sanitary conditions.

• Proceedings of the KOR-KST Conference
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• 1995.02a
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• pp.101-113
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• 1995

The objective of this research is to test the feasibility of developing a statewide truck traffic forecasting methodology for Wisconsin by using Origin-Destination surveys, traffic counts, classification counts, and other data that are routinely collected by the Wisconsin Department of Transportation (WisDOT). Development of a feasible model will permit estimation of future truck traffic for every major link in the network. This will provide the basis for improved estimation of future pavement deterioration. Pavement damage rises exponentially as axle weight increases, and trucks are responsible for most of the traffic-induced damage to pavement. Consequently, forecasts of truck traffic are critical to pavement management systems. The pavement Management Decision Supporting System (PMDSS) prepared by WisDOT in May 1990 combines pavement inventory and performance data with a knowledge base consisting of rules for evaluation, problem identification and rehabilitation recommendation. Without a r.easonable truck traffic forecasting methodology, PMDSS is not able to project pavement performance trends in order to make assessment and recommendations in the future years. However, none of WisDOT's existing forecasting methodologies has been designed specifically for predicting truck movements on a statewide highway network. For this research, the Origin-Destination survey data avaiiable from WisDOT, including two stateline areas, one county, and five cities, are analyzed and the zone-to'||'&'||'not;zone truck trip tables are developed. The resulting Origin-Destination Trip Length Frequency (00 TLF) distributions by trip type are applied to the Gravity Model (GM) for comparison with comparable TLFs from the GM. The gravity model is calibrated to obtain friction factor curves for the three trip types, Internal-Internal (I-I), Internal-External (I-E), and External-External (E-E). ~oth "macro-scale" calibration and "micro-scale" calibration are performed. The comparison of the statewide GM TLF with the 00 TLF for the macro-scale calibration does not provide suitable results because the available 00 survey data do not represent an unbiased sample of statewide truck trips. For the "micro-scale" calibration, "partial" GM trip tables that correspond to the 00 survey trip tables are extracted from the full statewide GM trip table. These "partial" GM trip tables are then merged and a partial GM TLF is created. The GM friction factor curves are adjusted until the partial GM TLF matches the 00 TLF. Three friction factor curves, one for each trip type, resulting from the micro-scale calibration produce a reasonable GM truck trip model. A key methodological issue for GM. calibration involves the use of multiple friction factor curves versus a single friction factor curve for each trip type in order to estimate truck trips with reasonable accuracy. A single friction factor curve for each of the three trip types was found to reproduce the 00 TLFs from the calibration data base. Given the very limited trip generation data available for this research, additional refinement of the gravity model using multiple mction factor curves for each trip type was not warranted. In the traditional urban transportation planning studies, the zonal trip productions and attractions and region-wide OD TLFs are available. However, for this research, the information available for the development .of the GM model is limited to Ground Counts (GC) and a limited set ofOD TLFs. The GM is calibrated using the limited OD data, but the OD data are not adequate to obtain good estimates of truck trip productions and attractions .. Consequently, zonal productions and attractions are estimated using zonal population as a first approximation. Then, Selected Link based (SELINK) analyses are used to adjust the productions and attractions and possibly recalibrate the GM. The SELINK adjustment process involves identifying the origins and destinations of all truck trips that are assigned to a specified "selected link" as the result of a standard traffic assignment. A link adjustment factor is computed as the ratio of the actual volume for the link (ground count) to the total assigned volume. This link adjustment factor is then applied to all of the origin and destination zones of the trips using that "selected link". Selected link based analyses are conducted by using both 16 selected links and 32 selected links. The result of SELINK analysis by u~ing 32 selected links provides the least %RMSE in the screenline volume analysis. In addition, the stability of the GM truck estimating model is preserved by using 32 selected links with three SELINK adjustments, that is, the GM remains calibrated despite substantial changes in the input productions and attractions. The coverage of zones provided by 32 selected links is satisfactory. Increasing the number of repetitions beyond four is not reasonable because the stability of GM model in reproducing the OD TLF reaches its limits. The total volume of truck traffic captured by 32 selected links is 107% of total trip productions. But more importantly, ~ELINK adjustment factors for all of the zones can be computed. Evaluation of the travel demand model resulting from the SELINK adjustments is conducted by using screenline volume analysis, functional class and route specific volume analysis, area specific volume analysis, production and attraction analysis, and Vehicle Miles of Travel (VMT) analysis. Screenline volume analysis by using four screenlines with 28 check points are used for evaluation of the adequacy of the overall model. The total trucks crossing the screenlines are compared to the ground count totals. L V/GC ratios of 0.958 by using 32 selected links and 1.001 by using 16 selected links are obtained. The %RM:SE for the four screenlines is inversely proportional to the average ground count totals by screenline .. The magnitude of %RM:SE for the four screenlines resulting from the fourth and last GM run by using 32 and 16 selected links is 22% and 31 % respectively. These results are similar to the overall %RMSE achieved for the 32 and 16 selected links themselves of 19% and 33% respectively. This implies that the SELINICanalysis results are reasonable for all sections of the state.Functional class and route specific volume analysis is possible by using the available 154 classification count check points. The truck traffic crossing the Interstate highways (ISH) with 37 check points, the US highways (USH) with 50 check points, and the State highways (STH) with 67 check points is compared to the actual ground count totals. The magnitude of the overall link volume to ground count ratio by route does not provide any specific pattern of over or underestimate. However, the %R11SE for the ISH shows the least value while that for the STH shows the largest value. This pattern is consistent with the screenline analysis and the overall relationship between %RMSE and ground count volume groups. Area specific volume analysis provides another broad statewide measure of the performance of the overall model. The truck traffic in the North area with 26 check points, the West area with 36 check points, the East area with 29 check points, and the South area with 64 check points are compared to the actual ground count totals. The four areas show similar results. No specific patterns in the L V/GC ratio by area are found. In addition, the %RMSE is computed for each of the four areas. The %RMSEs for the North, West, East, and South areas are 92%, 49%, 27%, and 35% respectively, whereas, the average ground counts are 481, 1383, 1532, and 3154 respectively. As for the screenline and volume range analyses, the %RMSE is inversely related to average link volume. 'The SELINK adjustments of productions and attractions resulted in a very substantial reduction in the total in-state zonal productions and attractions. The initial in-state zonal trip generation model can now be revised with a new trip production's trip rate (total adjusted productions/total population) and a new trip attraction's trip rate. Revised zonal production and attraction adjustment factors can then be developed that only reflect the impact of the SELINK adjustments that cause mcreases or , decreases from the revised zonal estimate of productions and attractions. Analysis of the revised production adjustment factors is conducted by plotting the factors on the state map. The east area of the state including the counties of Brown, Outagamie, Shawano, Wmnebago, Fond du Lac, Marathon shows comparatively large values of the revised adjustment factors. Overall, both small and large values of the revised adjustment factors are scattered around Wisconsin. This suggests that more independent variables beyond just 226; population are needed for the development of the heavy truck trip generation model. More independent variables including zonal employment data (office employees and manufacturing employees) by industry type, zonal private trucks 226; owned and zonal income data which are not available currently should be considered. A plot of frequency distribution of the in-state zones as a function of the revised production and attraction adjustment factors shows the overall " adjustment resulting from the SELINK analysis process. Overall, the revised SELINK adjustments show that the productions for many zones are reduced by, a factor of 0.5 to 0.8 while the productions for ~ relatively few zones are increased by factors from 1.1 to 4 with most of the factors in the 3.0 range. No obvious explanation for the frequency distribution could be found. The revised SELINK adjustments overall appear to be reasonable. The heavy truck VMT analysis is conducted by comparing the 1990 heavy truck VMT that is forecasted by the GM truck forecasting model, 2.975 billions, with the WisDOT computed data. This gives an estimate that is 18.3% less than the WisDOT computation of 3.642 billions of VMT. The WisDOT estimates are based on the sampling the link volumes for USH, 8TH, and CTH. This implies potential error in sampling the average link volume. The WisDOT estimate of heavy truck VMT cannot be tabulated by the three trip types, I-I, I-E ('||'&'||'pound;-I), and E-E. In contrast, the GM forecasting model shows that the proportion ofE-E VMT out of total VMT is 21.24%. In addition, tabulation of heavy truck VMT by route functional class shows that the proportion of truck traffic traversing the freeways and expressways is 76.5%. Only 14.1% of total freeway truck traffic is I-I trips, while 80% of total collector truck traffic is I-I trips. This implies that freeways are traversed mainly by I-E and E-E truck traffic while collectors are used mainly by I-I truck traffic. Other tabulations such as average heavy truck speed by trip type, average travel distance by trip type and the VMT distribution by trip type, route functional class and travel speed are useful information for highway planners to understand the characteristics of statewide heavy truck trip patternS. Heavy truck volumes for the target year 2010 are forecasted by using the GM truck forecasting model. Four scenarios are used. Fo~ better forecasting, ground count- based segment adjustment factors are developed and applied. ISH 90 '||'&'||' 94 and USH 41 are used as example routes. The forecasting results by using the ground count-based segment adjustment factors are satisfactory for long range planning purposes, but additional ground counts would be useful for USH 41. Sensitivity analysis provides estimates of the impacts of the alternative growth rates including information about changes in the trip types using key routes. The network'||'&'||'not;based GMcan easily model scenarios with different rates of growth in rural versus . . urban areas, small versus large cities, and in-state zones versus external stations. cities, and in-state zones versus external stations.

• Journal of the Korean Society of International Agriculture
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.76-81
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• 2019

'Asemi' is a rice variety derived from a cross between 'Jinmibyeo' which has translucent milled rice and medium maturity and 'Cheolwon46', an elite line with high yield and early maturity by the rice breeding team at NICS, RDA in 2013. The heading date of 'Asemi' is August 1, six days earlier than the check variety 'Hwaseong'. It has 82 cm culm length and 109 spikelets per panicle. 'Asemi' is resistant to blast disease, stripe virus and tungro virus, but susceptible to other viruses and planthoppers. The milled rice of this variety exhibits translucent, clear non-glutinous endosperm and short grain shape. It has protein content (6.7%) higher than 'Hwaseong', and amylose content (19.5%) similar to 'Hwaseong'. The milled rice recovery rate of 'Asemi' is similar to that of 'Hwaseong'. However, the head rice rate of 'Asemi' is higher than that of 'Hwaseong'. Milled rice yield of 'Asemi' is 5.23 MT/ha in ordinary cultivation. ' Asemi' could be adaptable to the wide region of tropical Asia (Registration No. 5639).

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.58 no.5
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• pp.498-506
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• 2005

Background : This study compared the bronchodilator efficacy and safety of tiotropium inhalation capsules ($18{\mu}g$ once daily) with a ipratropium metered dose inhaler (2 puffs of $20{\mu}g$ q.i.d.) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Method : After the initial screening assessment and a two-week run-in period, patients received either tiotropium $18{\mu}g$ once daily or ipratropium $40{\mu}g$ four times daily over a period of 4 weeks in a double blind, double dummy, parallel group study. The outcome measures were the lung function, the daily records of the peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), the patients' questionnaire, and the use of concomitant salbutamol. The forced expiratory volume in one second ($FEV_1$) and the forced vital capacity (FVC) were measured 5 minutes before inhalation, and 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 hours after inhaling the study drug on days 0, 14 and 28. Result : In 16 centers, 134 patients with a mean (SD) age of 66 (7) years and a predicted $FEV_1$ of 42 (12)% were analyzed. The trough $FEV_1$ response was significantly higher in the tiotropium group than in the ipratropium group after a four-week treatment period. The weekly mean morning PEFR of the tiotropium group was consistently higher than that of the ipratropium group during the 4-week treatment period with differences ranging from 12.52 to 13.88 l/min, which were statistically significant. Tiotropium was well tolerated by the COPD patients during the 4-week treatment period and had a similar safety profile to ipratropium. Conclusion : This study shows that tiotropium administrated once daily has a superior bronchodilator effect with a similar safety profile in treating COPD patients compared with ipratropium, inhaled four times daily.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.14-23
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to contribute in building credibility of the methodology of the appearance of the traditional colors and the interpretation of the meaning of those appearances by analyzing the spatial construction and configuration and the traditional colors that appear in spatial elements about the scenery component that appear in Seyeonjeong. We conducted a literature research about the traditional colors, the background of the creation of Seyeonjeong, and etc. For the contents for the empirical analysis, we took the scenery and space elements in the poems, such as Eobusasisa and O-u-ga, and the contents of poems related to ojeongsaek (five Korean traditional colors) based on the Yin-Yang and the Five Elements ideology Particularly, after dividing the spatial elements appearing in Seyoenjeong into visual, synesthetic, symbolic/cognitive spatial element, we further distinguished the visual space into positions and directions of the of the spaces and the scenery of the season; the synesthetic space into seasons, time and five senses; and the symbolic/cognitive space into chiljeong (or the seven passions) and sadan (or the four clues). Then we carried out the study by analyzing the correlation between the intention of the garden creation and the meaning of the spaces, through the analysis of ojeongsaek system for each spatial element. Firstly, spatial structure and format that appear in Seyeonjeong can be divided into two directional axes of southeast and northwest according to the flat form of the Seyeongjeong's rectangular palace, with Seyeongjoeng as the center. Secondly, in spatial component element, the frequencies of appearance of the traditional colors of Seyoenjeong are 33.2% for white, 20.8% for blue, 20.8% for black, 18.7% for red and 6.3% for yellow. Thirdly, based on the analysis of the traditional colors the most frequent appearance of 'white' left a room for interpretation like the creation of Seyeonjeong was to enjoy secular living without lingering political feelings so that the high mountains remain clear and clean. Also, the predominant frequency of appearance of blue, similar frequency of appearance of black and red, and the least frequent appearance of yellow is in agreement with or can be at least interpreted related to Yun Seon-do's intention for creating Seyeonjeong not for political rank or power but as a place to enjoy nature, through which he can build on his knowledge, and to lead rest of his life as a noble being through plays, like dancing and writing poems. Fourthly, these interpretations of the analysis of the frequency of appearance of the traditional colors of Seyeongjong shows the reliability, validity, and consistency of the methodology of the analysis of the frequency of appearance of the traditional colors and the interpretation of the meanings in the context that the color white appears most frequently in Soswewon as well and that the background life of the Soswewon's creator Yangsanbo can be interpreted in a similarly way. Above all, this study is significant from the fact that we proposed a theory about the method of analysis and interpretation of the traditional colors in a traditional landscape space. Moreover, there is a great significance of discovering that traditional colors appear in traditional spaces and this can be used as a methodological framework to interpret things like, intention for creation of (buildings/architectures).

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 1970

철대사(鐵代謝)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究)는 과거(過去) 30년(年)동안 새로운 검사방법(檢査方法)의 도입(導入)으로 눈부신 발전(發展)을이룩하였다. 1937년(年) Heilmeyer 등(等)에 의(依)하여 Ortho-phenanthrolin방법(方法)의 개발(開發)로 저색소성빈혈(低色素性貧血)의 원인(原因)이 구명(究明)되고 또한 이에 대(對)한 치료(治療)의 원칙(原則)이 세워졌다. 그 후 심(甚)한 감염(感染)이나 악성종양(惡性腫瘍)을 가진 환자(患者)者에서 관찰(觀察)되는 빈혈(貧血)에 대(對)해서 하나의 가설(假說)을 세워 이를 설명(說明)하려 하였는데 이는 곧 혈장(血漿)으로부터 철분(鐵分)이 신속(迅速)히 소실(消失)되어 망내계(網內系)나 병변(病變)이 있는 국소부위(局所部位)에 주(主)로 모여 들어 특수(特殊)한 방어기능(防禦機能)을 발휘(發揮)한다는것으로 연자(演者)는 방사성동위원소(放射性同位元素)를 이용(利用)하여 이 가설(假說)을 증명(證明)하였으며 이 연구(硏究)에는 또한 이문호교수(李文鎬敎授)가 Freiburg대학(大學) 유학중(留學中) 참여(參與)한 바 있다. 철대사(鐵代謝)를 파악(把握)하기 위(爲)해서 $^{59}Fe$가 흔히 사용(使用)되는데 이러한 방사성동위원소(放射性同位元素)를 이용(利用)함으로서 다음 사항(事項)들을 관찰(觀察)할 수 있었다. 즉(卽) 1. 소화장기(消化臟器)로 부터의 철흡수(鐵吸收) 2. 혈장(血漿)에서의 철(鐵)의 소실속도(消失速度) 3. 혈장내(血漿內)에서의 철교체율(鐵交替率) 4. 적혈구(赤血球)의 철이용(鐵利用) 5. 생체내(生體內)의 철분포(鐵分布) 6. 철배설(鐵排泄)의 정량적(定量的) 분석(分析) 또한 근년(近年)에는 특수(特殊)한 기능(機能)을 발휘(發揮)할 수 있는 동위원소(同位元素)를 이용(利用)하여 철흡수(鐵吸收) 및 대사이외(代謝以外)에도 적혈구(赤血球)의 수명(壽命)과 혈액량등(血液量等)을 측정(測定)하게 되었다. 경구적(經口的)으로 투여(投與)된 철(鐵)은 대부분(大部分) 십이지장(十二指腸)의 상부(上部)에서 흡수(吸收)되고 무기철(無機鐵)이 보다 쉽게 흡수(吸收)되어 가(價)의 상태(狀態)로 된다. 혈장(血漿)에서는 transferrin에 의(依)해서 철(鐵)이 운반(運搬)된다. 혈장철(血漿鐵)의 대부분(大部分)은 혈색소분해(血色素分解)에서 유래(由來)되며 이는 다시 혈색소(血色素)의 재생(再生)에 이용(利用)되는데 혈장내(血漿內) 철교체율(鐵交替率)은 방사성철(放射性鐵)을 이용(利用)하여 측정(測定)할수 있다 이와같이 방사성철(放射性鐵)을 이용(利用)하여 철대사과정(鐵代謝過程)을 숙지(熟知)함으르서 임상(臨床)에 응용(應用)하기에 이르렀으며 다음과 같은 질환(疾患)의 진단(診斷)에 특(特)히 큰 도움을 준다. A. 진성철결핍증(眞性鐵缺乏症) : 혁색소철(血色素鐵) 및 저장철(貯藏鐵)을 포함(包含)한 생체내(生體內) 전철분(全鐵分)의 부족(不足)된 상태(狀態)로서 실혈(朱血)에 의(依)한 것이 대부분(大部分)이다. 이 경우 철흡수(鐵吸收)는 증가(增加), 혈장철치(血漿鐵値)는 저하(低下), 철소실속도(鐵消失速度)는 증가(增加)되며 혈장철(血漿鐵) 교체율(交替率)은 항진(亢進) 혹(或)은 정상(正常)이다. B. 심(甚)한 염증성(炎症性) 질환(疾患) : 이 경우에도 혈장철치(血漿鐵値)의 저하(低下), 소실속도(消失速度)의 증가(增加), 교체율(交替率)은 정상(正常)보다 4배(倍)까지 증가(增加)할 수 있다. 골수(骨髓)에서 보다는 간(肝), 비(脾)와 같은 망내계(網內系)에 방사성철(放射性鐵)이 집결(集結)되는 것으로 보아 혈색소철(血色素鐵)보다는 저장철(貯藏鐵)이 관여(關與)되는 것이다. C. 원발성(原發性) 혈색소증(血色素症)(Idiopathic hemochromatosis) : 혈장철(血漿鐵)의 증가(增加)가 현저(顯著)하며 transferrin 농도(濃度)는 정상(正常)보다 낮으나 거의 대부분(大部分)의 철분(鐵分)으로 포화(飽和)된다. 철흡수(鐵吸收)는 증가(增加)되고 철소실속도(鐵消失速度)는 감소(減少) 되어 있으나 교체율(交替率)은 항진(亢進)되어 있다. 혈장철(血漿鐵)은 간(肝), 비(脾) 등(等)의 기관(器管)으로 저장집결(貯藏集結)되어 철저류(鐵貯溜)가 증대(增大)되므로 철이용증((鐵利用症)은 저하(低下)된다. D. 선천성(先天性) 무(無)$\ulcorner$트란스헤 린$\lrcorner$증(症)(Congenital atransferrinemia) : 방사성철(放射性鐵)을 이용(利用)한 진단방법(診斷方法)으로 Freiburg에서 7세(歲)의 소녀(少女)에서 발견(發見)한 증례(症例)인데 간(肝), 비(脾), 심(心)의 비대(肥大)가 임상적(臨床的)으로 인지(認知)되었고 중증(重症)의 철결핍상(鐵缺乏狀)을 검출(檢出)할 수 있었다. 철흡수율(鐵吸收率)의 상승(上昇), 혈장철치(血裝鐵値)의 감소(減少), 혈장철소실속도(血漿鐵消失速度)의 증가(增加), 혈장철교체율(血漿鐵交替率)의 상승(上昇) 및 적혈구(赤血球)에서의 철분이용율(鐵分利用率)의 저하(低下)를 ferrokinetic study에서 알 수 있었고 간(肝)에서 고도(高度)의 방사능(放射能)이 검출(檢出)되는 반면(反面), 비(脾)에서는 극소(極小), 골수(骨髓)에는 전(全)혀 방사능(放射能)이 들어가 있지 않았다. 이 증례(症例)와 같이 transferrin이 없으면 철분(鐵分)은 쉽게 조직(組織)으로 들어가 hemosiderin으로 저장(貯藏)되고 골수(骨髓)는 고도(高度)의 철결핍증(鐵缺乏症)을 나타내어 기관철침착증(器管鐵沈着症)과 철결핍성빈혈(鐵缺乏性貧血)이 동시(同時)에 나타나게 된다. 철대사장애면(鐵代謝障碍面)으로 보아 많은 미해결점(未解決點)이 남아 있으며 앞으로 자라나는 젊은 학도(學徒)들이 구명(究明)할 문제(間題)라고 믿는다.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2019.10a
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• pp.95-95
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• 2019

상추(Lactuca sativa L.)는 대표적인 쌈 및 샐러드 채소로 우리나라 기준(2016년) 3,387 ha의 면적에서 86,128톤을 생산하여 엽채류 중 배추, 양배추 다음으로 많이 생산되는 작물이다. 안토시아닌(Anthocyanins)은 열매, 꽃, 줄기, 잎 등 식물계에 널리 분포되어 있는 페놀 화합물 중 하나로 적색, 자색 등의 색을 나타내는 수용성 flavonoid계 색소이다. BSLs (Bitter sesquiterpene lactones)는 항암, 항균, 해열과 염증완화에 효과가 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 농촌진흥청 농업유전자원센터에서 보유 중인 상추 66자원의 형태학적 특성 및 액체크로마토그래피(HPLC, UPLC)를 이용한 안토시아닌과 BSLs성분을 분석하여 함량이 높은 자원을 선발하고자 한다. 상추시료 0.05 g을 $MeOH/H_2O/AcAc$로 추출 한 후, UPLC를 사용하여 안토시아닌 함량을 분석하였으며, 상추시료 0.25 g을 100% MeOH로 추출 한 후 HPLC를 사용하여 BSLs 함량을 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 상추 유전자원의 안토시아닌 함량 범위는 0 mg/100 g에서 371.94 mg/100 g이고, BSLs성분 함량 범위는 $60.28{\mu}g/g\;DW$에서 $2821.92{\mu}g/g\;DW$ 이었다. 상추 66자원 중 안토시아닌함량이 200 mg/100 g이상인 자원은 IT217012, IT218395, IT231524, IT231525, IT260852이며, BSLs 함량이 $1700{\mu}g/g\;DW$이상인 자원은 IT231524, IT231525, IT231527, IT264971, IT271118이다. 두 성분의 함량이 모두 높은 자원 IT231524와 IT231525 이었다. 이 두자원의 형태적 특성은 초형이 잎상추로 잎이 넓은 타원형에 가장자리 결각이 강한 자주색이다. 따라서 본 연구는 다양한 상추 유전자원의 형태학적 특성 및 BSLs, 안토시아닌 성분이 높은 자원을 선발하여 육종소재로 활용하고자 한다.