• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.53-68
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• 2001

Purpose : This Study was conducted to evaluate clinical manifestations of abdominal pain(AP) in childhood according to its symptoms and to find out characteristic of children with abdominal pain. Methods : Pacients who visited Dong-Eui Oriental Medical hospital from August to November 2001 due to abdominal pain were included. According to questionaire and history taking abdominal pain was classified by its six subtype in the Oriental Pediatic Text Book and Dong Eui Bo Gam(東醫寶鑑). Result : According to the Oriental Pediatic Text Book, among 41 children, 31.7% had symptoms of AP caused by cold in internal organs of deficiency(臟腑虛冷腹痛), 29.3% had symptoms of AP caused by diet(食積腹痛), 19.5% had symptoms of AP caused by cold(寒腹痛), 9.8% had symptoms of AP caused by both cold and diet, 7.3% had symptoms of AP caused by internal diet and external cold(內食外寒腹痛), 2.4% had symptoms of AP caused by stagnation of Ki and stasis of blood(氣滯血瘀腹痛). There is no AP caused by parasites(蟲腹痛). Otherwise, according to Dong Eui Bo Gam, 43.9% had symptoms of AP caused by cold, 26.8% had symptoms of AP caused by diet, 9.8% had symptoms of AP caused by both cold and diet, 7.3% had symptoms of AP caused by fire(熱腹痛), 7.3% had symptoms of AP caused by phlegm(痰飮腹痛), 4.9% had symptoms of AP caused by stagnated blood(瘀血腹痛). Also There is no AP caused by parasites. Conclusion : 1. The type of AP in Childhood is different from AP in adults. AP in Childhood is most occured by cold of deficiency and food, and there is few AP caused by fire. Six subtype in Dong Eui Bo Gam prefer adults to children and It is more studied that what kind of subtype is proper for AP caused by stress or drugs. So the study on subclassification and clinical Manifestations of AP in Childhood is more performed.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.746-752
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• 2016

In this study, soft carbon was prepared by carbonization of carbon precursor (pitch) obtained from PFO (pyrolysis fuel oil) heat treatment. Three carbon precursors prepared by the thermal reaction were 3903 (at $390^{\circ}C$ for 3 h), 4001 (at $400^{\circ}C$ for 1 h) and 4002 (at $400^{\circ}C$ for 2 h). After the prepared soft carbon was ground to a particle size of $25{\sim}35^{\circ}C$, the soft carbon was synthesised by the chemical treatment with boric acid ($H_3BO_3$). The prepared soft carbon were analysed by XRD, FE-SEM and XPS. Also, the electrochemical performances of soft carbon were investigated by constant current charge/discharge test, cyclic voltammetry and impedance tests in the electrolyte of $LiPF_6$ dissolved inorganic solvents (EC:DMC=1:1 vol%+VC 3 wt%). The coin cell using soft carbon of $25{\sim}35^{\circ}C$ with 3903 soft carbon ($H_3BO_3$/Pitch=3:100 in weight) has better initial capacity and efficiency (330 mAh/g, 82%) than those of other coin cells. Also, it was found that the retention rate capability of 2C/0.1C was 90% after 30 cycles.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.12-26
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• 2003

1. Purpose This study is intend to catch DongMu(東武)'s viewpoint of Chobongeun Soyangin prescription. 2. Method Through Comparing Chongeun Soyangin prescriptions and medications on those of DongEuiBoGam(東醫寶鑑), DongyiSooseBowon Gabobon and DongyiSooseBowon Sinchukbon, we can find DongMu(東武)'s viewpoint of Sasang Constitutional Medicine. 3. Results 1) The same Hi prescriptions between DongEuiBoGam(東醫寶鑑) and Chobongeun Soyangin are not entirely identical. 2) GamCho(甘草), GaengMi(粳米) and Sagunja(使君子) were used in the Chobongeun Soyangin prescriptions. that means DongMu(東武)'s viewpoint of Sasang Constitutional Medicine was not entirely established. 3) PaedockSan(敗毒散), VukmijihwangTang(六味地黃湯) and BaekhoTang(白虎湯) were representative prescriptions in the Chobongeun Soyangin prescriptions. And that prescriptions were connected to DongyiSooseBowon Sinchukbon. 4) The same kind medications which were record on DongEuiBoGam(東醫寶鑑) and Chobongeun Soyangin are eighteen. And that medications are the structural principle of Chobongeun Soyangin prescriptions.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.11
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• pp.1487-1494
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• 2009

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) plays well-defined roles in eliciting immune responses and combating infectious diseases. The major histocompatibility complex of cattle is referred to as BoLA (Bovine Lymphocyte Antigen). This genetic system is among the most polymorphic. In the present study, polymorphism of the BoLA- DRB3.2 locus in three Bos indicus breeds viz., Sahiwal, Rathi and Hariana was studied by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism technique using the enzymes RsaI, Bst Y1 and Hae III. Both Sahiwal and Rathi are good Indian dairy breeds and survive under tough tropical conditions, while Hariana is a prominent dual-purpose breed reared both as a dairy animal and for bullock production. A total of 30 different BoLADRB3.2 alleles were observed to be present in the 3 Bos indicus breeds. Certain alleles were common amongst the three breeds while there were others that were unique to each breed. Allelic distribution amongst the three breeds showed that each breed had a unique allelic distribution pattern that was different from each other and also different from the earlier breeds studied so far for the existence of allelic variation at this locus. A dendogram was constructed based on the frequencies of the BoLA-DRB3 alleles using the UPGMA method. The Rathi and Hariana animals were genetically the most apart. The Hariana animals clustered on a different branch from the other two breeds viz. the Rathi and the Sahiwal. The smallest genetic distances for the DRB3 alleles were those between Sahiwal and Rathi (0.5461) while genetic distance between Hariana and Sahiwal was 0.6123. A comparison of the allelic frequencies of the BoLADRB3.2 locus in these 3 breeds viz. Sahiwal, Hariana and Rathi with the allelic frequencies present in the previously characterized Bos indicus Kankrej breed, which is a dual purpose breed reared both as a draught and a dairy animal, showed that the Bos indicus Sahiwal and Rathi breeds clustered into one group while the Hariana and Kankrej breeds formed another group. The Rathi and Sahiwal showed the least genetic distance of 0.5461 amongst the breeds whereas the Rathi and Kankrej, with a Nei''s genetic distance of 1.1622, were genetically the most distant apart.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.775-778
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• 2006

Sarabi cows (n = 136) from the Sarabi Breeding Station were genotyped at bovine lymphocyte antigen (BoLA)-DRB3.2 locus by a genotyping system that used the polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism. Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood samples. A two-step polymerase chain reaction was carried out in order to amplify a 284 base-pair fragment of target gene. Nested-PCR products were digested with three restriction endonuclease enzymes RsaI, BstYI and HaeIII. Digested fragments were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-six BoLA-DRB3.2 alleles were identified with frequencies ranging from 0.4 to 15.1%. Six new allele types observed in this study have not been reported previously. Identified alleles include: BoLA-DRB3.$2^*1$, $^*2$, $^*4$, $^*6$, $^*8$, $^*12$, $^*13$, $^*14$, $^*15$, $^*16$, $^*17$, $^*23$, $^*24$, $^*25$, $^*28$, $^*32$, $^*34$, $^*35$, $^*36$, $^*37$, $^*42$, $^*46$, $^*51$, $^*kba$, $^*laa$ and $^*vaa$. Their frequencies were found to be 0.4, 0.4, 0.7, 11.4, 1.1, 1.8, 2.9, 2.2, 4.4, 9.6, 1.1, 13.6, 0.4, 0.4, 1.1, 0.7, 0.4, 6.2, 2.2, 3.7, 1.1, 7.7, 1.5, 15.1, 2.6 and 7.3% respectively. The six most frequent alleles (DRB3.2 $^*6$, $^*16$, $^*23$, $^*46$, $^*kba$ and $^*vaa$) accounted for 64.7% of the alleles in the population of this herd. Numerous studies on this locus, covering different breeds, has revealed the existence of various alleles in this locus, and new investigations have introduced novel alleles. With respect to the high number of the observed alleles in this survey and the novelty of some alleles with no previous record of reporting, it is plausible to conclude that the BoLA-DRB3.2 locus is highly polymorphic in Iranian native Sarabi cows.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.360-366
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• 2008

Purpose: Botulinum toxin type A(BoTA) can block the release of vasoconstriction cotransmitters as well as acetylcholine in nerve terminal. The authors observed that BoTA increases flap survival by preventing sympathetic collapse of peripheral vessels. Methods: 10 Sprague Dawley rats were divided into control(n=5), and BoTA group(n=5). $3{\times}10cm$ sized random pattern cutaneous flaps were elevated on the dorsal side in both groups. In BoTA group, BoTA was injected into the flap via intradermal to subdermal route, 7 days before the flap elevation. Flap survival rates (survival area/total area) were measured 7 days after the elevation. Cutaneous blood flow was measured in proximal, middle and distal compartments of the flap using laser Doppler flowmetry initially, preoperatively, at immediate postoperation, and 7 days after flap elevation, respectively. Histological examination was performed 7 days after the flap elevation. The number and shape of the vessels were evaluated under microscope. Results: Mean flap survival was $53.18{\pm}6.58%$ in control group and $93.79{\pm}6.06%$ in BoTA group, displaying statistically significant difference(p=0.0008, p<0.05). In the control group, blood flow to the middle and distal compartments of the flap decreased significantly immediately after flap elevation. In the BoTA group, blood flow to the middle compartment did not decrease(p=0.002) and slightly decreased in the distal compartment(p=0.001). Cutaneous blood flow was significantly higher in all compartments of the flap in BoTA group than in control group, 7 days after the flap elevation. In histopathologic examination, greater number of vessels were noted in the BoTA group than in the control group. Conclusion: Botulinum toxin A can increase the survival of the random pattern cutaneous flap in rats by preventing the sympathetic collapse of peripheral vessels.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.667-671
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• 2006

The new MPV-type reagents, B-acetoxydiisopinocampheylborane ($Ipc _2$BOAc) and B-trifluoroacetoxydiisopinocampheylborane $(Ipc _2BO _2CCF _3)$, have been prepared and their reducing characteristics in the reduction of carbonyl compound have been examined in order to find out a new reducing system with unique applicability in organic synthesis. In general, the reactivity of $Ipc _2BO _2CCF _3$ appears to be stronger than that of $Ipc _2$BOAc, presumably due to the acidity increase by the electron-withdrawing fluorine-substituent. Both reagents show an excellent selectivity in 1,2-reduction of $\alpha,\beta$-unsaturatedcarbonyl compounds and in competitive reduction between structurally different carbonyl compounds. In addition, $Ipc _2BO _2CCF _3$ shows interesting features in the stereoreduction of cyclic ketones.

• The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.141-153
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• 2000

The several Chinese herbs such as Soon-Ki-Hwal-Hyul-Tang, Bo-Yang-Hwan-O-Tang, Seong-Hyang-Jeong-Ki-San, So-Hap-Hyang-Won and O-Yak-Soon-Ki-San were extracted with water and then lyophilized. For identification of the effect of extracted herbs, they were medicated to 103 patients of cerebrovascular accident for 4 week. They were hospitalized in D-Oriental Medical Hospital from April to August in 1999. The herbs were extracted with water and lyophilized and then, used as samples. The medical history of each patient was detected and analyzed from their medical records. The results were as follows; 1) Each sample (Soon-Ki-Hwal-Hyul-Tang, Bo-Yang-Hwan-O-Tang, Seong-Hyang-Jeong-Ki-San, and O-Yak-Soon-Ki-San) was statistically significant differences of systolic blood pressure(t=4.22, P=0.0004; t=3.44, P=0.0028; t=2.11, P=0.0463; t=3.23, P=0.0052). The statistically significant difference of diastolic blood pressure showed by medicated with Soon-Ki-Hwal-Hyal-Tang, Seong-Hyang-Jeong-Ki-San, and O-Yak-Soon-ki-San (t=2.13, P=0.0459; t=2.68, P=0.0136; t=3.12, P=0.0066). 2) The statistically significant difference of the arm/leg-ROM showed by medicated with Soon-Ki-Hwal-Hyul-Tang, Bo-Yang-Hwan-O Tang, So-Hap-Hyang-Won(t=4.74/4.95, P=0.0002/0.0001; t=2.25/2.44, P=0.0368/0.0248; t=5.85/6.76, P=0.0001/0.0001). 3) In the verbal disorder, Soon-Ki-Hwal-Hyul-Tang, Bo-Yang-Hwan-O-Tang had statistically significant differences(t=4.50, P=0.0002; t=3.32, P=0.0036). 4) In the conscious disorder, Soon-Ki-Hwal-Hyul-Tang, Bo-Yang-Hwan-O-Tang, Seong-Hyang-Jeong-Ki-San, and So-Hap-Hyang-Won had statistically significant differences(t=6.32, P =0.0001; t=8.32, P=0.0001; t=3.74, P=0.0012; t=5.14, P=0.0001). 5) Bovine aortic endothelial cell (BAEC) were cultured in DMEM treating 0.01mg/ml, and 0.1mg/ml of each lyophilized samples for 24 hours. In BAECs were treated by 5 kinds of samples, the effect of So-Hyap-Hyang-Won induced syncytium of adjacent endothelial cells. It may induce the recovering of the damaged blood vessels in cerebrovascular accidental patient by angiogensis of endothelial cells. Therefore, it suggests that the medication of So-Hap-Hyang-Won will help to nursing care for cerebrovascular accidental patients.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.21 no.7
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• pp.719-727
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• 2011

Botulism is a neuroparalytic disease caused by Clostridium botulinum, which produces seven (A-G) antigenically diverse neurotoxins (BoNTs). BoNTs are the most poisonous substances known to humans, with a median lethal dose ($LD_{50}$) of approximately 1 ng/kg of body weight. Owing to their extreme potency and lethality, they have the potential to be used as a bioterrorism agent. The mouse bioassay is the gold standard for the detection of botulinum neurotoxins; however, it requires at least 3-4 days for completion. Attempts have been made to develop an ELISA-based detection system, which is potentially an easier and more rapid method of botulinum neurotoxin detection. The present study was designed using a synthetic gene approach. The synthetic gene encoding the catalytic domain of BoNT serotype B from amino acids 1-450 was constructed with PCR overlapping primers (BoNT/B LC), cloned in a pQE30 UA vector, and expressed in an E. coli M15 host system. Recombinant protein production was optimized at 0.5 mM IPTG final concentration, 4 h post induction, resulting in a maximum yield of recombinant proteins. The immunogenic nature of the recombinant BoNT/B LC protein was evaluated by ELISA. Antibodies were raised in BALB/c mice using various adjuvants. A significant rise in antibody titer (p<0.05) was observed in the Alum group, followed by the Titermax Classic group, Freund's adjuvant, and the Titermax Gold group. These developed high-titer antibodies may prove useful for the detection of botulinum neurotoxins in food and clinical samples.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.687-690
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• 2009

A series of novel 1,3-diallyltrisulfane analogues were synthesized and assayed in vitro for antimicrobial activity against Gram positive, Gram negative bacteria and fungi. The antimicrobial activity of the 1,3-diallyltrisulfane derivatives showed, on the whole, very potent towards all the tested Gram positive, Gram negative and fungi (MIC ranging from 4 to 256 μg/mL). 1,3-Di(pent-4-enyl)trisulfane 3b and 1,3-bis(3-methylbut-2-enyl)trisulfane 3e exhibited the strongest antibacterial activity among all the compounds, and both of them were more active than 1,3-diallyltrisulfane (DATS). Results indicated the relationship of either carbon number or lipophilicity with antimicrobial activity presented “V” shape. These observations provided some predictions in order to further design 1,3-diallyltrisulfane derivatives with antimicrobial activity.