• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제26권7호
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• pp.545-553
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• 2003

The expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a characteristic response to inflammation, which can be inhibited with sodium salicylate. IL-1$\beta$ and TNF-$\alpha$ can induce extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), IKK, IkB degradation and NF-$\kappa$B activation. Salicylate inhibited the IL-1$\beta$ and TNF-$\alpha$-induced COX-2 expressions, regulated the activation of ERK, IKK and IkB degradation, and the subsequent activation of NF-$\kappa$B, in neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes. The inhibition of the ERK pathway, with a selective inhibitor, PD098059, blocked the expressions of IL-1$\beta$ and TNF-$\alpha$-induced COX-2 and $PGE_2$ release. The antioxidant, N-acetyl-cysteine, also reduced the glutathione or catalase- attenuated COX-2 expressions in IL-1$\beta$ and TNF-$\alpha$-treated cells. This antioxidant also inhibited the activation of ERK and NF-$\kappa$B in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. In addition, IL-1$\beta$ and TNF-$\alpha$-stimulated the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cardiomyocytes. However, salicylate had no inhibitory effect on the release of ROS in the DCFDA assay. The results showed that salicylate inhibited the activation of ERK and IKK, I$\kappa$B degradation and NF-$\kappa$B activation, independently of the release of ROS, which suggested that salicylate exerts its anti-inflammatory action through the inhibition of ERK, IKK, IkB and NF-$\kappa$B, and the resultant COX-2 expression pathway in neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제61권2호
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• pp.205-211
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• 2018

리바우디오사이드 A는 Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni에서 분리된 천연감미료로 널리 알려진 스테비올배당체 중 하나이다. 최근 연구에서 LPS 자극에 의해 활성화된 RAW264.7 마우스 대식 세포에서 리바우디오사이드 A가 인터루킨-$1{\alpha}/1{\beta}$ 같은 염증성 사이토카인 분비를 억제하는 기능이 확인되었다. 그러나 LPS처리 시 리바우디오사이드 A의 항염 활성에 대한염증 억제기작은 정확히 제시하지 못하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 리바우디오사이드 A의 LPS 신호전달 메카니즘에서의 항염증 효능을 단백질 수준에서 규명하고자 하였다. NO 생성에 관여하는 iNOS 단백질 발현양을 분석한 결과 리바우디오사이드 A의 $250{\mu}M$ 처리군에서 농도 의존적으로 단백질 발현이 감소하는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 염증 신호에 의한 대표적 핵 전사 인자인 $NF{\kappa}B$의 mRNA 발현량 분석 결과에서도 LPS 처리군에 비해 그 발현양이 감소하였다. 또한 세포질에 존재하는 $NF-{\kappa}B$와 $I-{\kappa}B$ 복합체는 LPS신호에 의한 $I-{\kappa}B$의 인산화 및 ubiquitination로 인해 $NF-{\kappa}B$가 이탈되기 때문에, 리바우디오사이드 A에 의한 $pNF-{\kappa}B$, $pI-{\kappa}B$의 단백질 발현을 비교 분석한 결과 $NF-{\kappa}B$ 단백질의 인산화가 농도 의존적으로 감소하였고, $I-{\kappa}B$의 인산화 또한 저해되는 것을 확인 하였다. 최종적으로 리바우디오사이드 A는 LPS처리 조건에서 MAPK중 특이적으로 extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2)의 인산화를 농도 의존 방식으로 감소시킴으로써 $NF-{\kappa}B$ 조절 기작에 관여함을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 본 연구 결과들을 통해 우리는 리바우디오사이드 A가 RAW264.7 세포에서 LPS에 의해 활성화 되는 MAPK 및 $NF{\kappa}B$의 발현 억제를 통해 염증이 억제될 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.39-54
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of the water extract of Omisodokeum (OMSDE) on peritoneal macrophages, Methods: To verify the anti-inflammatory mechanism of OMSDE, the activation of nuclear $factor-{\kappa}B$ $(NF-{\kappa}B)$ and the phosphorylation of MAPK were examined. Results: The extract of OMSDE suppressed the production of LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-{\alpha}$, interleukin $(IL)-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and IL-12 in the macrophages. OMSDE inhibited the degradation of inhibitory ${\kappa}B-{\alpha}$ $(I{\kappa}B-{\alpha})$ and it suppressed the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK 1/2) but didn't inhibit c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38, indicating that OMSDE may inhibit the pro-inflammatory cytokine production process by inhibiting the activation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ and ERK 1/2. Furthermore, OMSDE inhibited the production of interferon $(IFN)-{\beta}$ but didn't inhibit of $IFN-{\alpha}$ in the LPS-stimulated macrophages through the down-regulation of interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-1 and IRF-7. The Oral administration of OMSDE inhibited LPS-induced endotoxin shock and the production of $TNF-{\alpha}$ in serum but didn't inhibit of $IL-1{\beta}$ and IL-6. Conclusion: These results suggest that OMSDE may be effective in the prevention and treatment of inflammatory diseases.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.206-213
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• 2009

본 연구는 RBL-2H3 세포에서 고삼의 NF-${\kappa}B$ (p65) 활성 억제를 통한 과립감소와 전염증성 시토카인 억제 효과에 관한 것으로 주요 내용은 다음과 같다. 본 연구에서는 PMA와 A23187로 유발된 흰쥐 백혈병(RBL-2H3) 세포에서 고삼의 항알레르기 효과에 대하여 알아보았다. 고삼은 투여량에 따라 $\beta$-hexosaminidase의 방출과 TNF-$\alpha$, IL-4, COX-2 등의 생성과 발현을 억제하였다. 실험결과 고삼은 $NF-{\kappa}B$ (p65)의 조절을 통하여 항알레르기 효과를 나타내었는데 이는 $I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$ 저해의 억제와 항염증 시토카인 발현 억제와도 관계가 있다는 내용이다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.1572-1578
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• 2008

In previous report, Seungmagalgeun-tang (SGT) could exert its anti-inflammatory actions in the BV-2 microglial cells. However, study on the anti-inflammatory effect of SGT in mast cells has not been identified. Therefore, we examined on the anti-inflammatory effect of SGT on the phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and calcium ionophore A23187-induced rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-2H3) cells. SGT inhibited the release of ${\beta}$-hexosaminidase and secretion and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$ and interleukin (IL)-4 on RBL-2H3 cells, without affecting cell viability. The protein expression level of nuclear factor (NF)-${\kappa}B$ (p65) was decreased in the nucleus by SGT. In addition, SGT suppressed the degradation of inhibitory protein $I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$ protein, the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and the expressions of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 mRNA and protein level in RBL-2H3 cells. These results suggest that SGT could be involved anti-allergic effect by control of NF-${\kappa}B$ (p65) translocation into the nucleus through inhibition of $I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$ degradation and suppression of COX-2 expression.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제41권9호
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• pp.1226-1234
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 염증반응을 조절하는 다양한 신호전달체계를 중심으로 분자생물학적 방법을 통해 piceatannol의 항염증 기전을 규명하였다. LPS로 염증반응을 유도한 Raw 264.7 대식세포에서 piceatannol은 iNOS의 발현 억제를 통해 NO의 생성을 감소시키고 염증성 사이토카인(TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6, IL-$1{\beta}$)의 생성을 감소시켰다. 염증반응을 조절하는 신호전달체계 중 piceatannol은 LPS에 의해 유도된 $I{\kappa}B$의 분해와 p65의 핵으로의 이동을 억제하고, LPS에 의해 유도된 SAPK/JNK의 인산화를 억제하였다. 또한 piceatannol은 LPS와 IL-6(LPS에 의해 증가됨)에 의한 STAT3의 활성화를 억제하였다. 뿐만 아니라 piceatannol은 Nrf2의 핵 내 축적을 야기하고 ARE의 transcriptional activity를 증가시켜 HO-1의 발현을 증가시켰다. 본 연구의 결과, piceatannol은 NF-${\kappa}B$와 AP-1, STAT3 신호전달의 억제를 통해, 그리고 HO-1의 발현 증가를 통해 항염증 효과를 나타내었다(Fig. 8).

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.441-449
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• 2015

Flavonoids are plant pigments that have been demonstrated to exert various pharmacological effects including anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-bacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities. However, the molecular mechanisms in terms of exact target proteins of flavonoids are not fully elucidated yet. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory mechanism of scutellarein (SCT), a flavonoid isolated from Erigeron breviscapus, Clerodendrum phlomidis and Oroxylum indicum Vent that have been traditionally used to treat various inflammatory diseases in China and Brazil. For this purpose, a nitric oxide (NO) assay, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), nuclear fractionation, immunoblot analysis, a kinase assay, and an overexpression strategy were employed. Scutellarein significantly inhibited NO production in a dose-dependent manner and reduced the mRNA expression levels of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$ in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW264.7 cells. In addition, SCT also dampened nuclear factor (NF)-${\kappa}B$-driven expression of a luciferase reporter gene upon transfection of a TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-${\beta}$ (TRIF) construct into Human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK 293) cells; similarly, NF-${\kappa}B$ nuclear translocation was inhibited by SCT. Moreover, the phosphorylation levels of various upstream signaling enzymes involved in NF-${\kappa}B$ activation were decreased by SCT treatment in LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells. Finally, SCT strongly inhibited Src kinase activity and also inhibited the autophosphorylation of overexpressed Src. Therefore, our data suggest that SCT can block the inflammatory response by directly inhibiting Src kinase activity linked to NF-${\kappa}B$ activation.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.43-51
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• 2017

Background: BIOGF1K, a compound K-rich fraction prepared from the root of Panax ginseng, is widely used for cosmetic purposes in Korea. We investigated the functional mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activities of BIOGF1K by discovering target enzymes through various molecular studies. Methods: We explored the inhibitory mechanisms of BIOGF1K using lipopolysaccharide-mediated inflammatory responses, reporter gene assays involving overexpression of toll-like receptor adaptor molecules, and immunoblotting analysis. We used the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay to measure the antioxidative activity. We cotransfected adaptor molecules, including the myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) and Toll/interleukin-receptor domain containing adaptor molecule-inducing interferon-${\beta}$ (TRIF), to measure the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-${\kappa}B$ and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). Results: BIOGF1K suppressed lipopolysaccharide-triggered NO release in macrophages as well as DPPH-induced electron-donating activity. It also blocked lipopolysaccharide-induced mRNA levels of interferon-${\beta}$ and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Moreover, BIOGF1K diminished the translocation and activation of IRF3 and NF-${\kappa}B$ (p50 and p65). This extract inhibited the upregulation of NF-${\kappa}B$-linked luciferase activity provoked by phorbal-12-myristate-13 acetate as well as MyD88, TRIF, and inhibitor of ${\kappa}B$ ($I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$) kinase ($IKK{\beta}$), and IRF3-mediated luciferase activity induced by TRIF and TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1). Finally, BIOGF1K downregulated the NF-${\kappa}B$ pathway by blocking $IKK{\beta}$ and the IRF3 pathway by inhibiting TBK1, according to reporter gene assays, immunoblotting analysis, and an AKT/$IKK{\beta}$/TBK1 overexpression strategy. Conclusion: Overall, our data suggest that the suppression of $IKK{\beta}$ and TBK1, which mediate transcriptional regulation of NF-${\kappa}B$ and IRF3, respectively, may contribute to the broad-spectrum inhibitory activity of BIOGF1K.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.217-228
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• 2019

There have been no published studies concerning the anti-inflammatory effects of corn silk on colon cancer cells. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of corn silk extract containing high levels of maysin on inflammation and its mechanism of action in colon cancer cells. SW 480 human colon cancer cells were treated with $1{\mu}g/mL$ of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce inflammation, and next they were treated with different concentrations of corn silk extract (0, 5, 10 and $15{\mu}g/mL$). The concentrations of nitric oxide (NO) were determined. The mRNA expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor ${\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$), interleukin-1beta ($IL-1{\beta}$) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), were determined. Western blot analysis was performed to determine the protein expressions of nuclear factor-kappa B ($NF-{\kappa}B$) and mitogen-activated protein kinases, and the latter consists of extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK), c-jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 MAP kinase (p38). The concentration of NO and the mRNA expression of iNOS were significantly and dose-dependently decreased in the corn silk-treated groups (P<0.05). The mRNA expression of $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$ and IL-6 were significantly increased in the LPS-treated group (P<0.05), but these expressions were significantly and dose-dependently decreased in the corn silk treated groups (P<0.05). The protein expressions of $NF-{\kappa}B$ (in a dose-dependent fashion), ERK (at 10 and $15{\mu}g/mL$), JNK (at $15{\mu}g/mL$) and p38 (at 10 and $15{\mu}g/mL$) were significantly decreased with corn silk treatments (P<0.05). In conclusion, corn silk extract containing high levels of maysin seems to inhibit the LPS-induced inflammatory responses in SW480 colon cancer cells via the $NF-{\kappa}B$ pathway.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2010년도 정기총회 및 추계학술발표회
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• pp.13-13
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• 2010

In the present study, the chemical constituents of Artemisia fukudo essential oil (AFE) were investigated using GC-MS. The major constituents were ${\alpha}$-thujone (40.28%), ${\beta}$-thujone (12.69%), camphor (6.95%) and caryophyllene (6.01%). We also examined the effects of AFE on the production of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$), tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), interleukin-IL-$1{\beta}$ (IL-$1{\beta}$), and IL-6 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 cells. Western blotting and RT-PCR analyses indicated that AFE has potent dose-dependent inhibitory effects on pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators. We investigated the mechanism by which AFE inhibits NO and $PGE_2$ by examining the level of nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ (NF-${\kappa}B$: p50 and p65) activation within the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK: ERK, JNK and p38) pathway, which is an inflammation induced signal pathway in RAW 264.7 cells. AFE inhibited LPS-induced ERK, JNK and p38 phosphorylation. Furthermore, AFE inhibited the LPS-induced phosphorylation and degradation of $I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$, which is required for the nuclear translocations of the p50 and p65 NF-${\kappa}B$ subunits in RAW 264.7 cells. Our results suggest that AFE might exert an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Such an effect is mediated by a blocking of NF-${\kappa}B$ activation which consequently inhibits the generation of inflammatory mediators in RAW 264.7 cells. AFE may be useful for treating inflammatory diseases.