• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.8-16
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• 2009

항암제에 의해 흰쥐에서 다형핵 백혈구(polymorphonuclear leukocytes, PMN) 의 활성산소종(reactive oxygen species, ROS)과 산화질소(nitric oxide, NO)의 생성변화에 대해 연구하였다. 최근 자극유도인자에 의한 PMN의 호흡방출은 protein kinase C (PKC)의 활성, inositol phosphate transduction pathway의 활성, 그리고 intracellular [$Ca^{2+}$]와 관계가 있다고 밝혀졌으며, 본 연구에서 사용된 항암제(cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, tamoxifen, doxifluridine)중 일부는 화학치료제로써 비특이적으로 면역을 억제하는데 사용되고 있다. 암 치료 시 백혈구의 방어기능에 미치는 영향을 연구하기 위한 목적으로 in vitro에서 각 항암제를 처리한 PMN을 배양하여 ROS와 NO의 생성변화와 이차적 신호전달계인 phospholipase C(PLC), D(PLD), PKC, tyrosine phosphorylation kinase (TPK)와 phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase의 억제율을 측정하였다. PMN에 각각cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, tamoxifen, doxifluridine을 short term(${\leq}4hrs$) 처리시, formylmethionyl-leucy1-phenylalanine (FMLP) 자극에 의해 호흡방출의 증가가 나타났다. 반면, long term (8hrs) 처리 시, ROS의 생성은concentration-dependent 방법으로 감소되었다.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.139-158
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• 1998

In order to study the anti-hyperlipidemic effects of Evening primrose, the changes of body weight, serum total cholesterol, serum HDL-cholesterol, serum triglyceride, serum LDL-cholesterol, serum total lipid and organ weight were observed after the liquid extracts of Single-dosage Evening primrose and Double-dosage Evening primrose were administered p.o to the hypercholestemic and hypertriglyceremic rats induced by 1% cholesterol diet during 10, 20, 30 days. The result were summarized as follows ; 1. The contents of body weight compared with control group was significantly decreased in single-dosage Evening primrose group during 10, 30 days and in double-dosage Evening primrose group did not show significant value. 2. The contents of serum total cholesterol with control group tend to be decreased in single-dosage Evening primrose group, but did not show significant value. Double-dosage Evening primrose group showed significant value during 20, 30 days. 3. The contents of serum HDL-cholesterol compared with control group was significantly increased in single-dosage Evening primrose group during 10, 20, 30 days. Double-dosage Evening primrose group showed significantly value during 30 days. 4. The contents of serum triglyceride compared with control group was significantly decreased in single-dosage Evening primrose group during 10, 30 days. Double-dosage Evening primrose group showed significant value during 20 days. 5. The contents of serum LDL-cholesterol compared with control group was significantly decreased in single-dosage Evening primrose group during 10 days. Double-dosage Evening primrose group showed significant value during 10, 20, 30 days. 6. The contents of serum total lipid compared with control group was significantly decreased in single-dosage Evening primrose group during 20 days. Double-dosage Evening primrose group showed significant value during 20, 30 days. 7. The contents of liver weight compared with control group was significantly decreased in single-dosage Evening primrose group and double-dosage Evening primrose group. The contents of kidney weight compared with control group was significantly decreased in single-dosage Evening primrose group. The contents of spleen weight compared with control group was significantly decreased in single-dosage Evening primrose group and double-dosage Evening primrose group. The contents of testis weight compared with control group tend to decreased in single-dosage Evening primrose group and double-dosage Evening primrose group, put did not show a significant value. From the above results, it was thought that Evening primrose could be applied effectively to the Hyperlipidemia.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.37-49
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• 2015

During pregnancy, the maternal body undergoes significant physiological changes. The present study assessed the changes on calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na) and potassium (K) metabolism in singleton and twin-pregnant dairy goats. The 42 goats used ($49.5kg{\pm}7.6$ body weight [BW]) were assigned at random to treatments that were factorially arranged to account for 2 breeds (Oberhasli and Saanen), 2 pregnancy types (singleton and twin) and 3 gestation periods (80, 110, and 140 days). Digestibility trials were performed at 80, 110, and 140 days of gestation. Mineral retention during pregnancy was determined in the maternal body, femur, uterus, mammary gland, fetus and fetal fluid. Blood samples were taken during pregnancy before and after a meal, and Ca, P, Mg, Na, K ions and alkaline phosphatase activity determined in serum. Bone mineral density was determined in the right femur. Statistical analyses were performed using the SAS MIXED procedure. Dry matter intake decreased linearly up to 140 days of gestation. Maternal BW gain, and Ca, P, and Mg retention (g/kg) decreased linearly with the advance of gestation days. Macromineral retention in maternal body (g/kg) was greater in Oberhasli than Saanen goats, and their fetuses had higher Ca, P, and Mg deposition (mg/g). Mineral retention (mg/g) increased in fetuses according to pregnancy development, with no differences between singleton and twin pregnancy. In the mammary gland, the retention of all minerals (g) increased with the days of pregnancy. In conclusion, related to Ca, P, and Mg metabolism can be divided into two stages. Up to 80 days of gestation, was characterized by the preparation of the maternal body reserves for future mineral demands. From 80 days of gestation onward, was characterized by the transfer of maternal body reserves for fetal development and colostrum production. Na and K supply was provided by adjustments in endogenous excretion and an increase in intestinal absorption. Finally, mineral metabolism was specific to each genotype and, except for Na, was not affected by the number of fetuses.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2008

11, 12, 1월에 수확한 대파를 5, 10, $20^{\circ}C$의 저장 온도에 넣어 저장(0, 3, 7, 11, 15일) 중의 품질변화를 관찰하였다. 11월 수확한 대파를 $5^{\circ}C$에서 저장했을 때의 호흡률은 10.05 $mL/hr{\cdot}kg$으로 12월과 1월 수확한 대파에 비하여 호흡률이 유의적으로 낮았으며, 저장온도를 $5^{\circ}C$로 하는 것이 $10^{\circ}C$나 $20^{\circ}C$에 저장하는 것에 비하여 호흡률이 낮게 나타나 대파의 대사속도를 낮춰 신선도를 유지하는 것에 효과적임을 알 수 있었다. 수확기간별 대파의 저장 중 중량감소율의 변화는 11월에 수확하여 $5^{\circ}C$에 저장한 대파의 중량감소율이 9.35%로 가장 낮게 측정되었으며 이는 다른 실험구보다 최소 2.15%, 최대 9.92% 낮은 중량감소율을 보여 가장 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 대파의 변패율은 1월에 수확한 대파가 가장 높게 나타났으며, 저장 15일이 지난 후에도 11월 수확한 대파가 초기에 비하여 황화정도가 가장 적었다. 또한 대파 엽부의 경도 변화를 측정한 결과 11월, 12월 및 1월에 수확하여 $5^{\circ}C$에 저장하였던 실험구가 다른 온도처리군보다 월등하게 경도가 유지되었던 반면 수확시기에 따른 경도는 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 수확기간별 대파의 저장온도에 따른 위조현상, 색변화, 풍미, 구매의사의 항목에 대하여 관능평가를 한 결과는 저장 기간 동안 각각의 관능 항목에서 11월에 수확하여 5oC에 저장한 대파가 가장 높은 점수를 받았다(p < 0.05). 이러한 관능평가의 결과는 대파의 호흡률, 중량감소율, 변패율, 색, 경도와 동일한 경향을 보였다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.31-41
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• 1986

The sufficient myoplasmic $Ca^{++}$ to react with the contractile proteins is necessary to induce contraction of a cardiac muscle. These $Ca^{++}$ for the production of muscle contraction are supplied from the three recognized $Ca^{++}$ sources; internal $Ca^{++}$ release via the sarcoplasmic reticulum(SR), $Ca^{++}$ influx through a gated Ca-channel in the membrane as a Isi, and $Ca^{++}$ transport by the mechanism of Na/ca exchange. However, it is still controversial which $Ca^{++}$ sources act as a main contributor for myoplasmic $Ca^{++}$, Therefore, this study was undertaken in order to examine the $Ca^{++}$ sources for the contraction of frog ventricle. There is evidence that the SR is sparse in frog ventricular fibers, and that T-tubules are absent. Isolated ventricular strips of frog, Rana nigromaculata, were used in this experiment. Isometric tension was recorded by force transducer, and membrane potentials of ventricular muscles were measured through the intracellular glass microelectrodes, which were filled with 3M KCI and had resistance of $30{\pm}50M{\Omega}$. All experiments were performed at room temperature in a tris·buffered Ringer solution which was aerated with 100% $O_2$. Isotonic high K, low Na solution was used to induce K-contracture, K-contracture appeared at the concentration of 20 to 30mM-KCI and was potentiated in parallel with the increase in KCI concentration. The contracture had two components: an initial rapid phasic and a subsequent slow tonic contractile responses. Membrane Potentials measured at normal Ringer solution(2.5mM KCI) was -90 to -100 mV, and decreased linearly as the KCI concentration increased; -55mV at 20mM.KCI, -45mV at 30 mM.KCI, -30 mY at 50 mM.KCI, and -12 mV at 100 mM.KCI. K-contracture was evoked firstly at the membrane potential of -45 mV. The contracture was potentiated by the increase of bathing extracellular $Ca^{++}$ concentration. However, in the absence of $Ca^{++}$ the contracture was almost not induced by 50 mM.KCI solution. Caffeine(20mM) in normal Ringer solution, which is known to release $Ca^{++}$ from SR without substantial effects on the $Ca^{++}$ fluxes across the surface membrane, did not affect membrane potential and also not initiate contracture, but the caffeine in 20 mM-KCI Ringer solution produced a contracture. Above results suggest that the main $Ca^{++}$ source for the K·contracture of frog ventricle is $Ca^{++}$ influx through the voltage-dependent Ca-channel, and that in the K-contracture at the concentration of 100 mM-KCI, the mechanism of Na/ca exchange also partly contributs, in addition to the $Ca^{++}$ influx.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제18권sup호
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• pp.35-40
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• 2012

본 연구는 사료에 서양고추냉이 분말 0.03%, 팽이버섯폐배지 0.5% 및 서양고추냉이 분말 0.03%와 팽이버섯폐배지 0.5%의 혼합제를 사료에 각각 첨가한 후 비육돈에 급여하여 분뇨에서 발생되는 악취물질의 농도변화를 조사하였다. 1. 분뇨의 단쇄지방산 농도를 측정한 결과 초산, 프로피온산, 부티르산 및 이성체지방산의 농도는 처리구간에 차이가 없었다(p>0.05). 2. 분뇨의 페놀, p-크레졸 및 이들을 합한 페놀류 농도는 처리구간에 차이가 없었다(p>0.05). 그러나 인돌 농도는 고추냉이 처리구에서 낮았으며(p<0.05), 스카톨 농도는 대조구와 고추냉이구에서 가장 높았고, 고추냉이와 버섯폐배지의 혼합구에서 가장 낮았으며, 버섯폐배지구는 중간이었다(p<0.05). 인돌류 농도는 고추냉이와 버섯폐배지의 혼합구에서 가장 낮았다(p<0.05).

• 한국패류학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.253-260
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• 2008

각각 20 시료씩 최대한 다양한 산지에서 생산된 것으로 추정되는 참굴, 김 및 조피볼락을 시중에서 수집하여 이들 수산 식품에 존재하는 15 종의 다환성 방향족 탄화수소류 (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs)의 잔류량을 분석하였다. 그 결과 1종의 PAHs라도 발견되는 시료의 비율은 참굴 전육질부(75%), 조피볼락 간췌장(35%), 조피볼락 근육(0%), 건조 김(0%) 순이었다. 이런 차이가 나타나도록 영향을 미치는 요인을 분석하기 위해 실험실에서 대표적 PAHs의 하나인 phenanthrene을 이 세 종의 생물에 0.01 및 $0.1{\mu}g/mL$의 농도로 2주간 노출시켰다. 참굴의 소화선, 김, 조피볼락의 간췌장에서 높은 축적성이 관찰되었지만 굴의 전 육질부(소화선 포함)나 조피볼락의 근육에서는 낮은 축적성이 관찰되었다. 생물 종간의 실험실 노출에서의 축적성 차이와 시중 시료에서 발견된 잔류성 차이는 관련성이 거의 없었다. PAHs는 소수성이 강한 물질이기 때문에 생물 종간 지방 함량을 분석하여 지방함량이 PAHs 축적성에 관련되는 지를 평가하였다. 조피볼락의 간췌장이 근육에 비해 지질 함량이 높았고 phenanthrene 축적성도 높은 것으로 조사되어 조피볼락에서 지질 함량이 간췌장으로의 PAHs의 축적에 어느 정도 기여하는 것으로 추정되었지만 다른 생물에서는 지질 함량에 따른 phenanthrene 축적성 차이가 없었다. 또한 PAHs 대사를 통한 배설 정도를 평가하기 위해 cytochrome $P_{450}$ 효소의 하나인 7-ethyoxyresorufin-O-deethylase(EROD)의 활성을 분석한 결과, 조피볼락에서는 참굴 보다 EROD 활성이 훨씬 높게 나타나 조피볼락에서 참굴보다 PAHs의 제거가 더 활발하였음을 추정할 수 있었고 그 결과로 인해 조피볼락에서 상대적으로 PAHs 검출 빈도를 낮게 나타난 것으로 추정된다. 그러나 본 연구에서 분석되지 않은 인자들 예를 들면, 생물간 노출 조건의 차이, 도피 능력, 섭이를 통한 축적 및 가공 과정에서의 소실 등에 대한 평가는 더 조사해야 할 부분이다.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.861-876
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• 1965

During my stay in the Netherlands, I have studied the following, primarily in relation to the Mokpo Yong-san project which had been studied by the NEDECO for a feasibility report. 1. Unit hydrograph at Naju There are many ways to make unit hydrograph, but I want explain here to make unit hydrograph from the- actual run of curve at Naju. A discharge curve made from one rain storm depends on rainfall intensity per houre After finriing hydrograph every two hours, we will get two-hour unit hydrograph to devide each ordinate of the two-hour hydrograph by the rainfall intensity. I have used one storm from June 24 to June 26, 1963, recording a rainfall intensity of average 9. 4 mm per hour for 12 hours. If several rain gage stations had already been established in the catchment area. above Naju prior to this storm, I could have gathered accurate data on rainfall intensity throughout the catchment area. As it was, I used I the automatic rain gage record of the Mokpo I moteorological station to determine the rainfall lntensity. In order. to develop the unit ~Ydrograph at Naju, I subtracted the basic flow from the total runoff flow. I also tried to keed the difference between the calculated discharge amount and the measured discharge less than 1O~ The discharge period. of an unit graph depends on the length of the catchment area. 2. Determination of sluice dimension Acoording to principles of design presently used in our country, a one-day storm with a frequency of 20 years must be discharged in 8 hours. These design criteria are not adequate, and several dams have washed out in the past years. The design of the spillway and sluice dimensions must be based on the maximun peak discharge flowing into the reservoir to avoid crop and structure damages. The total flow into the reservoir is the summation of flow described by the Mokpo hydrograph, the basic flow from all the catchment areas and the rainfall on the reservoir area. To calculate the amount of water discharged through the sluiceCper half hour), the average head during that interval must be known. This can be calculated from the known water level outside the sluiceCdetermined by the tide) and from an estimated water level inside the reservoir at the end of each time interval. The total amount of water discharged through the sluice can be calculated from this average head, the time interval and the cross-sectional area of' the sluice. From the inflow into the .reservoir and the outflow through the sluice gates I calculated the change in the volume of water stored in the reservoir at half-hour intervals. From the stored volume of water and the known storage capacity of the reservoir, I was able to calculate the water level in the reservoir. The Calculated water level in the reservoir must be the same as the estimated water level. Mean stand tide will be adequate to use for determining the sluice dimension because spring tide is worse case and neap tide is best condition for the I result of the calculatio 3. Tidal computation for determination of the closure curve. During the construction of a dam, whether by building up of a succession of horizontael layers or by building in from both sides, the velocity of the water flowinii through the closing gapwill increase, because of the gradual decrease in the cross sectional area of the gap. 1 calculated the . velocities in the closing gap during flood and ebb for the first mentioned method of construction until the cross-sectional area has been reduced to about 25% of the original area, the change in tidal movement within the reservoir being negligible. Up to that point, the increase of the velocity is more or less hyperbolic. During the closing of the last 25 % of the gap, less water can flow out of the reservoir. This causes a rise of the mean water level of the reservoir. The difference in hydraulic head is then no longer negligible and must be taken into account. When, during the course of construction. the submerged weir become a free weir the critical flow occurs. The critical flow is that point, during either ebb or flood, at which the velocity reaches a maximum. When the dam is raised further. the velocity decreases because of the decrease\ulcorner in the height of the water above the weir. The calculation of the currents and velocities for a stage in the closure of the final gap is done in the following manner; Using an average tide with a neglible daily quantity, I estimated the water level on the pustream side of. the dam (inner water level). I determined the current through the gap for each hour by multiplying the storage area by the increment of the rise in water level. The velocity at a given moment can be determined from the calcalated current in m3/sec, and the cross-sectional area at that moment. At the same time from the difference between inner water level and tidal level (outer water level) the velocity can be calculated with the formula $h= \frac{V^2}{2g}$ and must be equal to the velocity detertnined from the current. If there is a difference in velocity, a new estimate of the inner water level must be made and entire procedure should be repeated. When the higher water level is equal to or more than 2/3 times the difference between the lower water level and the crest of the dam, we speak of a "free weir." The flow over the weir is then dependent upon the higher water level and not on the difference between high and low water levels. When the weir is "submerged", that is, the higher water level is less than 2/3 times the difference between the lower water and the crest of the dam, the difference between the high and low levels being decisive. The free weir normally occurs first during ebb, and is due to. the fact that mean level in the estuary is higher than the mean level of . the tide in building dams with barges the maximum velocity in the closing gap may not be more than 3m/sec. As the maximum velocities are higher than this limit we must use other construction methods in closing the gap. This can be done by dump-cars from each side or by using a cable way.e or by using a cable way.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.28-35
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• 1983

연(鉛) 아연광산(亜鉛鉱山) 인근답중(隣近畓中) Cd오염(汚染)이 심(甚)할 것으로 여상(予想)되는 지점(地点) 36개소(個所)에서 토양(土壤)과 현미(玄米)를 수도수확기(水稻收穫期)에 동시(同時)에 채취(採取)하여 토양중(土壤中) Cd을 $KNO_3$ 침출성(浸出性)(치환태(置換態)), NaF 침출성(浸出性)(흡착태(吸着態)), $Na_4P_2O_7$ 침출성(浸出性)(유기태(有機態)), EDTA 침출성(浸出性)(Carbonate태(態)), $HNO_3$ 침출성(浸出性)(Sulfide태(態)), 비침출성(非浸出性)(불용태(不溶態))로 분별분석(分別分析)하여 이들 형태(形態)의 Cd과 토양특성(土壤特性)과 관계(関係) 및 현미중(玄米中) Cd 함량(含量)과의 관계(関係)를 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 형태별(形態別) Cd 분포비(分布比)는 토양특성(土壤特性)에 따라 차이(差異)가 심(甚)하나 평균치(平均値)를 보면 유기태(有機態)가 대략 44%, 불용태(不溶態)가 약 6%, 기타형태(其他形態)는 10~15% 범위(範囲)였다. 2. pH가 높은 토양(土壤)일수록 치환태(置換態) Cd은 낮아지나 유기태(有機態) 및 Carbonate태(態) Cd은 증가(增加)하는 경향(傾向)이고 타형태(他形態)의 Cd은 pH에 따른 변화(変化)를 보이지 않았다. 3. 유기물(有機物) 함량(含量)이 높은 토양(土壤)일수록 유기태(有機態) Cd만 增加하고 흡착태(吸着態)를 제외(除外)한 다른 형태(形態)의 Cd은 감소(減少)하는 경향(傾向)이었다. 4. CEC와 Cd 형태별(形態別) 분포(分布)와의 관계(関係)는 유기물(有機物) 함량(含量)에 따른 Cd의 분포양상(分布樣相)과 유사(類似)하였다. 5. 현미중(玄米中) Cd은 유기태(有機態) Cd과 가장 높은 정(正)의 상관(相関)을 보였으며, Carbonate태(態) Cd도 유의성(有意性)있는 정(正)의 상관(相関)을 보였으나 다른 형태(形態)의 Cd와는 유의성(有意性)있는 상관(相関)을 보이지 않았다.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.23-38
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• 2009

Objectives : The purpose of this morphological studies was to investigate the relations between Sanyinjiao(Sp6), Yinlingquan(Sp9) and pancreas of rats using peudorabies virus(PRV). Methods : We observed labeled neurons following the injection of PRV, Bartha strain, into the Sanyinjiao(Sp6), Yinlingquan(Sp9) and pancreas of rats. After survival times of 4 days following the injection of PRV, the rats were perfused, and their spinal ganglia, spinal cord and brain stem were frozen sectioned($35{\mu}m$). These sections were strained by PRV immunohistchemical staining methods and observed with light microscope. Results : The results were as follows. 1. In the spinal ganglia, the overlap areas of PRV labeled neurons projecting to Sanyinjiao(Sp6), Yinlingquan(Sp9) and pancreas were observed in T10-13 dorsal root ganglia. 2. In the spinal cord, the overlap areas of PRV labeled neurons projecting to Sanyinjiao(Sp6), Yinlingquan(Sp9) and pancreas were lamina I, IV, V, VII, IX, X, intermediolateral nucleus(IML), intermediomedial nucleus(IMM) in thoracic segments. In lumbar segments, the overlap areas of PRV labeled neuron were lamina I, IV, V, VI, IX, X and IMM. In sacral segments, the overlap areas of PRV labeled neuron were lamina I, IV, V, VI, VII, IX, X. 3. In the brain, the overlap areas of PRV labeled neurons projecting to Sanyinjiao(Sp6), Yinlingquan(Sp9) and pancreas were area postrema, nucleus tractus solitarius, caudoventrolateral reticular nu., medullary reticular nu., lateral paragigantocellular nu., C3 adrenalin cells, gigantocellular nu., raphe pallidus nu., raphe obscurus nu., ambiguus nu., raphe magnus nu., pontine reticular formation, A5 cell group, subcoeruleus nu., locus coeruleus, Barringnton's nu., $K{\ddot{o}}lliker$-Fuse nu., dorsal raphe nu., Edinger-Westphal nu., central gray matter, perifornical nu., dorsomedial hypothalamic nu., arcuate nu., lateral hypothalamic nu., paraventricular hypothalamic nu., hindlimb area. Conclusions : In conclusion, these results suggest that the interrelationship of meridian(spleen meridian), acupoints(Sp6 and Sp9) and viscera(pancreas) may be related the central autonomic centers.