• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.611-631
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• 1999

Enviromental geochemisty and heary metal contamination at the Kongjueil mine creek were underaken on the basis of physicohemical properties and mineralogy for various kinds of water (surface, mine and ground water),soil, precipitate and sediment collected of April and December in 1998. Hydrgeochemical composition of the water samples are characterized by relatively significant enricant of Ca+Na, alkiali ions $NO_3$ and Cl inground and surfore water, wheras the mine waters are relatively eneripheral water of the mining creek have the characteristics of the (Ca+Mg)-$(HCO_3+SO_4)$type. The pH of the mine water is high acidity (3.24)and high EC (613$\mu$S/cm)compared with those of surface and ground water. The range of $\delta$D and $\delta^{18}O$ values (relative to SMOW) in the waters are shpwn in -50.2 to -61.6% and -7.0 to -8.6$\textperthousand$(d value=5.8 to 8.7). Using computer program, saturation index of albite, calcite, dolomite in mine water are nearly saturated. The gibbiste, kaolinite and smectite are superaturated in the surface and ground water, respectively. Calculated water-mineral reaction and stabilities suggest that weathing of silicate minerals may be stable kaolinite owing to the continuous water-rock reaction. Geochemical modeling showed that mostly toxic heavy metals may exist larfely in the from of metal-sulfate $(MSO_4\;^2)$and free metal $(M^{2+})$ in nmine water. These metals in the ground and surface water could be formed of $CO_3$ and OH complex ions. The average enrichment indices of water samples are 2.72 of the groundwater, 2.26 of the surface water and 14.15 of the acid mine water, normalizing by surface water composition at the non-mining creek, repectively. Characteristics of some major, minor and rate earth elements (Al/Na, K/Na, V/Ni, Cr/V, Ni/Co, La/Ce, Th/Yb, $La_N/Yb_N$, Co/Th, La/Sc and Sc/Th) in soil and sediment are revealed a narrow range and homogeneous compositions may be explained by acidic to intermediate igneous rocks. And these suggested that sediment source of host granitic gneiss colud be due to rocks of high grade metamorphism originated by sedimentary rocks. Maximum concentrations of environmentally toxic elements in sediment and soil are Fe=53.80 wt.% As=660, Cd=4, Cr=175, Cu=158, Mn=1010, Pb=2933, Sb=4 and Zn=3740 ppm, and extremely high concentrations are found are found in the subsurface soil near the ore dump and precipitates. Normalizing by composition of host granitic gneiss, the average enerichment indices are 3.72 of the sediments, 3.48 of the soils, 10.40 of the precipitates of acid mine drainage and 6.25 of the soils near the main adit. The level of enerichment was very severe in mining drainage sediments, while it was not so great in the soils. mineral composition of soil and sediment near the mining area were partly variable being composed of quartz, mica, feldspar, chlorite, vermiculite, bethierin and clay minerals. reddish variable being composed of quartz, mica, feldspar, chlorite, vermiculite, bethierin and clay minerals. Reddish brown precipitation mineral in the acid mine drainage identifies by schwertmanite. From the separated mineralgy, soil and sediment are composed of some pyrite, arsenopyite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, malachite, goethite and various kinds of hydroxied minerals.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2005.07a
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• pp.330-331
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• 2005

본 논문에서는 카메라폰용 광학중(Optical zooming) 과 자동초점조절장치 (Auto Focusing, AF)에 쓰일 초음파모터를 제작하였다. 초음파모터의제작 및 시뮬레이션은 유한요소해석 프로그램인 ATILA 5.2.1 (Magsoft co.)를 사용하여 디자인설계에 따른 구동특성을 고찰하였고 제작된 초음파모터는 한쪽 면이 없는 사작형의 탄성체를 제작하였으며 탄성체의 양쪽 다리에 각각 압전체를 부착하였다. 또한 압전세라믹의 조성은 $0.9Pb(Zr_{0.51}Ti_{0.49})O_3-0.1Pb(Mn_{1/3}Nb_{1/3}Sb_{1/3})O_3$의 조성으로 설계하였고 시편의 제조는 7-layer로 적층하였다. 제작된 압전세라믹의 치수는 6*2*0.35$mm^3$(길이*폭*두께)로 제작하였다 또한 탄성체의 외형치수는 10*10*2$mm^3$로 제작하였으며 두께를 각각 0.3[mm], 0.5[mm], 0.8[mm]으로 변화시키며 제작하였다. 두께가 0.8[mm]인경우 공진주파수는 60.5[kHz]를 나타내었으며 초음파모터의 압전세라믹에 인가전압이 증가함에 따라 회전속도와 모터에 흐르는 전류는 증가하였다. 인가전압이 40[Vpp] 일 때 회전속도는 206[rpm] 이며 소비전력은 0.3[W]로 제작된 시편은 카메라폰용 광학중 및 자동초점조절장치시스템 분야에 응용이 가능하다.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.181-184
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• 2017

Multilayer ceramics in which piezoelectric layers of $0.90Pb(Zr_{0.48}Ti_{0.52})O_3-0.05Pb(Mn_{1/3}Sb_{2/3})O_3-0.05Pb(Zn_{1/3}Nb_{2/3})O_3$ (0.90PZT-0.05PMS-0.05PZN) stack alternately with silver electrode layers were prepared by an advanced low-temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) method. The electrical properties and bonding strength of the multilayers were associated with the interface morphologies between the piezoelectric and silver-electrode layers. Usually, the inner silver electrodes are fabricated by sintering silver paste in multi-layer stacks. To improve the interface bonding strength, piezoelectric powders of 0.90PZT-0.05PMS-0.05PZN with an average particle size of $23{\mu}m$ were added to silver paste to form a gradient interface. SEM observation indicated clear interfaces in multilayer ceramics without powder addition. With the increase of piezoelectric powder addition in the silver paste, gradient interfaces were successfully obtained. The multilayer ceramics with gradient interfaces present greater bonding strength as well as excellent piezoelectric properties for 30~40 wt% of added powder. On the other hand, over addition greatly increased the resistance of the inner silver electrodes, leading to a piezoelectric behavior like that of bulk ceramics in multilayers.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2024

Oral bacterial infections substantially affect the development of various periodontal diseases and oral cancers. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the association between Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum ), a major periodontitis (PT)-associated pathogen, and these diseases require extensive research. Previously, our RNA-sequencing analysis identified a few hundred differentially expressed genes in patients with PT and peri-implantitis (PI) than in healthy controls. Thus, in the present study using oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells, we aimed to evaluate the effect of F. nucleatum infection on genes that are differentially regulated in patients with PT and PI. Human oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines OSC-2O, HSC-4, and HN22 were used. These cells were infected with F. nucleatum at a multiplicity of infection of 100 for 3 hours at 37℃ in 5% CO₂. Gene expression was then measured using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Among 18 genes tested, the expression of CSF3, an inflammation-related cytokine, was increased by F. nucleatum infection. Additionally, F. nucleatum infection increased the phosphorylation of AKT, p38 MAPK, and JNK in OSC-20 cells. Treatment with p38 MAPK (SB202190) and JNK (SP600125) inhibitors reduced the enhanced CSF3 expression induced by F. nucleatum infection. Overall, this study demonstrated that F. nucleatum promotes CSF3 expression in OSCC cells through p38 MAPK and JNK signaling pathways, suggesting that p38 MAPK and JNK inhibitors may help treat F. nucleatum-related periodontal diseases by suppressing CSF3 expression.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.44 no.8
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• pp.38-44
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• 2007

This paper describes a 12 bit 80MHz CMOS D/A converter for wireless transceiver. Proposed circuit in the paper employes segmented structure which consists of four stage 3bit thermometer decoders. Proposed D/A converter is manufactured 0.35um CMOS n-well digital standard process and measurement results show a ${\pm}1.36SB/{\pm}0.62LSB$ of INL/DNL and $46pV{\cdot}s$ of glitch energy. SNR and SFDR are measured to be 58.5dB and 64.97dB @ Fs=80MHz and Fin=19MHz with a total power consumption of 99mW. Such results proved that our work has low power consumption, high linearity, low glitch and improved dynamic performance. Therefore, our work can be appled to various high speed and high performance circuits.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.38 no.4 s.173
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• pp.481-492
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to determine geochemical characteristics for stream sediments in the Gwangju area. We collect the stream sediments samples by wet sieving along the primary channels and dry these samples slowly in the laboratory and grind to under 200mesh using an alumina mortar fur chemical analysis. Major elements, trace and rare earth elements are determined by XRF, ICP-AES and NAA analysis methods. For geochemical characteristics on geological groups of stream sediments, we separate geologic groups which are derived from Precambrian granite gneiss area, Jurassic granite area and Cretaceous Hwasun andesite area. Contents range of major elements for stream sediments in the Gwangju area are $SiO_2\;51.89\~70.63\;wt.\%,\;Al_2O-3\;12.91\~21.95\;wt.\%,\;Fe_2O_3\;3.22\~9.89\;wt.\%,\;K_2O\;1.85\~4.49\;wt.\%,\;MgO\;0.68\~2.90\;wt.\%,\;Na_2O\;0.48\~2.34\;wt.\%,\;CaO\;0.42\~6.72\;wt.\%,\;TiO_2\;0.53\~l.32\;wt.\%,\;P_2O_5\;0.06\~0.51\;wt.\%\;and\;MnO\;0.05\~0.69\;wt.\%.$ According to the AMF diagram for stream sediments and rocks, the stream sediments are plotted on boundary of tholeiitic series and calk alkaline series, which shows that contents of $Fe_2O_3$ are higher in stream sediments than rocks. According to variation diagram of $SiO_2$ versus $(K_2O+Na_2O),$ stream sediments are plotted on subalkaline series. Contents range of trace and rare earth elements for stream sediments in the Gwangiu area are Ba$590\~2170$ppm, Be1\~2.4$ppm, Cu$13\~79$ppm, Nb$20\~34$ppm, Ni$10\~50$ppm, Pb$17\~30$ppm, Sr$70\~1025$ ppm, V$42\~135$ppm, Zr$45\~171$ppm, Li$19\~77$ppm, Co$4.3\~19.3$ppm, Cr$28\~131$ppm, Cs$3.1\~17.6$ppm, Hf$5\~27.6$ppm, Rb$388\~202$ppm, Sb$0.2\~l.2$ ppm, Sc$6.4\~17$ppm, Zn$47\~389$ppm, Pa$8.8\~68.8$ppm, Ce$62\~272$ppm, Eu$1\~2.7$ppm and Yb$0.9\~6$ppm.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.39 no.6 s.181
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• pp.675-687
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to determine the geochemical characteristics of the stream sediments in the Cheongpung area. So that we can understand the natural background and predict the prospects of geochemical disaster, if any. We collected the stream sediments samples by wet sieving along the primary channels and slow dried the collected samples in the laboratory and ground them to pass a 200 mesh using an alumina mortar and pestle for chemical analysis. Miner-alogical characteristics, major, trace and rare earth elements were determined by XRD, XRF, ICP-AES and NAA analysis methods. For geochemical characteristics on the geological group of stream sediments, the studied area was grouped into granitic gneiss area, metatectic gneiss area, Dado tuff area, Yuchi conglomerate area, and Neungju flow area in the Cheongpung area. Contents of major elements for the stream sediments in the Cheongpung area were $SiO_2\;47.31{\sim}72.81\;wt.%,\;A1_2O_3 \;11.26{\sim}21.88\;wt.%,\;Fe_2O_3\;2.83{\sim}8.39\;wt.%,\;CaO\;0.34{\sim}7.54\;wt.%,\;MgO\; 0.55{\sim}3.59\;wt.%,\;K_2O\;1.71{\sim}4.31\;wt.%,\;Na_2O\;0.56{\sim}2.28\;wt.%,\;TiO_2\;0.46{\sim}1.24\;wt.%,\;MnO\;0.04{\sim}0.27\;wt.%,\;P_2O_5\;0.02{\sim}0.45\;wt.%$. The con-tents of trace and rare earth elements for the stream sediments were $Ba\;700ppm{\sim}8990ppm,\;Be\;1.0{\sim}3.50ppm,\;Cu\;6.20{\sim}60ppm,\;Nb\;12{\sim}28ppm,\;Ni\;4.4{\sim}61ppm,\;Pb\;13{\sim}34ppm,\;Sr\;65{\sim}787ppm,\;V\;4{\sim}98ppm,\;Zr\;32{\sim}164ppm,\;Li\;21{\sim}827ppm,\;Co\;3.68{\sim}65ppm,\;Cr\;16.7{\sim}409ppm,\;Cs\;2.72{\sim}37.1ppm,\;Hf\;4.99{\sim}49.2ppm,\;Rb\;71.9{\sim}649ppm,\;Sb\;0.16{\sim}5.03ppm,\;Sc\;4.97{\sim}52ppm,\;Zn\;26.3{\sim}375ppm,\;Ce\;60.6{\sim}373ppm,\;Eu\;0.82{\sim}6ppm,\;Yb\;0.71{\sim}10ppm$.

• Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.125-140
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• 2022

The Xiquegou Pb-Zn deposit is located at the Qingchengzi orefield which is one of the largest Pb-Zn mineralized zone in the northeast of China. The geology of this deposit consists of Archean granulite, Paleoproterozoinc migmatitic granite, Paleo-Mesoproterozoic sodic granite, Paleoproterozoic Liaohe group, Mesozoic diorite and Mesozoic monzoritic granite. The Xiquegou deposit which is a Triassic magma-hydrothermal type deposit occurs as vein ore filled fractures along fault zone in unit 3 (dolomitic marble and schist) of Dashiqiao formation of the Paleoproterozoic Liaohe group. Xiquegou Pb-Zn deposit consists of quartz, apatite, calcite, pyrite, arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite, marcasite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, stannite, galena, tetrahedrite, electrum, argentite, native silver and pyrargyrite. Wallrock alteration of this deposit contains silicification, pyritization, dolomitization, chloritization and sericitization. Based on mineral petrography and paragenesis, dolomites from this deposit are classified two type (1. dolomite (D₀) as wallrock, 2. dolomite (D₁) as wallrock alteration in Pb-Zn mineralization quartz vein ore). The structural formulars of dolomites are determined to be Ca_1.03-1.01Mg_0.95-0.83Fe_0.12-0.02Mn_0.02-0.00(CO₃)₂(D₀) and Ca_1.16-1.00Mg_0.79-0.44Fe_0.53-0.13Mn_0.03-0.00As_0.01-0.00(CO₃)₂(D₁), respectively. It means that dolomites from the Xiquegou deposit have higher content of trace elements compared to the theoretical composition of dolomite. The dolomite (D₁) from quartz vein ore has higher content of these trace elements (FeO, PbO, Sb₂O₅ and As₂O₅) than dolomite (D₀) from wallrock. Dolomites correspond to Ferroan dolomite (D₀), and ankerite and Ferroan dolomite (D₁), respectively. The structural formular of chlorite from quartz vein ore is (Mg_1.65-1.08Fe_2.94-2.50Mn_0.01-0.00Zn_0.01-0.00Ni_0.01-0.00Cr_0.02-0.00V_0.01-0.00Hf_0.01-0.00Pb_0.01-0.00Cu_0.01-0.00As_0.03-0.00Ca_0.02-0.01Al_1.68-1.61)_5.77-5.73(Si_2.84-2.76Al_1.24-1.16)_4.00O₁₀(OH)₈. It indicated that chlorite of quartz vein ore is similar with theoretical chlorite and corresponds to Fe-rich chlorite. Compositional variations in chlorite from quartz vein ore are caused by mainly octahedral Fe²⁺ <-> Mg²⁺ (Mn²⁺) substitution and partly phengitic or Tschermark substitution (Al^3+,VI+Al^3+,IV <-> (Fe²⁺ 또는 Mg²⁺)^VI+(Si⁴⁺)^IV).

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.279-285
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• 2007

Although retinoic acid has been known as either anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory molecule, depending on the cell type, its exact role in mature human neutrophils has not been fully explored. In this study, we investigate the effects of retinoic acid on neutrophil apoptosis and the associated mechanism and found that 9-cis retinoic acid (9CRA) significantly inhibits the spontaneous apoptosis of neutrophils. Its effect is increased by co-treatment with $TNF-\alpha$ (P<0.05). The 9CRA-induced inhibition is blocked by the following enzyme inhibitors: Ly 294002, phosphoinoside (PI)-3 kinase inhibitor, U73122, a phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor, PP2, Src family protein inhibitor, SB202190, p38 MAPK inhibitor, and BAY-11-7085, NF-kB inhibitor. This study also demonstrates that all-trans retinoic acid suppresses spontaneous apoptosis, similar to the mechanism of inhibition exhibited by 9CRA. Phosphorylation of p38 MAPK decreases by 9CRA treatment. $Ik-B{\alpha}$ is degraded until 30 minutes after a time-dependent 9CRA treatment, but degradation can be inhibited by Ly 294002. These results indicate that 9CRA decreases p38 MAPK activation, induces NF-kB activation via PI-3 kinase, and also blocks cleavage of caspase 3. As these findings suggest, 9CRA has a molecular mechanism which may help pro-inflammatory response by blocking neutrophil apoptosis.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.553-566
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• 1997

Origin, behavior and enrichment of environmental toxic elements from the Deokpyeong area were investigated on the basis of major, trace and rare earth element geochemistry. Coaly metapelites of the Deokpyeong area are subdivided into grey phyllite, dark grey phyllite, coaly slate and black slate, which are interbedded along the Ogcheon Supergroup. The coaly slate had been mined for coal, but mining is closed. The coaly and black slates are lower contents of $SiO_2$ and $Al_2O_3$, and higher contents of LOI, CaO, $Na_2O$ and BaO as compared with the phyllitic rocks. Rare earth elements are highly enriched in the coaly and black slate. Average compositions (ppm) of minor and/or environmental toxic elements in the coaly and black slate are revealed as As=127, Ba=30,163, Cd=18, Cr=740, Cu=84, Mo=378, Pb=43, Sb=12, Se=44, U=144, V=8,147 and Zn=292, which are extremely high concentrations than those in the NASC compositions. Major elements (average enrichment index; 5.34) in the coaly metapelites are mostly depleted, excepting $P_2O_5$ and BaO, normalized by NASC. Rare earth elements (average enrichment index; 1.48) are enriched in the coaly slate. On the basis of NASC, minor and/or environmental toxic elements in the coaly metapelites were strongly enriched of all the elements with the exception of Co, Cs, Ni and Sr. Average enrichment index of trace elements in coaly metapelite is 31.51 (coaly slate; 51.94 and black slate; 15.46). Especially, enrichment index of potentially toxic elements (As, Ba, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Sb, Se, U, V and Zn) of the rock is 46.10 (grey phyllite; 7.15, dark grey phyllite; 4.77, coaly slate; 88.96 and black slate; 22.11). These coal formations were deposited in basin of boundary between terrestrial and marine environments deduced to carbon, sulfur (C/S=2.2 to 275.7), trace and rare earth elements characteristics. Irregular behavior and dispersion between major, minor and rare earth elements of those metapelites indicates a variable source materials, incomplete mixing of differential source and/or reequilibrium of diagenesis and metamorphism.