• 대한지하수환경학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.41-53
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• 1997

먹는샘물 개발지역에서의 환경 영향 평가를 위한 수리지구화학의 기초 자료를 국내 먹는샘물 개발지역에 존재하는 암석, 토양 및 자연수 시료를 예로 하여 제시하였다. 암석에 대해서는 현미경 분석을 실시하였고, 토양 및 자연수 시료에 대해서는 화학 분석을 실시하였다. 토양은 분해 방법별로 중금속 원소들의 함량 비교를 하였으며 오염지수를 통해 오염 영향을 평가하였다. 또한 자연수 시료들을 대상으로 기반암 및 심도에 따른 수리지구화학적 특성과 자연수의 화학적 진화, 물-암석 반응에 대하여 고찰하였다. 대수층을 구성하는 암석을 화강암질암과 변성퇴적암류, 그리고 퇴적암류로 구분하였으며 이들 기반암에서 비롯된 중금속의 토양과 자연수의 오염 현상은 없는 것으로 판단되었다. 연구 지역의 토양은 HNO$_3$+HClO$_4$의 혼합산을 이용한 방법과 0.1 N HCl을 사용한 방법 모두에서 낮은 중금속 함량을 보여 자연적인 부화 현상이나 인위적 오염을 받지 않은 토양임을 알 수 있었다. 특히 0.1 N HCl을 사용하여 중금속 중 가용성 부분을 추출해 낸 결과 Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd 및 Cr 등 중금속 원소의 함량은 상당히 낮은 것을 확인할 수 있었으며 따라서 식물과 수계를 통한 오염의 영향은 매우 낮다고 할 수 있다. 오염지수를 통해 여러 원들의 복합적인 오염 양상을 고려하여 오염도를 산출한 결과 역시 연구 지역 토양은 오염지수가 0.03~0.47로 중금속에 의한 오염이 진행되지 않고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 심부지하수 시료를 대상으로 암종별 특징을 살펴보았을 때 화강암질암의 지하수 시료는 $Ca^{2＋}$-HCO$_3$$^{-}$의 유형을 거쳐 $Na^{＋}$-HCO$_3$$^{-}$ 유형까지 진화하였으나 변성퇴적암과 퇴적암내의 지하수 시료는 $Ca^{2＋}$-HCO$_3$$^{-}$의 유형에 머물러 있다. 이는 구성 광물 중 사장석의 용해가 화강암질암내 지하수의 특성을 조절하고 있는 반면 변성퇴적암과 퇴적암내 지하수 시료에서는 방해석의 용해만이 주된 반응으로 작용하고 있기 때문이다. 또한 심도별 특징을 살펴보았을 때 지표수에서 심부지하수로 이동하면서 수소이온농도, 전기전도도 및 대부분의 용존이온 함량은 증가하고 있다. 한편 일부 천부지하수시료에서는 NO$_3$$^{-}$ , Cl$^{-}$ 및 $K^{＋}$의 함량 및 K/Na의 비가 높게 나타나는 것으로 보아 농업활동으로 인한 오염의 영향을 받은 것으로 판단된다. 열역학적 고찰을 통해 볼 때 대부분의 자연수는 kaolinite 및 smectite 형성환경에 위치하고 있음을 알 수 있으며 질량보존을 기초로 한 반응모델을 설정한 결과, 용존이온의 거동 및 열역학적 연구 결과와 부합하는 결과를 얻을 수 있었다.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.122-128
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• 2010

The corrosion of the flexible tube in the automobile exhaust system is caused by the ambient water and chloride ions. Since welding is one of the key processes for the flexible tube manufacturing, it is required to select a proper welding method to prevent the flexible tube corrosion and to increase its lifetime. There are many studies about the efficiency of the welding method, but no systematic study is performed for the effect of welding method on the corrosion property of the austenitic stainless weldment. The aim of the present study is to provide information on the effect of two different welding methods of TIGW (tungsten inert gas welding) and PAW (plasma arc welding) on the corrosion property of austenitic stainless steel weldment. Materials used in this study were two types of the commercial austenitic stainless steel, STS321 and XM15J1, which were used for flexible tube material for the automotive exhaust system. Microstructure was observed by using optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). To evaluate the corrosion behavior, potentiodynamic and potentiostatic tests were performed. The chemical state of the passive film was analyzed in terms of XPS depth profile. Metallurgical analysis show that the ferrite content in fusion zone of both STS321 and XM15J1 is higher when welded by PAW than by TIGW. The potentiodynamic and potentiostatic test results show that both STS321 and XM15J1 have higher transpassive potential and lower passive current density when welded by PAW than by TIGW. XPS analysis indicates that the stable $Cr_2O_3$ layer at the outermost layer of the passive film is formed when welded by PAW. The result recommends that PAW is more desirable than TIGW to secure corrosion resistance of the flex tube which is usually made of austenitic stainless steel.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.57-61
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• 1998

중금속 폐수를 처리하는 활성슬러지로 부터 Arthrobactor sp.를 부터 분리하여 생체흡착 실험에 사용하였다. Aythrobactor sp.의 납 흡착량은 초기농도 500 mg/L에서 146.9 mg Pb/g dry biomass로 Sacchuomyces ceieuslae와 Sacchuomyces uvuum보다 약 4배 더 많은 흡착량을 보여주었다. pH가 1.8, 3.0 및 4.0으로 골아 질수록 납의 홉착량은 증가하였고, biomass의 양이 많아질수록 단위 미생물당 납 흡착량은 감소하였다. Biomass에 0.1M KOH, $CaCl_2$및 NaOH로 4시간 동안 전 처리하여 흡착실험을 수행한 결과 KOH로 전 처리된 biomass의 납 흡착량은 1.26배 증가하였으나 NaOH로 처리한 것은 납의 흡착량이 감소하였다. Polyacrylamide에 고정화된 biomass를 반응기에 충진한 연속실험에서, 유속 2.12 $m^3/m^2/$day 에서 15시간 동안 납 제거효율이 99%이상 되었다.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.9-14
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• 2012

The formation of the Fe-Al inhibition layer in hot-dip galvanizing is a confusing issue for a long time. This study presents a characterization result on the inhibition layer formed on C-Mn-Cr and C-Mn-Si dual-phase steels after a short time galvanizing. The samples were annealed at $800^{\circ}C$ for 60 s in $N_{2}$-10% $H_{2}$ atmosphere with a dew point of $-30^{\circ}C$, and were then galvanized in a bath containing 0.2 %Al. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was employed for characterization. The TEM electron diffraction shows that only $Fe_{2}Al_{5}$ intermetallic phase was formed. No orientation relationship between the $Fe_{2}Al_{5}$ phase and the steel substrate could be identified. Two peaks of Al 2p photoelectrons, one from metallic aluminum and the other from $Al^{3+}$ ions, were detected in the inhibition layer, indicating that the layer is in fact a mixture of $Fe_{2}Al_{5}$ and $Al_{2}O_{3}$. TEM/EDS analysis verifies the existence of $Al_{2}O_{3}$ in the boundaries of $Fe_{2}Al_{5}$ grains. The nucleation of $Fe_{2}Al_{5}$ and the reduction of the surface oxide probably proceeded concurrently on galvanizing, and the residual oxides prohibited the heteroepitaxial growth of $Fe_{2}Al_{5}$.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제59권3호
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• pp.215-224
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• 2015

Unsymmetrical tetradentate Schiff base N-(2-hydroxy-5-methylacetophenone)-N'-(2-hydroxy acetophenone) ethylene diamine (H₂L) and its complexes with Cr(III), Mn(II), Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, magnetic susceptibility measurements, IR, electronic spectra and thermogravimetric analyses. ¹H, ¹³C-NMR and FAB Mass spectra of ligand clearly indicate the presence of OH and azomethine groups. Elemental analyses of the complexes indicate that the metal to ligand ratio is 1:1 in all complexes. Infrared spectra of complexes indicate a dibasic quadridentate nature of the ligand and its coordination to metal ions through phenolic oxygen and azomethine nitrogen atoms. The thermal behavior of these complexes showed the loss of lattice water in the first step followed by decomposition of the ligand in subsequent steps. The thermal data have also been analyzed for the kinetic parameters by using Horowitz-Metzger method. The dependence of the electrical conductivity on the temperature has been studied over the temperature range 313-403 K and the complexes are found to show semiconducting behavior. XRD and SEM images of some representative complexes have been recorded. The antimicrobial activity of the ligand and its complexes has been screened against various microorganisms and all of them were found to be active against the test organisms. The Fe(III) and Ni(II) complex have been tested for the catalytic oxidation of styrene.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.511-516
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• 2004

A Li$[Co_{0.17}Li_{0.28}Mn_{0.55}]O_2$ cathode compound was prepared by a simple combustion method. The X-ray diffraction pattern showed that this compound could be classified as ${\alpha} -NaFeO_2$ structure type with the lattice constants of a = 2.8405(9) ${\AA}$ and c = 14.228(4) ${\AA}$. According to XANES analysis, the oxidation state of Mn and Co ions in the compound were 4+ and 3+, respectively. During the first charge process, the irreversible voltage plateau at around 4.65 V was observed. The similar voltage-plateau was observed in the initial charge profile of other solid solution series between $Li_2MnO_3\;and\;LiMnO_2$ (M=Ni, Cr...). The first discharge capacity was 187 mAh/g and the second discharge capacity increased to 204 mAh/g. As the increase of cycling number, one smooth discharge profile was converted to two distinct sub-plateaus and the discharge capacity was slowly decreased. From the Co and Mn K-edge XANES spectra measured at different cyclic process, it can be concluded that irreversible transformation of phase is occurred during continuous cycling process.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제26권12호
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• pp.714-720
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• 2016

We performed this study to understand the effect of a single-crystalline anode on the mechanical properties of as-deposited films during electrochemical deposition. We used a (111) single- crystalline Cu plate as an anode, and Si substrates with Cr/Au conductive seed layers were prepared for the cathode. Electrodeposition was performed with a standard 3-electrode system in copper sulfate electrolyte. Interestingly, the grain boundaries of the as-deposited Cu thin films using single-crystalline Cu anode were not distinct; this is in contrast to the easily recognizable grain boundaries of the Cu thin films that were formed using a poly-crystalline Cu anode. Tensile testing was performed to obtain the mechanical properties of the Cu thin films. Ultimate tensile strength and elongation to failure of the Cu thin films fabricated using the (111) single-crystalline Cu anode were found to have increased by approximately 52 % and 37 %, respectively, compared with those values of the Cu thin films fabricated using apoly-crystalline Cu anode. We applied ultrasonic irradiation during electrodeposition to disturb the uniform stream; we then observed no single-crystalline anode effect. Consequently, it is presumed that the single-crystalline Cu anode can induce a directional/uniform stream of ions in the electrolyte that can create films with smeared grain boundaries, which boundaries strongly affect the mechanical properties of the electrodeposited Cu films.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.163-176
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• 1998

In this study, airborne particle samples were obtained to determine the concentrations of particulate air pollutants in indoor and outdoor air of public facilities in Taegu area. Total of 12 public facilities, regulated by the Public Sanitary Law, were selected as sampling sites, which include three underground arcades, one railway and two bus terminals, three general hospitals, and three department stores. In each place, sampling was carried out seasonally during the period of October 1994 to July 1995, and four samples per each site per season were collected both indoors and outdoors simultaneously. After determination of suspended particulate matter (SPM) mass concentrations, the particle samples were divided into two parts for subsequent chemical analysis: one for the analysis of trace elements and the other for water soluble ions. Seasonal levels of SPM appeared to be the highest in spring and the lowest in summer both indoors and outdoors, while locational variations of highest in statioyterminals, and lowest in department stores . SPM concentrations indoors and outdoors did not show any significant differences each other in most places . However, there were significant correlations between indoor and outdoor levels of SPM and other chemical species . These results indicates that indoor SPM levels are likely to be significantly affected by outdoor sources in many places. The most significant source of SPM was estimated to be the resuspension of soil/road dust both indoors and outdoors . The concentrations of toxic heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu) in underground arcades appeared to be very much lower than the established air quality guidelines for underground environments. In addition, it is likely that micro-environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, and air velocity, play a less significant role than outdoor air quality as a factor affecting the levels of particulate pollutants in indoor environments of public facilities in Taegu area.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.56-64
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• 2015

Acid mine drainage occurrence is a serious environmental problem by mining industry, it usually contains high levels of metal ions, such as iron, copper, zinc, aluminum, and manganese, as well as metalloids of which arsenic is generally of the greatest concern. An indigenous plant extract was used to produce calcium carbonate from Canavalia ensiformis as effective biomaterial, and its ability to form the calcium carbonate under stable conditions was compared to that of purified urease. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were employed to elucidate the mechanism of calcium carbonate formation from the crude plant extracts. The results revealed that urease in the plant extracts catalyzed the hydrolysis of urea in liquid state cultures and decreased heavy metal amounts in the contaminated soil. The heavy metal amounts were decreased in the leachate from the treated mine soil; 31.7% of As, 65.8% of Mn, 50.6% of Zn, 51.6% of Pb, 45.1% of Cr, and 49.7% of Cu, respectively. The procedure described herein is a simple and beneficial method of calcium carbonate biomineralization without cultivation of microorganisms or further purification of crude extracts. This study suggests that crude plant extracts of Canavalia ensiformis have the potential to be used in place of purified forms of the enzyme during remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.25-30
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• 1979

공장지역(工場地域) 폐수(廢水)로부터 cadmium에 대(對)한 내성균(耐性菌)을 분리(分離)하였으며 이것은 Staphylococcus aureus로 동정(同定)되었다. 동(同) 균주(菌株)는 cadmium 이외(以外)의 중금속(重金屬)($Cr^{3+},\;Hg^{2+},\;Zn^{2+},\;Pb^{2+},\;Cu^{2+}$ 등(等))에 의(依)하여서는 10ppm의 농도(濃度)에서 평균(平均) 약(約) 30%의 증식(增殖)이 저해(沮害)되었으나 cadmium에 의(依)해서는 50ppm까지는 저해(沮害)되지 아니 하였다. 동(同) 균주(菌株)의 증식(增殖)을 완전(完全)히 저해(沮害)하기 위(爲)하여 500ppm의 cadmium농도(濃度)가 필요(必要)하였으나 동(同) 균주(菌株)를 10ppm의 cadmium 또는 $Pb^{2+}$ 존재하(存在下)에서 15시간(時間) 배양(培養)한 세균(細菌)은 500ppm의 cadmium 존재하(存在下)에서도 증식(增殖)이 가능(可能)하였다. 이상(以上)의 결과(結果)로부터 분리(分離)한 균주(菌株)는 타중금속(他重金屬)에 의(依)해서는 생육(生育)이 쉽게 저해(沮害)되나 cadmium에 의(依)해서는 상당한 농도(濃度)까지 생육(生育)이 저해(沮害)되지 아니하는 균체(菌體), 즉(卽) cadmium에 특이적(特異的)인 내성균(耐性菌)으로 판단(判斷)되었다.