• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.331-340
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• 2018

This study used data from '2016 Chungnam Citizens' Lifelong Education Needs Survey'. This analyzed the basic situation of Citizen Participation Education. It also typifies the interest and participation intention of lifelong education by region, and compared the interest and participation intention of Citizen Participation Education. Through this, we intend to provide concrete basic data for activating the Citizen Participation Education in Chungnam. We analyzed data of 4,108 people in 2016 lifelong education needs survey. This was named enjoy learning type, bias earning type, and elderly learning type. Second, the enjoy learning type group is a group that enjoys participating throughout lifelong education area. bias earning type group is a group that perceives that lifelong education is limited to vocational ability education, culture art education, and liberal arts education. These are groups that are interested and participating only in three areas. The elderly learning type group is a group that shows typical characteristics of the elderly learners and is a group that is concentrated on participation in culture arts education. Third, enjoy learning type group is the second most experienced participant. They are the group with the highest participation interest and participation intention. bias earning type group is the group with the highest participation experience. They are also the second highest group of participating interests and willingness to participate. elderly learning type group is the group with lowest participation experience, participation interest, and participation intention. Finally, we suggest the ways to revitalize Citizen Participation Education in lifelong education.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.312-312
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• 2017

The study was conducted to select optimal materials for promoting germination rate, high sprouting vigor by priming treatment using PEG 6000 (water potential -0.5 to 2.0 Mpa) and Azolla extracts (0.1, 1.0, and 10.0%) extracted by ethanol, distilled, and/or hot water in colored rice cultivars. Each rice seed (three black rice cultivars and two red rice cultivars) was soaked 24 and 48 hr including untreated control. In black rice, Joseongheugchal rice cultivar, azolla ethanol extract (0.1%) induced highest germination rate, germination speed was taken to 5 days in distilled water and to 3days in Azolla extracts extracted hot water. Otherwise, degree of bacterial inhibition (number of colony, $10^3cfu$) in dry seed, water soaking for 24hr, soaking with fungicide for 24hr and 48hr, soaking with fungicide and aeration for 24hr and 48 hr was 22, 500, 95, and 0.46, respectively. In order to minimize fungal inhibition, a method can be chosen to combination of soaking fungicide and aeration for 48 hr. In seed priming treatments using growth pouch, seed soaking with fungicide did not affect change of germination percentage and germination speed, it delayed only 2 or 4day in the Joseongheugchal rice cultivar. It differs from rice cultivars and priming materials, Azolla extract(0.1 to 1%) promotes seed germination percentage in the Ilpum, Hongjinju, and Joseonghuegchal, in addition, germination in Jeogjinju cultivar was only promoted by PEG solution(10 to 20%), otherwise, it showed much lower or inhibited on the germination in Heugjinju and Sinmyungheugchal rice cultivars. In a paddy field trial, seedling establishment rate by applying PEG6000 and azolla extract did not show significantly statistical difference. When it compared with untreated control, seedling establishment rate was increased over 50% in priming treatments. Interestingly, seedling establishment rate under azolla extract (0.1%) extracted with ethanol was promoted over 2.5 times compared to the control in a black rice, Joseongheugchal and red rice, Jeogjinju.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.452-456
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• 2011

Glomalin has important roles in soil aggregation in agricultural lands including controlled horticultural lands. The objective of this study was to measure total glomalin content of soils treated conventional farming system (CFS), conventional farming system without pesticides (CFSWP), and organic farming system (OFS) for strawberry cultivation under greenhouse in Goseong-gun, Korea. The average concentration of total glomalin in the soils was significantly higher in the OFS ($2.00mg\;g^{-1}$) compared to the CFS ($1.68mg\;g^{-1}$). In addition, soil microbial biomass C content was 4.9 times higher in the OFS ($821mg\;kg^{-1}$) compared to the CFS ($169mg\;kg^{-1}$). Nitrogen uptake rate of strawberry was higher in the OFS (52.4%) than that in the CFS (13.0%). Furthermore, yield of strawberry in OFS ($51Mg\;ha^{-1}$) was significantly higher compared to CFS ($35Mg\;ha^{-1}$).

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.58-62
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• 2008

A new vegetable peanut cultivar "Charmwon" (Arachis hypogaea ssp. fastigiata.L.) was developed at the Yeongnam Agricultural Research Institute, NICS, in Milyang 2006. It was developed from the cross between the disease resistant cultivar "HYQ(CG)S-10" and the high-yielding cultivar "Sinkwang". "Charmwon" which has been classified as Shinpung plant type is less branch number with early flowering and ellipse-shaped large kernel. Each pod which showed very shallow constriction had two grains with red testa and 100 seed weight was 90g in the regional yield trials (RYT). This variety also showed higher free sugar and protein contents in seed quality, and had more resistant to early and late leaf spot diseases compared with check one. In the regional yield trials "Charmwon" was out-yielded than check variety by 18% with 8.93 ton/ha for fresh pod and by 4% with 3.95 ton/ha for grain.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.381-389
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• 2014

We investigated the host fruit, seasonal occurrence, and oviposition habits of the eurytomid wasp, Eurytoma maslovskii that cause Japanese apricot fruit drops. This eurytomid wasp was found to occur in Gyeonggi-do, Chungcheongbuk-do, Chungcheongnam-do, Jeollanam-do, and Jeollabuk-do in Korea, and it attacked seeds of Japanese apricot, apricot, and peach. Overwintered larvae were observed until mid April, inside the stone of Japanese apricots. Pupation took place between late March and late April. More than 90% of the adult wasps emerged between late April and early May. The female wasps laid eggs just under the seed coat before endocarp hardening. The length of the wasp ovipositor was at least 5 mm, and hence, the diameters of fruits for oviposition would not exceed 2 cm. We observed up to five eggs per fruit, and the egg stage did not last for more than two days. Newly hatched larvae moved to the embryo, which is the first part that forms in a seed, and feeds on this. Larval competition occurs during this time; in this study, only one larva survived and matured. Thus, from the larva cycle of the wasp, most of the damaged fruits would have fallen by early June, before the harvest period.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.417-429
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• 2013

The current study attempted to assess the environmental value of Geum-river estuary for rational management decision-making. To investigate the comprehensive properties of the Geum-river estuary, we applied the contingent valuation method based on multi-attribute utility theory. We surveyed a randomly selected sample of 400 and 600 households of the Geum-river estuary-neighboring area (Jeollabuk-do, Chungcheongnam-do), and other nation-wide large districts (except Jeollabuk-do, Chungcheongnam-do, and Jeju-do), respectively, and carried out person-to-person interviews with subjects on their willingness-to-pay for the estuary conservation and management program. Respondents, overall, accepted the contingent market system and were willing to contribute a significant amount, that is 1,497 won for the residents from the Geum-river estuary-neighboring area and 4,343 won for the residents from other nation-wide large districts on average, per household per year. These results implied that there were large difference between the two groups. The aggregate values of the Geum-river estuary for the estuary-neighboring area and other nation-wide large districts amount to 2.13 and 70.15 billion won, respectively, per year. This quantitative value deduced from the current study, could be a useful baseline fact for any decision-making process particularly in the establishment of management policies for the Geum-river estuary.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.330-338
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• 2013

In order to explore microleakage in class V cavity based on different kinds of several dentin adhesive and composite resin, 2 kinds of composite resin was restored and exposed after applying 4 kinds of dentin adhesives. Deposited in methylene blue solution for 4 hours and cut in parallel with tooth longitudinal axis. By observing dye penetration level of enamel and dentin margins of each restored resin following conclusion was obtained. 1. In composite resin Filtek Z350XT Universal (3M/ESPE Dental Products, USA) in enamel margin, Easy Bond (3M/ESPE Dental Products) showed the lowest microleakage and this leakage was represented to be high in the order of Single Bond 2 (3M/ESPE Dental Products), Scotchbond Multi-Purpose (3M/ESPE Dental Products) and Cearfil SE Bond (Kuraray Medical Inc., Japan). In case of Filtek Z350XT Flowable (3M/ESPE Dental Products), Scotchbond Multi-Purpose showed the lowest microleakage and this leakage was represented to be high in the order of Single Bond 2, Clearfil SE Bond and Easy Bond. 2. In case of Filtek Z350XT Universal in dentin margin, Easy Bond showed the lowest microleakage and this leakage was represented to be high in the order of Scotchbond Multi-Purpose, Single Bond 2 and Clearfil SE Bond. In case of Filtek Z350XT Flowable, Scotchbond Multi-Purpose and Single Bond showed the lowest microleakage and this leakage was represented to be high in the order of Clearfil SE Bond and Easy Bond. 3. In all the groups excepting S-U group (Single Bond 2+Filtek Z350XT Universal), enamel margin showed more higher microleakage than that of dentin margin. 4. There was a difference between enamel and dentin margin among each group but it was not significant statistically (p>0.05). When summarizing this result, it is considered that composite resin and dentin adhesive could be applied selectively and particularly in case of applying 1-step self-etching dentin adhesive, this method would be advantageous for manipulation convenience and shortening of operation time.

• Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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• 2009.11a
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• pp.11.1-11.1
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• 2009

Ternary Al2O3.ZrO2.Y2O3 samples with a eutecticcomposition were prepared by slow cooling. The microstructural evolution wasobserved with X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM). TheSEM observation of the ternary samples agreed with the XRD with a completion ofcrystallisation by slow cooling. The target materials commonly have 'cantaloupe skin' microstructures as shown inthe previous studies by Han et al. The nanocomposite may have experienceddifferent cooling rates with two different microstructures, near the surfacehaving experienced optimal conditions for the eutectic reaction during theircooling and thus formed the eutectic microstructure, near the centre havingexperienced a slower cooling rate. The crystallised eutectic ternary Al2O3.ZrO2.Y2O3 system had three different phaseswith a 3Y2O3. 5Al2O3 (yttrium.aluminiumgarnet phase), an alumina phase formed by the eutectic reaction, and a solidsolution of ZrO2 and Y2O3.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 2018

Ground-level ozone ($O_3$) can be a menace for vegetation, especially in Asia where $O_3$ levels have been dramatically increased over the past decades. To ensure food security and maintain forest ecosystem services, such as nutrient cycling, carbon sequestration and functional diversity of soil biota, in the over-populated Asia, environmental standards are needed. To set proper standards, dose-response relationships should be established from which critical levels are derived. The predictor of the response in the dose-response relationship is an $O_3$ metric that indicates the dose level to which the plant has been exposed. This study aimed to review the relevant scientific literature and summarize the $O_3$ metrics used worldwide to provide insights for Asia. A variety of $O_3$ metrics have been used, for which we discuss their strengths and weaknesses. The most widely used metrics are based only on $O_3$ levels. Such metrics have been adopted by several regulatory agencies in the global. However, they are biologically irrelevant because they ignore the plant physiological capacity. Adopting AOT40 ($O_3$ mixing ratios Accumulated Over the Threshold of $40nmol\;mol^{-1}$) as the default index for setting critical levels in Asia would be a poor policy with severe consequences at national and Pan-Asian level. Asian studies should focus on flux-based $O_3$ metrics to provide relevant bases for developing proper standards. However, given the technical requirements in calculating flux-based $O_3$ metrics, which can be an important limitation in developing countries, no-threshold cumulative exposure indices like AOT0 should always accompany flux-based indices.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.237-243
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• 2010

Comprehensive quarterly serosurveillance on scrub typhus in small mammals collected from military training sites located near the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), northern Gyeonggi-do (Province), ROK was conducted to determine the potential rodent-borne and associated ectoparasite disease risks to military personnel. A total of 1,196 rodents and insectivores representing 8 species, Apodemus agrarius (87.3%, n = 1,044), Mus musculus (5.4%, n = 65), Crocidura lasiura (3.3%, n = 40), Microtus fortis (2.6%, n = 31), Micromys minutus (0.3%, n = 4), Tscherskia triton (0.3%, n = 4), Rattus norvegicus (0.3%, n = 4), and Myodes regulus (0.3%, n = 4) were assayed for the presence of antibodies to Orientia tsutsugamushi. O. tsutsugamushi antibodies were detected in 6 of 8 species and seroprevalence determined; A. agrarius (45.6%), M. musculus (23.1%), M. fortis (48.4%), M. minutus (50.0%), T. triton (50.0%), and R. norvegicus (25.0%). A total of 31,184 chigger mites collected from 508 rodents and insectivores were slide-mounted and 10 species belonging to 4 genera were identified. Leptotrombidium pallidum (53.4%) was the most frequently collected, followed by L. pal pale (15.7%), Neotrombicula tam/yai (14.3%), L. orientate (10.7%), L. zetum (3.1%), Walchia fragilis (2.1%), and L. gemiticutum (0.8%), while the remaining 3 species, L subintennedium, N. gardellai, and Euschoengastia koreaensis were rarely observed (prevalence < 10%). In contrast to previous surveys, higher chigger indices of the primary scrub typhus vectors, L. pallidum (165.4), L. orientale (45.0), and L. palpate (21.4), were observed during the spring season.